29 research outputs found
A Systemic Crisis: Political Consequences of the 1989 Tiananmen Square Events
No full textThe article attempts to revise the understanding of the nature of China’s 1989 Tiananmen Square crisis and its consequences in the context of comparison with Soviet/Russian history of 1980-1990s. Several dozens of studies and op-ed pieces focused on the problem earlier (especially in Russian-language literature) but these papers lacked Chinese sources, intended to liken the Tiananmen Square crisis to the Russian agenda, and simplified complicated cause-effects relations of the Chinese historical process. As a result, the conclusions are limited to the question of the necessity of a decisive crackdown on any turmoil or political manifestation as a sole tool to protect one nation’s stability and prosperity. China’s stability and prosperity after the Tiananmen Square Crisis should not be seen as a result of crackdowns. Paradoxically, despite the conservatives’ victory in 1989, China got back to the path of reforms several years after the Tiananmen Square events. It can be attributed to the complex set of internal and external factors, and the freezing of China’s political reforms was just one of them. Moreover, the process was facilitated not only by overcoming its political crisis but also by observing the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. Faced with the threat of being ousted from power, China’s elites consolidated – a factor that became crucial for the implementation of systemic market reforms in the 1990s. The author concludes that a similar situation was observed in post-Soviet Russia in 1998-2000: the Russian financial crisis and several events including Second Chechnya Campaign became the ‘backbone crisis’ of Vladimir Putin’s presidency
Novyj šelkovyj put' i buduščee regional'noj kooperacii : rezul'taty raboty ekspertnogo seminara "Novyj selvkovyj put' i buduščee regional'noj kooperacii"
No full textAvtor teksta: Ivan ZuenkoText russischKyrillisc
Mechanisms of subtropical plankton transport into the coastal waters of southern Primorye, a case of <i>Paracalanus parvus</i>
No full textResults of long-term studies of zooplankton species in the Amur Bay (Japan Sea) are analyzed. Two seasonal «waves» of the allochtonous species are defined: the first in the early summer that is formed mainly by inter-zonal copepods spawning in the deep layers ( Metridia pacifica , Neocalanus plumchrus, Calanus glacialis ) and the second in the late summer that is represented by warm-water copepods of subtropical origin ( Calanus pacificus and Paracalanus parvus ) obviously transported from the southern Japan Sea by currents. The latter species is able to dominate in the zooplankton community of coastal waters in the early-autumn season. Variations of this mass species abundance in the Amur Bay under changes of wind-driven upwelling/downwelling circulation are investigated using an empirical advective model of its cross-shelf transport. There is found that strong summer southern on-shore winds (summer monsoon) are favourable for its high abundance but in these conditions it is transported toward the coast by the deep compensatory flow developed only after the summer monsoon change to the winter monsoon with opposite direction; that’s why the high abundance is observed in autumn, in September-October. In the years with weak summer monsoon the species is transported to the bay in mass by the surface on-shore wind-driven flow earlier, in August, but its number decreases after the monsoon change, so the maximum of abundance is not high. Patterns of the transport by cross-shelf currents depend supposedly on the depth of plankton concentration. Recent strengthening of summer monsoon causes heightening of P. parvus abundance in the coastal waters at southern Primorye, up to extreme high values in 2013, but climatic trend of the summer monsoon intensity is negative, so decreasing of this species transport toward Primorye coast and its abundance in the coastal waters, as the Amur Bay, can be expected in the nearest future
STRENGTHENING OF “POWER VERTICAL”: ALLOCATION AND PROMOTION OF REGIONAL LEADERS IN MODERN CHINA
No full textThe article is dedicated to the one of the most important trends in current political process in China in period between 18th and 19th Communist party of China national congresses (2012–2017). The trend is characterized with the desire of current national leader Xi Jinping to provide support of regions by appointment of loyal regional leaders. That can be explained by the situation before 2012 when most of regional leaders were potentially opposite to Xi Jinping and his “faction”. It led to resistance to Xi’s policy in social and economic spheres and made Xi’s measures not so effective. As result, to strengthen “power vertical” (term referred to Russia initially but fit to China’s realities as well) current Xi Jinping initiated large-scale anti-graft campaign and change of regional leadership using practice of officials rotation. This process began after 2012 but culminated in 2015–17. Finally, before 19th CPC National Congress in October, 2017, the task has been fulfilled. Regional leadership in China now includes new leaders representing a row of new “factions” and “cliques” united by their loyalty to Xi Jinping. It lets Xi hope for more effective realization of his political course during next five years, as well as strengthening of his personal power at the expense of “collective leadership” practice. The article uses wide range of original sources representing official documents of Communist party of China Central Committee and regional governments, statistical and biography materials. It is first publication on the topic of regional leadership change under rule of Xi Jinping in Russian academic science
STRENGTHENING OF “POWER VERTICAL”: ALLOCATION AND PROMOTION OF REGIONAL LEADERS IN MODERN CHINA
No full textLEGAL RESTRICTIONS AND INFORMAL LAND USE PRACTICES OF CHINESE FARMERS ON THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST
No full textУДК 349.41The article is devoted to the analysis of legal forms and informal land use practices existing among Chinese farmers on the Russian Far East. The main intention of the authors is to explore the reasons for the existence of sustainable practices circumvent legal restrictions of land rights of foreign citizens and legal entities, as well as determine the “limits of limitations” of land rights of foreigners (including property and land lease rights). Problem field of the research includes definition of trends of legal regulation in this sphere, classification of informal land use practices by Chinese farmers, as well as a comparative description of the trends in legal regulation of land relations with foreign element in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Asia-Pacific countries. Methodology includes sociological methods (interview, participant observation) by which authors has obtained and classified infor-mation on informal land use practices existing among Chinese farmers. Specially-legal methods (including comparative legal analysis and method of normative interpretation) were used to determine the regulatory trends in neighboring countries as well as to find out the limits of restrictions which may be imposed on foreigners land rights without con-tradiction with federal Constitution. Restrictive initiatives promoted recently by Ministry of agriculture not only make a visible contrast with the liberalization of land use in the neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific region, but also are not adequate in light of the government's intentions to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Far East region. The fact that some subjective rights belongs to foreign citizens and legal persons in itself does not allow the government to restrict them more than such rights of Russian citizens. Moreover, further limitation invades in the very essence of the content (core) of the right for land. A further limitation of land use rights of foreigners not only would repel investment, but will also encourage the development of informal land use practices, which, in turn, are the breeding ground for corruption in local government, as well as in the controlling and supervisory authorities
Museums and Memorials in Russia-China Cross-Border Regions: Prospects of Creating a “Compromise” Version of Shared History
No full textThe article delves into the preservation and portrayal of historical memory in Russia-China cross-border regions by means of museums and memorials in context of creating a "compromise" version of the history of Russian-Chinese relations that would satisfy both countries. Despite the current high level of bilateral relations, unresolved issues from the past of Russian-Chinese relations persist, often interpreted differently by each side. The issues typically revolve around differing interpretations by the two countries, spanning from historical events like the Albazin Campaign in the 17th century and Treaties of Aigun and Peking (1858, 1860) to Manchuria Campaign of the Soviet Army in 1945 and Damansky Conflict in 1969. Different understanding of such issues is manifested in the exhibits of museums and memorials all along the border. While the content may appear to carry Sinophobic or Russophobic undertones, its primary purpose is to promote internal patriotism rather than denigrate the neighboring country. However, the divergent narratives presented in museums in Russia and China lead to ‘competition of narratives’ in historical memory. In this ‘competition’ the attempts to persuade the neighboring country of the 'correct interpretation’ of history leads to misunderstandings and even conflicts. More reasonable approach to addressing the challenges arising from differing interpretations of shared history is to create its compromise version. However achieving this goal necessitates a significant investment of time and effort from scholars, diplomats and policymakers in both countries
SEASONAL CHANGES OF VERTICAL PROFILES OF CHLOROPHYLL A IN THE AMUR BAY (JAPAN SEA)
No full textSeasonal changes of chlorophyll a profiles are traced over the Amur Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea) in May-October, 2017 by means of oceanographic sonde-profiler equipped with fluorometer. Two principally different types of the vertical profiles are revealed, which were formed by different mechanisms of productivity: i) Chl a concentration had the maximum at the sea surface and decreased with the depth in the internal part of the bay occupied by the estuarine waters, and ii) Chl a concentration had the maximum below the seasonal pycnocline in the external part of the bay connected with the open sea. The highest Chl a concentration was observed in July-August for the estuarine type because of summer monsoon flood on the rivers, but in September for the marine type because of the coastal upwelling induced by monsoon winds change. Comparing these results with estimations of Chl a concentration made with the satellite data, insufficient correspondence is concluded for the external part of the bay, outside the estuarine zone, because the satellite data don’t reflect well the chlorophyll a in the subsurface layer and its seasonal variations. Thus, underestimation of real productivity and feeding ability of marine areas is available with the satellite data on chlorophyll a
Anticolonialism as a Guiding Principle of Chinese Foreign Policy
No full textThis article explores the ideology of anticolonialism as a guiding principle in the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It highlights the close association of anticolonialism with decolonialism, anti-imperialism, and the Nonaligned Movement, emphasizing their importance throughout the history of the PRC. While the current Chinese leadership may not emphasize anticolonial rhetoric as frequently as during the Mao Zedong era (1950–1970s), the core essence of Chinese foreign policy remains unchanged. China acknowledges its former semi-colonial status and aligns its policies with the interests of developing countries, seeking cooperation to protect its own interests amidst potential superpower pressures. Recent initiatives by Xi Jinping, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the concept of a “Community with a shared future for mankind,” demonstrate a universal character that extends beyond developing countries. Authored by scholars from Russia and China, this article aims to familiarize the international audience with China’s official discourse on its semi-colonial past, anticolonialism, and decolonization. The authors also highlight the potential for cooperation between Russia and China based on their shared perspectives on these issues. Understanding China’s foreign policy principles provides valuable insights into its historical context and contemporary approach to international relations
Climatic changes of temperature, salinity and nutrients in the Amur Bay of the Japan Sea
No full textRecent climate-scale (> 3 decades) changes of water temperature, salinity, and concentration of inorganic phosphorus, silicon and nitrogen (nitrites and nitrates) are considered for the Amur Bay where Vladivostok is located ashore. Mean seasonal values of these parameters are determined for the 1980s and 2000s. In summer, the tendencies of climatic scale are noted of SST heightening, temperature at the sea bottom lowering, and nutrients depletion in the upper layer, except of nitrate. In general, the bay becomes more stratified and less productive, on the primary trophic level, but the nitrate income, presumably from atmosphere, prevents the productivity decreasing. Links of the changes with external conditions are analyzed, and the summer monsoon weakening is defined as their main reason that determines weather conditions over Primorye and cross-shelf exchange on its shelf. These processes related with the summer monsoon present the mechanism of large-scale climate changes downscaling to meso-scale level. Besides, there is concluded that the Amur Bay is more vulnerable to marine processes than to terrestrial ones, though it is subjected to the large river discharge
