4,524 research outputs found
JC virus evolution and its association with human populations
Full text linkThe ubiquitous human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus that establishes a persistent infection, and it is often transmitted from parents to children. There are at least 14 subtypes of the virus associated with different human populations. Because of its presumed codivergence with humans, JCV has been used as a genetic marker for human evolution and migration. Codivergence has also been used as a basis for estimating the rate of nucleotide substitution in JCV. We tested the hypothesis of host-virus codivergence by (i) performing a reconciliation analysis of phylogenetic trees of human and JCV populations and (ii) providing the first estimate of the evolutionary rate of JCV that is independent from the assumption of codivergence. Strikingly, our comparisons of JCV and human phylogenies provided no evidence for codivergence, suggesting that this virus should not be used as a marker for human population history. Further, while the estimated nucleotide substitution rate of JCV has large confidence intervals due to limited sampling, our analysis suggests that this virus may evolve nearly two orders of magnitude faster than predicted under the codivergence hypothesis.</p
Differential control of sympathetic-nerve activities during combined asphyxia and paramedian reticular nucleus stimulation in cats.
No full textPresence of perikaryon in the sympathetic pressor areas of dorsal and ventrolateral medulla inhibiting phrenic nerve discharge in cats.
No full textPhylogeography of Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae) in Taiwan and its adjacent areas.
No full textLong-type double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP using hand-made accessories in Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (with video)
No full textBalloon catheter-assisted rescue for misplacement of lumen-apposing stent across the pylorus in endoscopic ultrasound-guided transduodenal drainage of walled-off necrosis
Full text linkTips for Dealing with Common Beginner's Mistakes Made during Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage
No full textEndoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) has been performed as an alternative to percutaneous drainage in surgically high-risk patients. Technical failures of EUS-GBD made by beginners are often attributed to failure of over-the-wire insertion of a fistula-dilating device or stent delivery system into the gallbladder, or stent misplacement in the final technical step. We herein report technical tips to prevent the failure of fistula dilation and provide tricks to avoid inward or outward stent misplacement
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