1,166 research outputs found
Jürgen Habermas, Nuovo mutamento della sfera pubblica e politica deliberativa, a cura di M. Calloni, trad. di L. Corchia e F.L. Ratti, Milano, Raffaello Cortina, 2023.
No full textIndice
Introduzione all’edizione italiana. Ripensare la sfera pubblica (Marina Calloni) VII
Prefazione 1
1. Un nuovo mutamento di struttura della sfera pubblica politica 3
2. Sulla democrazia deliberativa. Un’intervista 73
3. Che cosa significa “democrazia deliberativa”? Obiezioni e fraintendimenti 95
Sinossi
Con Storia e critica dell'opinione pubblica (1962), Habermas ha aperto nuovi orizzonti per gli studi sulla genesi e le trasformazioni della sfera pubblica politica. Seppur in modo non esplicito, il concetto di sfera pubblica ha accompagnato senza soluzione di continuità le sue opere successive. Habermas torna ora a interrogarsi sul nuovo mutamento di struttura della sfera pubblica, determinato da Internet e dai social media nel contesto di un ecosistema mediale, ibrido, decentrato e reticolare. Tale trasformazione sta incidendo sul funzionamento deliberativo degli ordinamenti democratici e sulla riproduzione simbolica del mondo della vita, con una frammentazione della sfera pubblica e la polverizzazione delle opinioni generali. Verrebbe così cancellato uno spazio collettivo di intermediazione, essenziale per la libera formazione della volontà politica, per la deliberazione democratica e per i nostri stessi processi di apprendimento e di riflessione
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of azo-dyes from wastewaters: homogeneous vs. heterogeneous photocatalytic processes
No full textAdvanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of azo-dyes from wastewaters: homogeneous vs. heterogeneous photocatalytic processes
Francesco Conte 1, Cristina Calloni 2, Ilenia Rossetti 3 and Gianguido Ramis 4*
1 Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
2 Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
3 Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
4* DICCA, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy, presenting author, corr. author ([email protected])
INTRODUCTION
Textiles industries huge production determines a strong environmental impact: the yearly total impact per person is estimated to be 1.3 tonnes of raw material and over 100 m3 of water. Ca. 700,000 – 1,000,000 tons/years of dyes are produced and more than 280,000 tons are lost in the effluent and often remain as persistent pollutants. Heterogeneous and homogeneous phototreatments can be efficiently used as Advanced Oxidation Processes to degrade such contaminants and a comparison between different technologies has been carried out on the azo-dye Dystar’s Levafix Brilliant Red E-6BA.
EXPERIMENTAL
Oas a model molecule for this study because it is characterized by low biodegradability
TiO2 P25 was employed as a commercial nanostructured material supplied by Evonik and compared with TiO2 FSP, prepared through a homemade flame spray pyrolysis apparatus. Metallic co-catalysts were deposited over the surface by wet impregnation and then reduced at different temperature (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Fe).
The catalysts were characterised by XRD, N2 physisorption and DR-UV-VIS analyses.
The photo-degradation tests were carried out in different cylinder-type double-wall glass reactors of 300-1000 mL capacity, open to air and equipped with a suitable lamp in case of photocatalyzed processes.
The Fenton process was carried out either in light or dark conditions by adding Fe salts and H2O2 and compared with UV/H2O2 and Heterogeneous photodegradation processes with the above described catalysts.
The light sources employed were characterized by different emission wavelength and power output: a LED-type lamp (white light, 30 W, 2700 lm), an external UV lamp (200W, maximum emission at 365 nm) and two different low power immersed-UV lamp (125 W, maximum emission at 365 nm); natural sunlight. The average irradiance was measured for the different setups through a photo-radiometer sensitive to the UVA fraction and were 116 W/m2 in case of the external-UV lamp and respectively 60 and 260 W/m2 for the low irradiance (lamp 1) and high irradiance (lamp 2) immersed-UV lamp. The progress of the reaction was monitored by UV-Vis and Total Organic Carbon (TOC).
Toxicity tests on the treated solutions were also carried out using the Crustacean Daphnia magna.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The fastest degradation process was Photo-Fenton with the highest power immersion UV lamp (10 min to 97.4% conversion), strictly followed by the UV/H2O2 process (20 min to 100% conversion). The degradation time increased with the other light sources, i.e. sun and LED, but overall, the total reaction time did not exceed 30 min. On the other hand, when it comes to the heterogeneous process, the titania synthetized via flame pyrolysis takes longer time to reach full conversion. At first glance it seems that the homogeneous treatment outperforms the heterogeneous ones, however, in the first case these results were achieved using a large amount of hydrogen peroxide, about 3.5 equivalents, which of course boost the reaction and lowers the time required to achieve a good conversion of the substrate.
Figure 9: Degradation of Levafix dye: comparison.
No organic carbon was detected after the treatment, except when employing gold deposited catalyst. Acute toxicity tests revealed that the Levafix Briliant Red resulted in a 48h-LC50 of 117 mg/L. The toxic response was dramatic in case of the solutions treated with UV/H2O2 and (Photo)Fenton processed, since a higher mortality of Daphnia magna specimens was observed due to the residual amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Overall, the best toxicity results were achieved in case of the samples treated with titania photocatalyst (P25), since the toxicity of the solutions was lower than the ones containing the bare dye.
CONCLUSION
Photo-degradation of Levafix Brilliant Red was compared for different AOPs. The homogeneous treatments were more efficient in the degradation of the selected dye, but the main advantages of employing solid nanostructured photocatalyst is that it is not compulsory to add hydrogen peroxide (low toxicity) and the catalyst can be recovered easily
Una branche dimenticata: studio e traduzione di Renart Empereur
Get PDFAbstract della Tesi di Dottorato
Una branche dimenticata: studio e traduzione di Renart Empereur
La Tesi propone uno studio complessivo e la traduzione integrale della più estesa branche del Roman de Renart, meglio nota come Renart Empereur. In passato, la branche XI, secondo la numerazione di Martin, ha conosciuto una notevole fortuna, testimoniata dalla cospicua tradizione manoscritta, costituita da dodici codici e due frammenti, e dalla ripresa di alcuni temi fondamentali della guerra tra Re Noble e Renart e dell’incoronazione della volpe nelle opere epigonali Renart le Nouvel e Le Couronnement Renart; tuttavia la critica moderna ha relegato questa branche a un ruolo subalterno, giudicandola povera del carattere eroicomico tipico delle branches più antiche, e priva di un’architettura narrativa armoniosa e bene organizzata.
Il presente lavoro opera in direzione di una rivalutazione generale della branche, ritenendo che i giudizi negativi su di essa derivino da due fraintendimenti: la valutazione di un prodotto letterario medievale attraverso dei criteri estetici moderni, e l’idea che la frammentarietà strutturale della branche derivi dalla scarsa abilità del troviero responsabile dell’intero testo.
La branche XI è articolata in due unità narrative, del tutto indipendenti non solo dal punto di vista diegetico, ma anche sotto il profilo genetico: la discontinuità tra le due sezioni emerge lucidamente sui piani delle strutture, dei contenuti e dell’apparato retorico formale, determinando una storia compositiva articolata in fasi distinte.
Il primo capitolo si concentra sull’analisi dei contenuti narrativi degli episodi confluiti nella prima sezione, più varia e dinamica, che si delinea come una catena di avventure e di incontri che Renart compie lungo il cammino: Renart e Isengrin, Renart e le more, Renart e Roonel, Renart e i nibbi, Renart, il cavaliere e il servitore, Renart e Droin. Alcuni di essi sono fortemente debitori alla tradizione renardiana, dalla quale attingono i motivi e il formulismo tipici.
Il secondo capitolo prende in esame la seconda sezione, che si configura come un racconto unitario volto alla parodia sistematica e globale del mondo epico-cavalleresco: la narrazione si svolge tra la corte e il campo di battaglia e ruota attorno alle vicende belliche che il popolo di Re Noble deve sostenere prima contro i pagani e poi contro Renart e i baroni in rivolta. La solidarietà delle strutture narrative, dei contenuti e dei temi, dell’apparato retorico-formale e, infine, delle modalità di conduzione del racconto, dimostra che per la seconda sezione è possibile supporre una genesi unitaria.
Dopo aver analizzato gli aspetti di singolarità dell’una e dell’altra sezione, il terzo capitolo si propone l’indagine della branche nel suo complesso, analizzando le strategie formali e tematiche intervenute per conferire uniformità a un discorso narrativo così eterogeneo, che sin dalla sua prima circolazione manoscritta hanno garantito una ricezione unitaria della branche. Si considera, inoltre, la storia compositiva della branche, che sin dalla sua prima circolazione manoscritta è stata recepita come un complesso narrativo unitario e coeso. Infine, si studia la funzione della branche all’interno della macrostruttura del Roman de Renart, del quale sembra proporsi come conclusione ideale.A forgotten branche: analysis and translation of Renart Empereur
The thesis aims to provide a comprehensive study and translation of the most extensive branche of the Roman de Renart, better known as Renart Empereur. In the past the branche – which is the 11th according to the branch numbers established by Martin – has achieved extraordinary success. This is attested by the large number of manuscript witnesses, and the epigonal works Renart le Nouvel and Le Couronnement Renart resume some of the main themes contained in this branche – such as the war between King Noble and Renart as well as the fox’s coronation. Nevertheless, modern criticism has disregarded the importance of this branche because of the lack of heroicomic character typical of the oldest branches, and the disorganization of the narrative structure.
The first chapter focuses on the analysis of the narrative contents of the episodes of the first section, more varied and dynamic, which is a chain of adventures and meetings that Renart makes along the way: Renart and Isengrin, Renart and the blackberries, Renart and Roonel, Renart and the kites, Renart, the knight and the servant, Renart and Droin. Some of them use the motifs and the rhetorical expressions typical of the renardian tradition.
The second chapter examines the second section, a unitary and uniform narration, which is focused on the systematic and global parody of the epic-chivalric world: the narration takes place between the court and the battlefield and revolves around the war events between the people of King Noble and the pagans, and then against Renart. The uniformity of the narrative structures, of the contents and themes, of the rhetorical-formal apparatus and, lastly, of the strategies adopted by the storyteller, shows that the second section had a unitary genesis.
After analyzing the peculiarities of one and the other section, the third chapter investigates the entire structure of the branche, and explores the formal and thematic strategies used by the storyteller to give uniformity to a narrative discourse so heterogeneous. This chapter focuses on the genesis of the branche, which has been perceived as a coherent anthology since the very earliest manuscript witnesses. Eventually, the study considers the role played by the branche in the macrostructure of the Roman de Renart, showing that it can be seen as an ideal conclusion of the cycle
La tradizione manoscritta del messale ambrosiano : ricerche sulla formazione e sull'evoluzione di una tipologia libraria tra i secoli VII e XVI
No full textLe prime testimonianze manoscritte di libri per la celebrazione messa secondo il rito ambrosiano, ovverosia secondo il rito seguito dalla sede episcopale di Milano, risalgono al secolo VII, sebbene in forma frammentaria. I primi codici completi sono invece dei secoli IX-X e, pur avendo subito gli influssi delle riforme carolingie, presentano forme e testi peculiari milanesi. La tradizione manoscritta continua fino ai secoli XV-XVI, spenta dall’introduzione della stampa: mostra aggiunte e integrazioni, che mai però sovvertono il modello carolingio.
L’indagine prende avvio dallo studio dei manoscritti, scelti per distribuzione cronologica e importanza, e ne mette in luce le caratteristiche paleografiche, codicologiche, contenutistiche, onde meglio calarli nel contesto che li ha prodotti. Segue la sinossi del loro contenuto, disposta per circulum anni e commentata nel dettaglio nel successivo capitolo, in modo da mettere in luce le fonti e le caratteristiche dei formulari contenuti nei messali. Tutti gli elementi raccolti consentono così di tracciare una storia di questo libro liturgico sia nelle sue forme, sia nei suoi contenuti
Development and comparison of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of azo-dyes from wastewaters
No full textDevelopment and comparison of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of azo-dyes from wastewaters G. Ramisa, F. Conteb, C. Callonib, A. Tripodib and I. Rossettib
a Dip. Ing. Chimica, Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Genova and INSTM Unit Genova, via all’Opera Pia 15A, 16145 Genoa, Italy b Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy The aim of this work was to find out a sustainable and scalable process in order to treat dye-rich wastewaters from textile industries and fully degrade these organic pollutants to non-harmful substances. The Dystar’s Levafix Brilliant Red E-6BA dye was used as a model molecule and treated through different advanced oxidation processes (APOs): H2O2/UV, Fenton and Photo-Fenton reactions, defined as homogeneous phase reactions, to be further compared in part 2 with heterogeneous photocatalyzed processes. The use of heterogeneous titania may be advantageous since the catalyst can be separated and re-used after the treatment, in contrast with the iron salt used for Fenton reaction which forms sludges. Moreover, metallic co-catalysts can be deposed over TiO2 nanoparticles in order to improve the light harvesting properties and activity.
The reaction parameters, such as pH, concentration of oxidant, quantity of Fe catalyst, type of light source (dark, LED, sunlight and UV) were evaluated and optimized to complete the degradation in the shortest time. The best performances were observed when using a low-power UV lamp directly immersed into the solution, as the time required to degrade 100 ppm solution of dye (pH 7, 25 °C, 36 mg/L of catalyst, 1 equivalent of oxidant) was ca. 10 minutes for both Photo-Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes, compared with 160 minutes required to complete the degradation in dark conditions. The reaction time almost doubled (20 min) when employing an external UV lamp, while both visible LED and solar light sources were comparable in terms of results (ca. 50 min), but the latter strictly depended on the weather conditions.
The treatment with 50 ppm of titania P25 is very effective when using an UV lamp directly immersed into the solution (irradiance = 260 W/m2), indeed more than 95% of the pollutant was degraded in ca. 40 min and we observed even better performance when adding hydrogen peroxide to the reactor (4 eq. H2O2, 8 min).
To conclude, the 48-LC50 values of the treated samples were determined performing the acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna to check the toxicity of the final products. The treated solutions were characterized by acute toxicity, even higher than the original dye when H2O2 was used, however COD tests revealed that for most cases there was not organic carbon into the solution and the noxious effects were mainly attributed to the residues of hydrogen peroxide
Questione di stile: Francesco Pipino e le due traduzioni del Miracolo della Montagna
Get PDFThe article intends to address one of the thorniest issues raised by the Latin version of the DM composed by Francesco Pipino, that of the double version of the Moving Mountain miracle. In a cluster of manuscripts, in fact, the episode briefly described in P I, 18 appears in a longer form, closer to the vernacular model. The case raises many philological questions: is it an interpolation or a competing variant? Which is the original and the spurious text? Despite the appearances, an accurate manuscript recensio and a careful stylistic analysis can prove that the shorter version is the Pipino’s genuine text, whereas the longer is a later interpolation
Efficiency comparison of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of azo-dyes in water
No full textEfficiency comparison of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)
for the mineralization of azo-dyes in water
F. Contea, C. Callonia, A. Tripodia, G. Ramisb and I. Rossettia
a Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
b Dip. Ing. Chimica, Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Genova and INSTM Unit Genova, via all’Opera Pia 15A, 16145 Genoa, Italy
The aim of this work was to find out a sustainable and scalable process in order to treat dye-rich wastewaters from textile industries and fully degrade these organic pollutants to non-harmful substances. Different chemical, photochemical and photocatalytic processes have been compared to find the most suitable for this application, either in terms of technical feasibility and with a look to the safety of the treated wastewaters.
The Dystar’s Levafix Brilliant Red E-6BA dye was used as a model molecule and treated through different advanced oxidation processes (APOs): H2O2/UV, Fenton and Photo-Fenton reactions, defined as homogeneous phase reactions, to be further compared with heterogeneous photocatalyzed processes. The use of heterogeneous titania may be advantageous since the catalyst can be separated and re-used after the treatment, in contrast with the iron salt used for Fenton reaction which forms sludges. Moreover, metallic co-catalysts can be deposed over TiO2 nanoparticles in order to tune the light harvesting properties and activity.
The various reaction parameters, such as pH, concentration of oxidant, quantity of Fe catalyst, type of light source (dark, LED, sunlight and UV) were changed and optimized to shorten the degradation time.
The best results were observed when using a low-power UV lamp directly immersed into the solution, as the time required to degrade 100 ppm solution of dye (pH 7, 25 °C, 36 mg/L of catalyst, 1 equivalent of oxidant) was ca. 10 minutes for both Photo-Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes, compared with 160 minutes required to complete the degradation in dark conditions. The reaction time almost doubled (20 min) when employing an external UV lamp, while both visible LED and solar light sources were comparable in terms of results (ca. 50 min), but the latter strictly depended on the weather conditions.
The treatment with 50 ppm of titania P25 was very effective when using an UV lamp directly immersed into the solution (irradiance = 260 W/m2), indeed more than 95% of the pollutant was degraded in ca. 40 min and we observed even better performance when adding hydrogen peroxide to the reactor (4 eq. H2O2, 8 min).
To conclude the feasibility assessment, the 48-LC50 values of the treated samples were determined performing the acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna to check the toxicity of the final products. The treated solutions were characterized by acute toxicity, even higher than the original dye when H2O2 was used. Since COD tests revealed that for most cases there was no residual organic carbon into the treated solution, the noxious effects were mainly attributed to the residues of hydrogen peroxide. This poses severe limits for the application of these technologies, at difference with heterogeneous photocatalytic processes, which may be slower, but by far safer, even when using nanostructured TiO2, which revealed no acute toxicity effect for the selected organisms
Filosofia politica contemporanea
No full textIl presente volume intende riprendere la questione metodologica proposta da Bobbio, all’interno di nuovi paradigmi di pensiero che si sono andati sviluppando negli ultimi cinquant’anni, sottolineando reciproci influssi, intersezioni e critiche. Gli approcci qui indicati hanno però in comune un tema, anche se talvolta trattato con argomenti addirittura opposti, riassumibile come tentativo di «proporre soluzioni, o per lo meno di dare indicazioni, per l’attuazione di una buona o migliore società» (Bobbio 2009).
Come si potrà vedere nel testo, le teorie liberali e democratiche proposte da Rawls e Habermas indicano, infatti, i limiti del contrattualismo classico, dell’utilitarismo e del repubblicanesimo, così come le diverse posizioni multiculturaliste, le riflessioni su potere e biopolitica, gli studi di genere e le analisi sul pensiero postcoloniale pongono sotto critica consolidate tradizioni del pensiero occidentale. L’analisi del linguaggio politico sottolinea come tali cambiamenti semantici stiano ad indicare contraddizioni e potenzialità di una disciplina aperta a nuovi orizzonti linguistici
e culturali. Rispetto alle mappe teorizzate da Bobbio, cambia dunque la magnitudo della filosofia politica ripensata alla luce delle «alterità», dal momento che si estende a territori più vasti, fino a comprendere la cosiddetta società globale, nonostante sia
così sfuggevole e difficilmente comprimibile in univoci costrutti.
Il volume si articola in dieci capitoli, ciascuno dei quali sviluppa un tema ben preciso (la sequenza in cui si snoda il manuale rispetta un ordine tematico-alfabetico), e rimanda contemporaneamente ad altri temi contenuti nel volume. Ciascun capitolo presenta il medesimo impianto: al sommario e all’introduzione generale al tema specificamente trattato, seguono i diversi paragrafi in cui esso viene articolato, per giungere all’indicazione di questioni ancora aperte e alla formulazione di domande sulle quali è possibile avviare una riflessione critica
Photo-oxidation of ammonia in wastewater to N2 under UV, Vis and Sunlight
Get PDFINTRODUCTION
The extensive use of activated nitrogen (i.e. ammonia and nitrates) has altered the equilibrium of the nitrogen cycle, since about 121 million tons of nitrogen per year from the atmosphere are converted into reactive forms, while it was calculated that the highest amount which does not impact on Earth’s ecosystems should not exceed the 35 million tons per year. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines set the maximum exposure level in the drinking water at 500 ppb for ammonia, which can cause can cause irritations, burns and alter the natural pH equilibria of human body.
In the present work we exploited the ability of nanostructured photocatalysts to selectively photooxidise ammonia to N2 using metal promoted titania-based materials under different radiation sources, i.e. UV lamp, LED visible lamp and natural sunlight.
EXPERIMENTAL
P25 commercial TiO2 nanoparticles from Evonik were compared with FSP titania nanoparticles prepared by flame spray pyrolysis. Both semiconductors were added with metal co-catalysts (Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Cu) by wet impregnation and reduced at different temperatures. The catalysts were characterised by XRD, N2 physisorption and DR-UV-Vis.
The photoreactor used in these tests is made of glass and has a cylindrical shape, with a central hole that allows the insertion of the UVA lamp (maximum emission 365 nm, 125 W) and, once inserted, the reactor capacity is about 0.35 L. The irradiance of the lamp was measured using a photo-radiometer and it was in average 260 W/m2. The mixing is assured by a magnetic stirrer and the temperature is controlled recirculating water in the cooling jacket. This system can be used in a sealed configuration and open to air. In the first case, the reactor is outgassed flowing 100 mL/min of a mixture of He:O2 (4:1), lowered at 60 mL/min during the tests. A second setup was used with an external LED lamp (white light, 30 W) and the reactor was open to air, with the lamp fixed at 100 mm over the surface of the solution.
In every reactor configuration, the liquid phase was sampled by mean of a glass syringe and the catalyst was removed before the analysis using cellulose acetate filter and the liquid analysed by UV-Vis standard methods and by Ion Chromatography.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After optimisation of the reaction conditions, the performance of the different nanomaterials has been compared under the different light sources. For the sake of brevity, the activity under white LED irradiation, the Ag- and Au-promoted samples, leading to the lowest and highest band gap among the metal promoted samples, converted between 40 and 50% after 4 h of reaction, with faster response from the Au-promoted sample. Again a plateau conversion was reached, with increasing values after few hours. As a comparative reference, the P25 catalyst showed a similar conversion pattern as for the shape, but never reaching 20% conversion in the whole course of the test. Using tap water a reduction of activity for both the Ag- (conversion 16% vs. 48%) and Au-promoted catalysts (20% vs. 49%) was observed, though the latter remained the most active one. Finally, the effect of natural irradiation with sunlight was tested. For 0.1% Ag/FSP curve the results are very similar to the reaction under UV lamp, reaching 35-40 % conversion after 4 h. Similarly promising results were achieved with the bipromoted Cu-Pt sample, which reached a conversion of 44% vs. 39% after 4 h, though the reaction rate during the first 2 hours of treatment was lower.
CONCLUSION
The photo-abatement of ammonium has been successfully performed using titania based nanostructured photocatalysts. It was observed that in the very first hours of treatment, the conversion of ammonium peaks at a certain value, depending on the catalysts employed and the reaction conditions, then it drops and rise again, finally reaching a plateau after 24h of reaction. The continuous supply of oxygen does not boost the reaction. Moreover, the selectivity towards overoxidized product have been minimized by working at slightly acid pH.
The addition of a metallic co-catalyst does not improve significantly the performance under UV light, if compared with FSP titania, but allow the adsorption of longer wavelength. Indeed, very good performance were achieved when simulating the natural light through a LED lamp, as a 48% max conversion of ammonium was achieved using optimized conditions and either 0.1% Ag or 0.1% Au/FSP catalysts. Finally, this setup was found to be effective even in exploiting the sunlight
Rapporto di ricerca sulle Donne nelle istituzioni, Fondazione della Camera dei Deputati, Roma.
No full textIl Rapporto di ricerca, pubblicato dalla Fondazione della Camera, presenta i dati concernenti la presenza delle donne nelle istituzioni elettive aggiornati al 2011. La scarsa presenza di donne nelle istituzioni evidenzia di una crisi generale della rappresentanza politica, crisi che si esprime generalmente attraverso la richiesta di un maggiore e migliore rispecchiamento, ossia di rappresentanza sociologica o descrittiva. Il corto circuito tra rappresentanza politica e rappresentanza sociologica è solo un aspetto di questa dinamica all’interno della quale non trovano spazio, né espressione, gli interessi generali del paese. La questione della “presenza” delle donne non esaurisce, però, il problema della rappresentanza, né la discussione sulla rappresentanza delle donne può coincidere con quella della mera autorappresentanza. Tale considerazione dovrebbe far riflettere su quanto sia fuorviante trattare il problema della rappresentanza di genere come una questione meramente “quantitativa” o peggio ancora “formale” di semplice “presenza” e “visibilità”. Ciò che è invece importante rilevare è che la richiesta di una maggiore presenza di donne in politica e di un’adeguata rappresentanza è indicativa di una “emergenza” sociale
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