27,539 research outputs found
Satsuma careocaecum Wu & Hwang & Lin 2008, SP. NOV.
No full textSATSUMA CAREOCAECUM SP. NOV. (FIGS 15, 16) Material examined Type specimen: Holotype: TMMT 0603 (from type locality, dry shell, tissue in alcohol). Seventeen paratypes: all from type locality, TMMT 0651 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol, dissected); TMMT 0622–0624, TMMT 0646–0650 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol); BMNH 20060769–20060771, ANSP 413686 (N = 3), SMF 329393–329394 (dry shell). Type locality Guanziling, Tainan County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1). Diagnosis Shell and soft body white with grey pedal stripe; base expanded; penial caecum absent. Etymology L. careo: lack; caeca: caecum, referring to the lack of a penial caecum. Description Shell (Fig. 15): Dextral, conical, thin, rigid, medium sized. Apex obtuse. Whorls inflated. Periphery bluntly angulated to arc-like. Base expanded. Pre-apertural constriction behind outer and inferior lips present. Surface sheen with spiral striae. Shell colour white or white milky. Periostracum fine. Aperture diagonal, ovate-lunate. Peristome thin, expanded, reflected. Inferior lip curved downwards. Columellar lip oblique, reflected covering most of umbilicus. Junction of columellar lip and inferior lip roundly angulated. Band or stain: Polymorphism exists in this taxon. Most individuals exhibit a red-brown to black-purple stain around the umbilicus, columellar, columellar lip and apex; a sub-peripheral band is present in some specimens. The outer lip and inferior lip lack such coloration. Band formula = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0; 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0; 1 0 0 0 5 0 7 0. Reproductive system (Fig. 16): Bursa stalk long, almost slender. Proximal and middle vagina equally thin without conspicuous boundary between them, smooth externally, bearing 8–12 smooth, irregular strength folds internally; distal vagina one-third length of vagina. Flagellum long, tapering, with slender tip. Epiphallus with four weak pilasters inside. Penial caecum absent. Segment corresponding to penial caecum with three weak pilasters inside; then continued by slender tubule to penis. No verge or apparent internal constriction observed. Penis weak, gradually becoming robust towards atrium; middle penis with five clear, smooth, thin pilasters; distal penis with five strong, irregular, wiggly pilasters. Spermatophore (Fig. 16C) found in bursa stalk of figured individual (TMMT 0651); apical end partly digested in bursa copulatrix (not shown); tail tip remains in proximal vagina; cross-section at middle part (Fig. 16D) with three shallow valleculae and a projected fold. Six specimens were dissected. Distribution From Guanziling to Dongshan, northern Tainan County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1). Remarks The perching distance is typically from 3 m above ground to the canopy. Mature individuals often appear during winter (Fig. 15K). The absence of a penial caecum is the most distinct character among species of this species complex. Some Satsuma species, e.g. S. nux paiwanis (Kuroda, 1941), showed a reduced penial caecum (Chang, 1989), whilst others, e.g. Pancala batanica pancala (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) and Pancala bacca (Pfeiffer, 1866 [1865]), showed a lack of a penial caecum with an apparent verge at insertion of the epiphallus (Chang, 1992; Hwang, 1995). A totally degenerated penial caecum as seen in S. careocaecum sp. nov. was not recorded in Satsuma. The species differs from S. lini in having a greater number of whorls, apical spot, sub-peripheral band and umbilicus spot; from S. hagiomontis sp. nov. and S. swinhoei sp. nov. in having bluntly angulated periphery; and from S. insignis in having thinner shell and regularly expanded body whorl.Published as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3) on pages 458-460, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544670
Satsuma A. Adams 1868
No full textSatsuma A. Adams, 1868 Type species: Helix japonica Pfeiffer, 1847, by original designationPublished as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Lin, Yao-Sung & Hwang, Chung-Chi, 2007, A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1608 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17884
FIGURE 5 in A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan
No full textFIGURE 5. Jaw of Satsuma longkiauwensis sp. nov. (paratype, TMMT 0705). Scale bar = 600 µm.Published as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Lin, Yao-Sung & Hwang, Chung-Chi, 2007, A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1608 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17884
Satsuma phoenicis Wu & Hwang & Lin 2008, SP. NOV.
No full textSATSUMA PHOENICIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 13, 14) Satsuma albida (H. Adams), Chang et al., 1996: 25–30, fig. 1 (shell). [non albida] Material examined Type specimen: Holotype: TMMT 0601 (from type locality, dry shell, tissue in alcohol). Five paratypes: all from type locality, NMNS 005405-6 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol, dissected); TMMT 0645 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol); BMNH 20060772, ANSP 413687, SMF 329395 (dry shell). Type locality Fenghuanggu, Lugu, Nantou County, central Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1). Diagnosis Shell and soft body white with grey pedal stripe; proximal penis present, swollen, grooved; principal pilaster present, bifurcate, not formed in single strong pilaster. Etymology L. phoenicis: phoenix, translation of the type locality ‘phoenix valley’ (Fenghuanggu). Description Shell (Fig. 13): Dextral, conical, medium sized. Apex obtuse. Whorls expanded. Periphery bluntly angulated, extending to peristome. Base expanded. Preapertural constriction behind outer and inferior lips present. Surface glossy, with spiral striae. Shell colour milky white, covered with fine periostracum. Aperture diagonal, ovate-lunate. Peristome thin, expanded. Inferior lip reflected, curved downward. Superior columellar lip vertical, reflected. Umbilicus covered by columellar lip, crevice-like. Junction between oblique inferior columellar lip and inferior lip smoothly curved. Band or stain: Band or stain is not present in this species. Band formula = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Reproductive system (Fig. 14): Bursa stalk long, tapering with wiggly folds internally. Proximal vagina muscular, furrowed externally; middle vagina muscular, constrictive, with weak folds inside; distal vagina one-quarter length of vagina. Flagellum long, tapering smoothly towards tip. Penial caecum long, tapering with blunt tip; cecal pilasters two or three in number, surrounding epiphallic pore. Principal pilaster present, bifurcate, weak, not merged as single strong pilaster. Proximal penis widened, muscular, furrowed with a deep groove externally corresponding to strong, elevated, corrugated internal pilasters; middle penis short, suddenly constrictive from proximal penis, with weak and smooth pilasters inside; distal penis moderately slender, with one to two weak internal pilasters gradually weakened towards atrium. Three specimens were dissected. Distribution Lugu area, Nantou County, central Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1). Remarks Animals are arboreal, herbivores and nocturnal perching under leaves 2–3 m above ground. Adults were found during summer and autumn (Fig. 13E). The swollen and grooved proximal penis and bifurcate principal pilaster is unique among species in west Taiwan. The shell of the present species differs from that of S. albida in its larger size, and being thinner, translucent and more rigidness; differs from that of S. lini in larger measurements (Table 2), more flattened base and inferior lip, more blunt periphery, more curved downward inferior lip and, hence, smooth junction between the inferior lip and the columellar lip. This species is morphologically similar to S. lini sp. nov., but the genetic relationship was calculated to be closer to S. careocaecum sp. nov. The photographed shell in Chang et al. (1996, Fig. 1) belongs to this species (see remarks in S. albida.)Published as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3) on pages 456-458, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544670
Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan
No full textFigure 35. Satsuma viridibasis sp. nov. A–D, holotype (TMMT 0613, shell height = 22.4 mm). E, living specimen. Arrow indicates the pre-apertural constriction.Published as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3) on page 482, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544670
FIGURE 3 in A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan
No full textFIGURE 3. Reproductive system of Satsuma longkiauwensis sp. nov. (paratype TMMT 0705) A. Whole genitalia, vas deferens is cut to unfold the genitalia; B. Verge and penial caecum; C. Interior of genitalia. Scale bar for A and C = 10 mm, scale bar for B = 1 mm.Published as part of Wu, Shu-Ping, Lin, Yao-Sung & Hwang, Chung-Chi, 2007, A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1608 on page 63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17884
Satsuma lini Wu & Hwang & Lin 2008, SP. NOV.
No full textSATSUMA LINI SP. NOV. (FIGS 11, 12) <p> <i>Material examined</i></p> <p> <i>Type specimen:</i> Holotype: TMMT 0602 (from type locality, dry shell, tissue in alcohol, dissected). Three paratypes: all from type locality, TMMT 0621 (immature, in alcohol); ANSP A21015 (shell with tissue in alcohol); BMNH 20060753 (dry shell).</p> <p> <i>Type locality</i></p> <p>Shanlinxi, Nantou County, central Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1)</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p> Shell and soft body white with grey pedal stripe; periphery angulated but not keeled; junction between columellar and inferior lips angulated. Because of a <i>Description</i></p> <p> <i>Shell</i> (Fig. 11): Dextral, conical, medium sized. Apex obtuse. Whorls inflated. Periphery bluntly angulated. Base expanded. Pre-apertural constriction behind outer and inferior lips present. Surface smooth, glossy with spiral striae. Shell colour whitish. Periostracum thin. Aperture diagonal, ovate-lunate, angulated between outer lip and inferior lip. Peristome thin, expanded, reflected at curved inferior lip. Superior columellar lip reflected. Umbilicus covered by columellar lip mostly, crevice-like. Columellar lip vertical to subvertical, angulated at junction with inferior lip.</p> <p> <i>Band or stain:</i> Polymorphism exists in this taxon. The majority of individuals do not possess band or colour stain, and display a whitish coloration. A rare form exists with pink stain and smear from the third to the fourth band position. Band formula = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 (0 0) 0 0 0 0 (very rare).</p> <p>lack of knowledge of its genitalia, distinguishing this species from similar species based on shell characteristics only is difficult.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i></p> <p> L. <i>lini</i>: the name is dedicated to the late Professor Lin, Fei-Jan (1934–2004), a pioneering evolutionary biologist from Taiwan.</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i> (Fig. 12): No reproductively mature specimens were collected. An immature genitalia is figured to demonstrate its basic configuration.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i></p> <p>The species was found only in a narrow area of mid-altitude forest (1600–1800 m) near Shanlinxi, Nantou County, central Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>Inhabits typically above 3 m. Adults were found during winter (Fig. 11G). Only four specimens are available; two of these have adult shell morphology but genital development is incomplete. The other individuals are sub-adults.</p> <p> This species is morphologically similar to <i>S. albida</i>, <i>S. swinhoei</i> sp. nov. and <i>S. insignis</i>, but its genetic relationship is closer to <i>S. insignis</i> (see Phylogeny). Compared with <i>S. albida</i>, <i>S. lini</i> has a larger, thinner and more rigid shell, higher spire and more oblique aperture. The species differs from <i>S. swinhoei</i> in having a periphery that is not keeled, smaller shell diameter and higher spire.</p>Published as part of <i>Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3)</i> on pages 453-456, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5446700">http://zenodo.org/record/5446700</a>
Satsuma longkiauwensis Wu, Lin & Hwang, 2007, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Satsuma longkiauwensis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2–5)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <i>Type locality</i>: TAIWAN: Pingtung County, Shuangliu, 22º13’7.3”N 120º47’35.9”E, alt. 280 m; TMMT 0 701 (holotype): adult with decaying soft body in ethanol, collected by S.-P. Wu, 20 Oct. 2005; TMMT 0 705 (paratype): adult dissected for genitalia, radula and jaw, remaining soft parts in ethanol, collected by S.-P. Wu, 13 Sept. 2005; TMMT 0 704 (paratype): sub-adult dissected for radula and jaw, remaining soft parts in ethanol, collected by S.-P. Wu, 13 Sept. 2005; TMMT 0 706 (paratype): sub-adult soft body in ethanol, collected by S.-P. Wu, 13 Sept. 2005; TMMT 0 707 (paratype): adult shell, collected by S.-P. Wu, 21 Feb. 2004; BMNH 20060795 and ANSP 413696 (paratypes): adult shell, collected by S.-P. Wu, 20 Oct. 2005. <i>Other locality</i>: TAIWAN: Pingtung County, Mudan, 22º07’55.4”N 120º47’18.5”E, alt. 225 m; empty adult shells: NMNS 5415-001–003 (three paratypes) and TMMT 0702–0703 (two paratypes): collected by C.-C. Hwang, 26–27 Aug. 1997.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A large-sized, dextral <i>Satsuma</i> with light brown to olive background with depressed base and open umbilicus; Reproductive system with robust flagellum, swollen distal vagina, truncated oval verge, thick and muscular sheath tying male genitalia and expansive base of spermathecal stalk.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Longkiauw (Langjiao) is the ancient name of nowadays Hengchun Peninsula and originates from the aboriginal race Paiwan.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Shell</i> (Fig. 2): large, dextral, semi-spherical, thick, rigid; height 24–33 mm; width 34–41 mm; 5 7/8 –6 1/8 whorls. Apex obtuse. Whorls strongly inflated. Periphery bluntly angulated. Base of shell bulged outwards and flattened behind peristome; Surface of periostracum smooth, glossy, with faint oblique and spiral striations. Color of shell light brown to olive with red-brown stain. Peripheral band thin, sharp, redbrown. Surface above peripheral band brown, gradually lighter towards suture; area immediately below peripheral band yellowish white; basal band light brown colored, broad, gradually smear towards umbilicus. Umbilicus uncolored. Aperture diagonal, ovate. Peristome in lateral view concave. Lip thick, expanded; reflected at outer and inferior parts. Columellar lip oblique, straight; dilation of columellar lip not covering umbilicus. Lip color dark purple-red, glossy. Parietal callus thin, semitransparent. Umbilicus open, broad, deep. Holotype: height 28 mm, width 39 mm, 6 1/8 whorls (Fig. 2 A–D).</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i> (Fig. 3): Spermathecal stalk as long as spermoviduct, swollen at basal half, slender till spermatheca, with a constriction dividing base into two expansions of equal length; basal expansion bacillary, with ten to twelve strong, corrugated folds along inside; distal expansion shuttle-shaped, with seven thin, strong zigzag folds inside. Spermatheca oval. Free oviduct long, about same length as basal expansion of spermathecal stalk. Proximal vagina muscular, smooth externally, gross, weaker than basal expansion of spermathecal stalk. Internal folds in proximal vagina continued with those of spermathecal stalk counting nine in number, strongly elevated, lamellate, smooth, gradually weakened towards atrium. Subsequent part of vagina gradually slender towards a sudden swell distally, with ten thin, wiggly folds inside. Distal 1/5 of vagina abruptly thickened, muscular, depressed, pale brown in color, with wide, flattened folds inside. Male genitalia twisted, wrapped by a thin, semi-translucent, muscular sheath. Flagellum moderate, robust, tapering, with thickened base. Epiphallus as strong as base of flagellum with four to six unequally strong pilasters along inside, terminated with a shortly projecting, truncated oval, finely wrinkled verge entering penis. Penial caecum (appendix) not definite, with only an angled expansion surrounding verge. Pilasters around verge weak, wiggly, numbered 15–19. Proximal part of penis strong, thickened with 13 smooth, well-defined, strong pilasters. Subsequent part of penis slender with nine low, wiggly, corrugated pilasters inside. Distal part of penis extended again, about same length as distal swell of vagina, with weak, zigzag, corrugated pilasters internally. Atrium short, finely wrinkled inside.</p> <p> <i>Radula and jaw</i>: Radula ribbon length 7.6 mm, width 2.6 mm. Radula formula 56 + C + 56. Central tooth with blunt, wide, curved mesocone and two weak, symmetrical ectocones (Fig. 4A). Lateral teeth with narrower, outwardly directed mesocone and weak endocone and ectocone (Fig. 4B). Marginal teeth with more outwardly directed mesocone and prominently forked, pointed endocone and ectocone (Fig. 4C). Jaw dark brown, curved with high, wide vertical ribs, reduced on margins (Fig. 5).</p> <p> <b>FIGURE 4</b>. Radula of <i>Satsuma longkiauwensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (paratype, TMMT 0705). A. Central tooth; B. Lateral tooth (15th, left); C. Marginal tooth (45th, left). Scale bar = 20 µm.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b> (Fig. 1): All specimens were collected in mountainous lowland between the river basin of the rivers Fengangxi and Sichungxi. Living individuals were collected only in Shouangliu, the type locality. <b>Ecology:</b> Live specimens were observed active in the field in September. They were nocturnal and herbivorous feeding on decaying fallen leaves and gramineous shoots (Fig. 2 E). They were found on ground and crawling on rocks or lower tree trunks.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> The reproductive system of <i>Satsuma longkiauwensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from that of the largesized <i>Satsuma</i> species from Taiwan and Japan, e.g. <i>S. bairdi</i> (H. Adams, 1866), <i>S. arisana</i> (Kuroda, 1941) ssp., <i>S. nux</i> (Moellendorff, 1888), <i>S. sphaeroconus</i> (Pfeiffer, 1866) and <i>S. mercatoria</i> (Pfeiffer, 1845), in having a weak expansion instead of an elongated penial caecum externally and a hemispherical verge instead of elongated and thickened pilasters internally (Minato 1975; Wu & Chang 1975; Azuma & Azuma 1987; Chang 1994, 1997). The reproductive system of the new species is similar to that of <i>S. succincta</i> (H. Adams, 1866), <i>Pancala bacca</i> (Pfeiffer, 1866) and <i>P. batanica pancala</i> (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) (Tabe 1937; Sinagawa 1979; Chang 1992; Hwang 1995), but differs from <i>P. bacca</i> and <i>P. batanica pancala</i> in having a larger shell, roundly angulated peripheries adjacent to the peristome, an angled and less swollen junction between epiphallus and penis, robust and non-twisted flagellum, a more dilated penis at the proximal part and a swollen distal vagina.</p> <p> Shell morphology of the new species differs from other camaenid species distributed in Hengchun Peninsula, as <i>P. bacca</i>, <i>P. batanica pancala</i>, <i>S. pekanensis</i> (Rolle, 1911) and <i>S. contraria</i> (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1909), in having a larger and/or dextral shell (Hsieh <i>et al.</i> 2006).</p> <p> <i>Satsuma arisana tani</i> (Kuroda, 1941), which is distributed in southeastern Taiwan, is also similar to the new species in shell dimensions (holotype: height 30.0 mm, width 41.0 mm) and shape. Unfortunately the type specimens were not traceable currently. However, it can be deduced from the original description and photographs of the holotype (Kuroda 1941) that the umbilicus of <i>S. arisana tani</i> is perfectly covered by the reflected superior columellar lip and completely closed.</p> <p> Among camaenid species from Taiwan, <i>Satsuma succincta</i> shows a high similarity in shell morphology and banding patterns. Nevertheless, this species is smaller (shell height 16.2–22.8 mm, shell width 23.0– 31.2 mm, 6 syntypes, BMNH 1866.5.9.9) in shell dimensions than the new species. Both species are ground-living in the low land forests of south Taiwan, but not sympatric. The smoothly rounded junction between the outer and inferior lips, yellowish coloration of shell, the robust and smoothly curved flagellum, and the swollen distal vagina of <i>S. longkiauwensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> distinguish it further from <i>S. succincta</i>. <i>Satsuma succinct</i> and its allies show an angulated junction at peristome, reddish coloration of shell mostly, slender and wiggly flagellum and slender distal vagina (Chang 1989; Hwang 1995).</p> <p> All the 26 valid (sub-)species of Camaenidae from Taiwan can be separated using the key below. This identification key is based on shell characters of type specimens examined except for <i>Satsuma arisana takahasii</i> (Kuroda, 1941), <i>S. arisana tani</i> (Kuroda, 1941), <i>S. nux paiwanis</i> (Kuroda, 1941) and <i>S. nux sericata</i> (Kuroda, 1941). The type material of these four taxa could not be located. Anatomical characters are not used, as those are not available for all taxa.</p>Published as part of <i>Wu, Shu-Ping, Lin, Yao-Sung & Hwang, Chung-Chi, 2007, A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1608</i> on pages 61-65, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/178845">10.5281/zenodo.178845</a>
Satsuma huberi Wu & Hwang & Lin 2008, SP. NOV.
No full textSATSUMA HUBERI SP. NOV. (FIGS 23, 24) <p> <i>Material examined</i></p> <p> <i>Type specimen:</i> Holotype: TMMT 0608 (from type locality, dry shell, tissue in alcohol). Eleven paratypes: all from type locality, TMMT 0654 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol, dissected); TMMT 0634–0635, TMMT 0652–0653 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol); NMNS 005405-4, BMNH 20060764–20060765, ANSP 413683 (<i>N</i> = 2), SMF 329391 (dry shell).</p> <p> <i>Type locality</i></p> <p>Mt Dahanshan, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p>Shell and soft body yellowish or white without pedal stripe; shell thick, robust; distal vagina short; principal pilaster short.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i></p> <p>The name is dedicated to the late Father Franz Huber (1913–1994), an Austrian priest who was also a biologist, in memory of his contribution to biological science education in Taiwan.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <i>Shell</i> (Fig. 23): Dextral, conical, hard, rigid, medium sized. Apex obtuse. Whorls expanded. Periphery curved, barely angulated. Base inflated. Pre-apertural constriction behind peristome absent. Shell colour ivory-white to pale yellow. Surface even, with fine axial and spiral striae. Aperture subvertical, elliptical to ovate. Junction between outer lip and inferior lip curved. Peristome thin, expanded. Columellar lip vertical, reflected, covering umbilicus. Umbilicus fully closed.</p> <p> <i>Band or stain:</i> Polymorphism exists in this taxon. Most individuals are tinged with pale red-brown spiral stain extending around the darkly stained umbilicus. The apex has the same colour as the umbilicus. Such coloration is not observed at the inferior lip and outer lip. Band formula = 1 0 0 0 0 6 7 0; 1 0 0 0 (0 6 7) 0; 1 (0 0 0) 0 0 7 0 (very rare); 1 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 (very rare).</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i> (Fig. 24): Bursa stalk tapering, expanded at base, shorter than spermoviduct. Bursa copulatrix oval. Proximal vagina muscular, swollen, smooth, with 13–14 internal folds; middle vaginas constrictive, slender, muscular; distal vagina short, one-fifth length of vagina, swollen with one major internal fold in addition to fine corrugations. Flagellum conical, swollen at base, with short and digitate process. Penial caecum long and conical; cecal pilasters two to three in number, strong; remaining inner walls contained 15 weak ridges. Proximal penis long, muscular, twisted, with unevenly ridged surface, internally with seven strong and corrugated folds; principal pilaster medium in length, equal to or barely longer than cecal pilasters; middle penis obviously constrictive, smooth externally, with moderate and smooth internal folds; distal penis of same width as middle penis, with wide and low pilasters inside. Boundary between middle penis and distal penis not clear. Spinule present on pilasters of proximal and middle penis, not seen in vagina. Three individuals were dissected.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i></p> <p>This species was recorded only at Mt Dahanshan, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>The perching distance from ground is typically more than 2 m. Adults can be found in winter and eventually breed in spring. Brood size is less than 30 (Fig. 23I–K).</p> <p> The thick and robust shell is unique among the <i>Satsuma albida</i> species complex. Some specimens of <i>S. insignis</i> also have thick shells, but never as thick and robust as shells in this species. The polymorphic colour of shell, both white and yellow, is also unique.</p>Published as part of <i>Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3)</i> on pages 468-470, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5446700">http://zenodo.org/record/5446700</a>
Satsuma hagiomontis Wu & Hwang & Lin 2008, SP. NOV.
No full textSATSUMA HAGIOMONTIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 5, 6) <p> <i>Material examined</i></p> <p> <i>Type specimen:</i> Holotype: TMMT 0604 (from type locality, dry shell, tissue in alcohol). Five paratypes: all from type locality, TMMT 0615 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol, dissected); TMMT 0616 (dry shell, tissue in alcohol); BMNH 20060751, BMNH 20060752, ANSP 413674 (dry shell).</p> <p> <i>Additional material:</i> Museum of Zoology, National Taiwan University (NTUM): two dry shells, collected from Kuwarusu (= Taiwu, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan) in 1918.</p> <p> <i>Type locality</i></p> <p>M. Beidawushan, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p>Shell and soft body white with grey pedal stripe; periphery keeled; shell height/diameter ratio close to 1.0; distal vagina short; penis corrugated on surface; penial caecum conical; genitalia with or without spinules.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i></p> <p> L. <i>hagio</i>: holy, L. <i>montis</i>: mountain. The type locality, Mt Beidawushan, is a holy mountain of two aboriginal tribes, the Paiwan and Rukai.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <i>Shell</i> (Fig. 5): dextral, conical, thin, fragile, semitranslucent, medium sized. Apex obtuse. Whorls inflated. Peripheries bluntly angulated with keel extended to peristome. Base inflated. Pre-apertural constriction behind outer and inferior lips present. Shell surface smooth, glossy, with spiral striae. Shell colour white milky with thin periostracum. Aperture diagonal, ovate-lunate. Peristome thin, expanded, reflected at curved inferior lip. Superior columellar lip vertical, reflected, covering most of umbilicus. Inferior columellar lip oblique, continual to inferior lip.</p> <p> <i>Band or stain:</i> Polymorphism exists in this taxon. Some individuals exhibit a red-brown to black-purple stain around the umbilicus, columellar, columellar lip, inferior lip and apex, others have spiral colour band around the whorls or at the base. The outer lip exhibits no coloration. Band formula = 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 8; 1 0 0 0 5 0 7 0; 1 0 0 4 0 0 7 0; 1 0 0 4 0 0 7 8.</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i> (Fig. 6): Bursa stalk long, with apparently expanded and conical base, regularly tapering towards oval bursa copulatrix. Proximal vagina muscular, swollen, smooth externally, with 14–17 strong, smooth folds internally. Middle vagina less muscular, distinctly constrictive, twisted. Distal vagina short, one-quarter of vagina in length. Flagellum long, tapering, not swollen at base. Pilaster in epiphallus wide, weak, three in number. Penial caecum long, depressed-conical. Cecal pilaster two in number, moderately weak, not strongly corrugated on surfaces. Principal pilaster and proximal penis absent. Middle penis long, twisted, depressed, with seven to nine moderately strong, wiggly, corrugated pilasters inside. Distal penis short, constrictive, with three wide and low pilasters vanishing towards atrium internally. Of the two dissected specimens one (TMMT 0615) has many spinules on the surface of the pilasters in the middle penis.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i></p> <p>The species was found only in a narrow area of mid-altitude (1000–1400 m) forest near Mt Beidawushan, Pingtung County, southern Taiwan (Fig. 1, Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p> These arboreal herbivores are nocturnal, perching under leaves more than 2 m above ground. Adults were found during summer (Fig. 5I, J). The species differs from <i>S. albida</i> in having a keeled periphery, lower spire with shell height/diameter ratio close to 1.0, short distal vagina; corrugated penis externally, conical penial caecum and spinules inside genitalia. The conical penial caecum and strongly corrugated penis are unique among white-shelled species in west Taiwan.</p>Published as part of <i>Wu, Shu-Ping, Hwang, Chung-Chi & Lin, Yao-Sung, 2008, Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan, pp. 437-493 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3)</i> on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00415.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5446700">http://zenodo.org/record/5446700</a>
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