1,979 research outputs found
The regulation of labour and the state in the Sudan : a study of the relationship between the stage of social and economic development and the autonomy of labour relations law
No full textThe thesis is a study of labour regulation and the State in the
Sudan in the light of a general theoretical conception of labour law and
the State. The first Chapter defines the concepts of analysis that are
used throughout the study, isolates the "essential" properties of the
Capitalist State and Law from the historically concrete forms which they
assume in a particular society and distinguishes between processes which
influence development of the form of law and others which influence its
sociological development. Drawing on the analysis in Chapter I, Chapter
II exposes the inter-relationship between the Sudanese social formation,
State and Law and the implication of this inter-relationship for both the
form and substance of labour relations law. Chapters III, IV and V are
specific verifications of the hypothesis regarding the inter-relationship
between the State and labour relations law in the Sudan and that
regarding the development of the "substance" and "ideology" of law in
general.
The thesis considers law as an empirically-founded discipline.
But, it distinguishes between various types of empirical facts about law
corresponding with respective semi-autonomous social levels at which law
asserts its existence. The research method followed describes the
empirical facts about law at the particular level and, in order to
determine the epistemological significance of these facts, analytically
relates them to empirical facts at other levels. Wherever used in the
thesis the term "theory" signifies either this methodological procedure of
analysing the inter-connection of empirical facts at a certain level and
their inter-relation with other facts at other levels, or the substantive
generalizations about law which findings at these various levels would
allow.
I consider my application of this methodology to the study of
labour rela tions law, the historical dimension this application introduces
in socio-economic analysis of this law, the criticism of certain Marxist
and other sociological conceptions of law it enables, and the
socio-histor ical relativity of the "substance" and "ideology" of law it
reveals as original contributions to the knowledge of labour law. The
compilation and evaluation within the framework of the thesis of
empirical materials on industrial relations in the Sudan are likewise
original contribution to the knowledge of Sudanese "labour law" and
labour law in general
Grandes y pequeños ganaderos trashumantes en las sierras sorianas en el tránsito de la Edad Media a la Moderna
No full textEditada en la Universidad Carlos IIISe trata de llamar la atención en e este artículo sobre el papel de primera fila que jugaron los grandes señores de ganados en la actividad ganadera trashumante en el ámbito que abarcaba la cuadrilla mesteña de Soria durante los siglos XV y XVI. Para ello se establecen comparaciones entre el tamaño de sus rebaños y los de otros medianos y pequeños propietarios de la región, teniendo en cuenta entre otros indicios las noticias sobre sus ventas de lanas. Al mismo tiempo se profundiza en su caracterización desde el punto de vista sociopolítico, matizando algunas hipótesis que se han venido manejando para definir la base social mesteña y su evolución a lo largo del siglo XVI. Y por fin se repasan algunos aspectos referentes a la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas trashumantes, que revelan la presencia de numerosos factores que hacían más rentables a las grandes frente a las medianas y pequeñas.Big sheep owners played a key role in nomadic sheeprearing in the Spanish region around Soria during the XVth. and XVIth. centuries. By using the volume of wool sales, the author compares the size of their flocks with those of other middle and small owners in the region and analyzes the owner’s sociopolitical profile, in order to qualify traditional hypotheses about the social basis of the «Mesta» and its evolution during the XVIth. Century. Lastly, some aspects of the management of sheeprrearing enterprises are examined, and its factors identified. In particular, the analyses focus on those aspects of sheeprearing that made big enterprises more profitable than the small ones.Publicad
New ultra-short acting hypnotic: synthesis, biological evaluation, and metabolic profile of ethyl 8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3]diazepin-3-carboxylate (HIE-124).
No full textEthyl 8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3]diazepin-3-carboxylate (HIE-124, 4) is a member of a new generation of ultra-short acting hypnotics. HIE-124 (4) exhibited potent in vivo activity with a rapid onset of action and a short duration of action, with no acute tolerance or noticeable side effects. The metabolic profile of 4 is also performed. HIE-124 (4) has the potential use as a preanesthetic medication, anesthesia inducer, and could be used with thiopental sodium to maintain anesthesia for longer duratio
DNA binding of ethyl 2-substituted aminothiazole-4-carboxylate analogues: A molecular modeling approach to predict their antitumor activity
No full textThe synthesis and the antitumor potential of 2-substituted aminothiazole-4-carboxylate, structurally-related to the antitumor antibiotic netropsin (NT) were reported. However, the exact mode of action and SAR of these compounds remained undefined. Currently, an energy-based molecular modeling approach has been utilized to highlight the mode of interaction of these compounds with β-DNA and characterize the structural requirements of biologically active aminothiazoles. Employing netropsin (NT) as a template and nine different 2-aminothiazole analogues have been examined for their capacity to interact with the DNA structure based on the number and pattern of H-bonding, energy of binding, conformational changes of compounds due to docking, and the width change of DNA minor groove. Positive correlation (R2 = 0.94) was found between (Ebinding) of the used 2-aminothiazoles and their antitumor activity, thus substantiating the utility of this modeling approach in future design of similar compounds
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
Integration and magnitude homogenization of the Egyptian earthquake catalogue
No full textThe aim of the present work is to compile and update a catalogue of the instrumentally recorded earthquakes in Egypt, with uniform and homogeneous source parameters as required for the analysis of seismicity and seismic hazard assessment. This in turn requires a detailed analysis and comparison of the properties of different available sources, including the distribution of events with time, the magnitude completeness, and the scaling relations between different kinds of magnitude reported by different agencies. The observational data cover the time interval 1900–2004 and an area between 22°–33.5° N and 25°–36° E. The linear regressions between various magnitude types have been evaluated for different magnitude ranges. Using the best linear relationship determined for each available pair of magnitudes, as well as those identified between the magnitudes and the seismic moment, we convert the different magnitude types into moment magnitudes MW, through a multi-step conversion process. Analysis of the catalogue completeness, based on the MW thus estimated, allows us to identify two different time intervals with homogeneous properties. The first one (1900–1984) appears to be complete for MW C 4.5, while the second one (1985–2004) can be considered complete for magnitudes MW C 3
Irak después de Saddam Hussein y su descomposición socioeconómica
No full textDesde la caída de Saddam Hussein, Irak que ya estaba soportando estoicamente la desgracia de verse invadido por fuerzas de ocupación que dieron por tierra su derecho a la autodeterminación, experimenta día a día la quiebra de su economía, debido a la corrupción, la violencia destructiva y la mala administración generalizada.
La corrupción que existe en todos los niveles, hacen responsable en este asunto, tanto al actual gobierno iraquí como a las autoridades de ocupación, incapaces de proteger su propio presupuesto e impedir que les roben sus fondos.
De la ínfima ayuda externa que llega (a pesar de que donantes internacionales anunciaron el envío de miles de millones de dólares para proyectos de reconstrucción), la mayor parte va a parar a los bolsillos de funcionarios corruptos, quienes pretenden compensar el déficit reduciendo subsidios y suprimiendo paulatinamente las raciones alimenticias con las que cuentan muchos de los iraquíes pobres para sobrevivir.Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI
Shoot aqueous extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) acts as a protective agent against paracetamolinduced liver injury
No full textManihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), known as cassava, is a widely cultivated plant, considered one of the main sources of food in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of cassava shoot aqueous extract (CSAE) on liver injury induced by paracetamol and investigation of its effect on hyperhomocysteinemia. CSAE was administered to male albino rats classified into seven groups: control, treated, and prophylactic groups. A significant reduction in liver enzymes, malondialdehyde, and homocysteine were observed when compared to the paracetamol group, together with an increase in paraoxonase-1. Histopathological and
histochemical results indicated that CSAE effectively ameliorate these parameters. Two main flavonol glycosides, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, in addition to a minor myricetin 3-Orutinoside, were identified in CSAE. CSAE showed a therapeutic potential against paracetamol-induced liver injury probably through antioxidant activity of its flavonol glycosides
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New Thiazolodiazepine Analogues as CNS Active Agents
No full textPhDThe ultra‐short ac ng ac vity of ethyl 8‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]
[1,3]diazepin‐3‐carboxylate (HIE‐124, 12), as a member of a novel class, which might overcome
many of the disadvantages and problems that usually associated the use of thiopental or
benzodiazepines as intravenous anesthetic agents has been reported.
The present investigation is directed toward the synthesis of new derivatives of the
parent thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3]diazepine (HIE‐124, 12), in continuation to the previous patented
efforts in this area. These derivatives possess the potential to exhibit a promising and varying
range of CNS activities, including, among others, hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities.
The proposed compounds were synthesized according to the designed strategy.
Structure elucidation of the synthesized intermediates and final products was attained by the
aid of IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for
various CNS activities.
The new analogues Ethyl 3‐methyl‐8‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]
[1,3]diazepine‐2‐carboxylate (35) and 2‐Bromo‐3‐methyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]
[1,3]diazepin‐8(5H)‐one (40) showed marginal hypnotic potency compared to what was
reported about the parent compound HIE‐124 (12).
Biological screening results allowed the allocation of two potent anticonvulsant agents
worth patency. Compounds 35 and 40 proved to be the most active compounds in the present
inves ga on as an convulsants with remarkable 100% protec on against PTZ induced
convulsions as compared with the standard drug valproic acid. It is worth mentioning that
compounds 35 (0.78 mmole/kg) and 40 (0.39 mmole/kg) proved to be almost two and four fold
more ac ve, respec vely; than the used posi ve control sodium valproate (1.38 mmole/kg).
Structure activity correlation of the obtained results revealed that, CNS activity is
embedded in the structure core (8‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3]diazepine) of the
investigated compounds. Structure activity relationships (SAR) were deduced from the obtained
data.
These studied 8‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3]diazepine analogues could be
considered as useful templates for future development and further derivatization or
modification to obtain more potent CNS active compounds
Nonclassical Antifolate Compounds as Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
No full textPhDDihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the reduction of folate or
dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which then converted into N5, N10-
methylenetetrahydrofolate. This later compound functions as the source of the methyl
group to convert dUMP into dTMP. Inhibition of DHFR has long been an attractive
goal for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against bacterial and parasitic
infections as well as cancer. The aim of this research study is to locate a novel
synthetic lead compound(s) for future development as DHFR inhibitors. A new series
of quinazoline analogues is designed and fitted with functional groups believed to
enhance the inhibition of the enzyme activity. Thirty seven compounds (including five
unexpected products) belong to the aforementioned nucleus, have been synthesized.
Structure elucidation of the new compounds was fulfilled based on 1H-, 13C-NMR and
Mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro
DHFR inhibition activity at the Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy,
King Saud University and for their in vitro antimicrobial activity at the Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Egypt.
Compounds 36, 47, 48-51, 53-57, and 59 proved to be the most active
inhibitors of bovine liver DHFR in this investigation with IC50 values of 0.5, 1.0, 0.6,
0.7, 0.9, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1.0, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.5 M, respectively. Structure activity
correlation of the obtained results revealed that, the DHFR inhibition activity is
embedded in the structure core of the investigated compounds. The investigation
findings indicated that the type of substituent at positions 2- and 6- of the studied
quinazolines manipulate the DHFR inhibition activity.
The synthesized compounds (23-59) were also tested for their in vitro
antimicrobial activity against a panel of standard strains of Gram-positive bacteria,
Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast-like pathogenic fungus. The antibacterial
antibiotics Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, the DHFR inhibitor Sulphacetamide and the
antifungal drug Clotrimazole were used as positive controls. The results revealed that
compounds 23, 24, 28, 32, 37, 40-42, 44, 47, 49, 51, and 56-59 showed varying
degrees of inhibition against the tested microorganisms. Comparing the potency of the
antibacterial active compounds and their DHFR inhibition results revealed that
compounds 37, 49, and 57-59 might exert their antibacterial activity through DHFR
inhibition. The other compounds 23, 24, 28, 32, 41, 42, and 44 with low DHFR
inhibition might exert their activity through some other mechanism(s).
The synthesized target compounds (23-59) have been comparatively evaluated
in terms of their mode of binding to human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) pocket.
Molecular modeling has been performed for the proposed compounds to evaluate their
recognition profiles at the hDHFR binding-pocket. This study concluded that,
recognition with key amino acid Glu30 is essential for binding and also reflect
promising biological activity. Also, the synthesized target compounds were subjected
to flexible alignment, electrostatic, hydrophobic mappings, and pharmacophore
prediction study. The main pharmacophore groups necessary for activity are: the 4-
carbonyl fragment, the basic nitrogen atom at N-1, and the hydrophobic -system
regions, as well as of their relative distances.
As can be concluded from the obtained results, compounds 3-Benzyl-2-
cinnamylthio-6-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (36), N-(3-Benzyl-2-methylthio-4-oxo-
3,4-di-hydroquinazolin-6-yl)-cinnamamide (48), N-(2-allylthio-3-benzyl-4-oxo-3,4-
dihydro-quinazolin-6-yl)-cinnamamide (49), 6-Allylamino-3-benzyl-2-methylthioquinazolin-
4(3H)-one (51), 2-allylthio-3-benzyl-6-diallylamino-quinazolin-4(3H)-one
(54), 3-Benzyl-6-cinnamylamino-2-methylthio-quinazolin-4(3H)-one (56), 3-benzyl-
6-dicinnamylamino-2-methylthio-quinazolin-4(3H)-one (57), 2-allylthio-3-benzyl-6-
dicinnamylamino-quina-zolin-4(3H)-one (59), are the most active members of this
study as DHFR inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.6, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.5
uM, respectively.
These studied quinazoline analogues could be considered as useful templates
for future development and further derivatization or modification to obtain more
potent DHFR inhibitors
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