699 research outputs found
An Exploratory Analysis of the Timing of Job Reentry for Married Women in Taiwan
No full text本研究之特點在於採用事件史分析法來探討已婚婦女再就業之時機及其解釋因素。採用行政院主計處「婦女婚育與就業調查」1983與1993兩年資料，本研究先針對20-26歲已婚婦女再就業型態加以分類並描述其人口特質，其次針對「曾因結婚離職」與「曾因生育離職」者，分析其再就業時間之分布。研究指出，在離職後之20年間，「曾因結婚離職者」再就業之可能性比「曾因生育離職者」低，而且再就業可能性1993年比1983年高。尤值得注意的，離職後第三年與第十年均為再就業之高峰期，這個現象又以「曾因生育離職者」最為明顯。採用「卡克斯模型」分析，發現影響婦女「再就業」的解釋因素中「年齡」與「配偶教育」在兩類復職與各年間均有一致的負效應，即不利於再就業。另外，在「曾因生育離職」婦女中，須照顧小孩者不利於再就業，也在1983與1993兩年資料中一致出現。研究結果說明著台灣婦女再就業仍受到家庭生命週期的影響，隱含對於傳統性別角色專業化說法的支持，以及家庭經濟理性的考量仍重於婦女個人薪資效益的考量。由於在1983至1993年間，婦女個人教育的效應從不顯著轉變為顯著且正面的淨影響，即婦女個人教育高有助於再就業，意含著婦女個人因素的重要性隨時間增加中。This research examined the timing of job reentry for married women who had ever quitted from job market due to marriage or birth. Using 1983 and 1993 waves of Fertility and Employment of Married Women Survey conducted by DGBAS, the author converted the retrospective information in the survey into women’s work histories. This paper reported that these women were more likely to reenter job market in the third and the tenth years after quitting than any other time. The peaks of the curve were of particular prominence in 1993 sample and for the birth-quitting women. By employing the Cox Model, the author further analyzed the factors that might be used to interpret the event of job reentry while censoring was taken into account. Both models of marriage-quitting and of birth-quitting commonly revealed that age and spouse’s schooling were negatively related to the job reentry. Childcare was another factor that negatively affected the job reentry for birth-quitting women in both survey years. Besides, schooling was getting important in 1993 when compared with that in 1983
Examining the Feminization of Poverty in Taiwan: A Case of 1990s
No full text本研究採用主計處「家庭收支調查」1991-2000 年資料，探討台灣地區「貧窮女性化」的現象及其特性。研究發現，貧戶中女性戶長家戶比例十年間大致呈現上升，且女性戶長家戶貧窮率每年也都比男性戶長家戶為高；但經由「貧窮比」分析，發現貧窮性別差異十年間頗為穩定。因此，可以說台灣地區「貧窮女性化」現象，只能算是方興未艾！在比較不同家戶組成的分析中，發現「單親戶」貧窮率不是最高的，其趨勢不僅沒有增加反而在1993 年之後有好轉的現象；值得注意的是，「有依賴子女」的女性戶長家戶具有穩定偏高的貧窮率，可是性別貧窮比也未呈現任何上升的趨勢。最後，根據多變項分析結果，在戶長年齡、戶長教育、依賴子女數等變項的控制下，女性戶長家戶相對於男性戶長家戶具有較高的機會落入貧窮，而「是否為單親」對貧窮的影響則不顯著，這種情形在「有依賴子女」的家戶當中，更為明顯。可以說，「成為單親」並非是台灣女性戶長家戶落入貧窮的主因，而是「有依賴子女」才具有更穩定的解釋力。The phenomenon of feminization of poverty has been widely discussed in US, mainly due to the increasing proportion of poor who were females, during 1960-1980. Along with the trend of urbanization and modernization, since 1990, Taiwan has begun to experience the increase in divorce rates and concomitantly the increase in number of one-parent families. Using data from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (SFIE), 1991-2000 waves, conducted by DGBAS annually, the author intended to examine the hypothesis of feminization of poverty in terms of changes in proportion of poverty rate as well as poverty ratio. Instead of using individuals as analytical units, the author focused on comparing various types of household units and found the trend of increasing proportion of female headed households that were poor. However, no tangible trends were found either between families of male and female householders or among different family types, when poverty ratios were used for testing the feminization hypothesis. When the traits of householders were under controlled, unlike those found in the US and some Western countries, mother-only families in Taiwan were not significantly related to the likelihood of poverty, but the number of cohabiting children had positive effects on being poverty of households during 1990s
Single-Parent Households in Taiwan: Estimation from One Percent 1990 Census Data
No full text本研究探用1990年普查資料百分之一隨機樣本，推估出台灣地區的單親戶約佔全部普通住戶(但括單人戶)的3.9％，將近20萬戶，而男女單親比為四比六。若只考慮戶中有未成年兒童，那麼台灣地區單親戶約佔6.5％；也就是說，在有未成年兒童的家庭中，每十五戶約有一戶是單親戶。在另一方面，若以「人」為單位，所推估出「單親兒童」的數量則為三十五萬餘人，佔十八歲以下兒童的5.4％，即大約每十八個兒童有一個和單親同住。若單從上述比例來看，1990年台灣單親家庭並不如西方社會普遍；然而，從普查資料中所顯示的單親，必須已是具備離婚、喪偶、或未婚的身份，並且有「十八歲以下未婚子女」同住。因此，對於夫妻因工作關係分居之「暫時單親」，或有夫妻之名而無夫妻之實的「準單親」，都不在計算立內；所以上述的數字在現實生活中，都應該是「下限」。 至於單親戶的分佈，若從單親戶佔該縣市總戶數的比例來看，以台東縣、花蓮縣、屏東縣為最高，以苗栗縣、嘉義縣、台北市為最低。若以絕對數字來比較，以台北縣、台北市、和高雄市為最多，而澎湖縣、嘉義市、苗栗縣為最少。有關單觀的特性，整體來說，離婚單親為最多(佔58%)、喪偶單親其次(佔38%)、未婚單親最少(佔4％)；其中男單親以離婚為最多，但是在女單親中，喪偶和離婚者比例接近。此外，「目前有工作」的單親有70.6%，沒有作者佔29.4%，其中男單親有工作者比女單親有工作者高出21％。最後關於單親兒童，本研究發現平均每個單親戶有1.84個「十八歲以下未婚子女」同住，這些「單親兒童」的男女性別比差不多是各佔一半。This research employs one percent of random sample from the 1990 Census data in Taiwan area. After programming the nested data with around 50 thousand household units, this research estimates the proportion of single-parent households over the overall households (including single-person household) as 3.9%。 Besides, using the households consisting of children under 18 as the denominator, I re-estimate the figure as 6.5%.I also calculate the proportion of children who were living with single parents, and obtain the figure 5.4%－that is, one of every 18 children in Taiwan lived with single parents in 1990. These figures are calculated under the welfare-oriented definition of‘single parent family' ,in which parents are either divorced, widowed, or single, with unmarried children aged under 18 living together. The male-female sex ratio of single parents is 4 to 6. In Taiwan, most single fathers are divorced, while single mothers are largely due to divorce as well as widow. In 1990, 70.6% single fathers were employed and about half of single mothers had jobs. In this paper, we also report the frequency and percentage distribution of ‘single-parent household' by 23 administration districts in Taiwan
Single-Person Households in the 1990s Taiwan
No full text本研究採用主計處「家庭收支調查」1991-2000 共十年資料，分析台灣地區單人戶的人口特質與經濟特性，及其變化趨勢。鑒於人口的高齡化以及老人單人戶的社會弱勢，解析其貧窮的人口特質也是本文之重點。台灣地區單人戶，從1991 年佔總普通住戶之5.83%持續增加至2000 年10.82%；若以數量來說，從約30 萬增至71 萬戶，多了一倍以上。其中65 歲以上老人為最多，佔四成左右。單人戶當中一直是以未婚人口為最多，其次為喪偶人口，再次者為離婚。喪偶人口比例隨著年齡層降低而減少，未婚人口比例則呈相反的方向。在各年齡層當中，老人單人戶以喪偶比例最高，未婚為次多，離婚人口所佔比例則相當低。至於單人戶的性別，老人單人戶從男性佔將近百分之七十持續下降至約百分之五十。大致上反映該年齡層台灣特殊的人口結構，以及女性平均餘命高於男性的現象。
關於單人戶之經濟狀況，本研究以官方「低收入」以及「相對貧窮」兩種測量，來比較各年齡層單人戶落入貧窮的情形。研究發現，
除了55-64 歲組在近三年有後來居上的情形，老人單人戶貧窮率均較其他年齡層為高。在老人單人戶中，女性貧窮率較男性為高，喪偶者比非喪偶者高；在多變項分析中也證實了性別的淨效應，且進一步指出教育程度與年齡對貧窮的顯著影響，也就是教育程度低或年齡較長者越有可能成為貧窮。Using data from the Surveys of Family Income and Expenditure between 1991 and 2000, this paper examines the changes in demographic and economic features of single-person households in Taiwan. Specifically, it focuses on households that are vulnerable and in poverty occupied by a single-person aged 65 and above. According to estimates from samples across Taiwan, the proportion of single-person households in the country has raised from 5.83% in 1991 to 10.82% in 2000. Similarly the total number of single-person households has also increased from 300,000 to 710,000 between 1991 and 2000. Furthermore, 40% of these householders are elderly people. However, at the beginning of the 1990s, about 70% of all single-person householders were male. They have since dropped to about 50% in 2000. This research employs the official poverty line as well as other relative poverty measures to indicate the poverty situation of singleperson households of all ages. Not surprisingly, the poverty rates among the aged are higher than the younger cohorts, except for those between 55 and 64 in recent years. Among the aged single-person householders, females were more likely to experience economic plights than males. With the use of logit models, the net effects of gender and education are further confirmed
Haemophilus aphrophilus bacteraemia complicated with vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal epidural abscess in a patient with liver cirrhosis
No full textAn Exploratory Study of Job Mobility for Reworking Women in Taiwan
No full text婦女再就業已經成為一個相當普遍的現象，本研究採用民國八十二年主計處「臺灣地區婦女婚育與就業調查」資料，先描述已婚婦女的就業類型，再以多變項分析來探討「前」「後」職業之「流動」之影響因素。由於婦女工作種類多集中於低階白領和體力工作，離職前與復職後職業的變動難以「流動表」呈現出來，本研究兼採職業地位測量與職業標準分類來呈現「流動」及其「幅度」。在此操作定義下，有超過一半「沒有流動」。經由多變項分析，本研究發現「因結婚離職」與「因生育離職」具有不相似之流動機制；尤其值得一提的是作為「人力資本」的教育程度，雖然都是影響婦女再就業職業改變的重要因素，但在這兩類不同離職原因中卻有不同的效果。簡單地說，在「因結婚離職」的婦女中，教育程度高者傾向往下流動，而在「因生育離職」的婦女中，教育程度高者向上或向下流動都比不流動可能性高。再者，教育的作用對於流動幅度來說也最為凸顯，不但有助於向上流動的幅度，也可減緩向下流動的幅度。總之，教育的意涵隨著離職原因而異，它不在於排除已婚婦女再就業向下流動的可能，而是對於需要向上流動者提供了「助力」，對需要向下流動者提供了「緩降」的功能。Male and female labor forces are different in their patterns of job careers, the latter are generally more likely to be disrupted for marriage and/or birth. That chances of reworking for women (particularly married women) has increased in the past attracts our attention on exploring causes and changes of returning. Our data came from the 1993 wave of the Survey of Women's Marriage and Fertility in Taiwan. It is shown that around one seventh of married women has experienced returning labor market. Among them, more than half did not move up or down relative to their former occupational status. In multiple covariate analyses, we found schooling is the most essential factor explaining the changes of occupational statuses. Most importantly, the effects of schooling behave differently in the models of quitted-due-to-marriage and quitted-due-to-birth. In short, extra schooling seems to create space of moving down for women of quitted-due-to-marriage, while it functions as a burffer of moving down for women of quitted-due-to-birth
Fig. 12. Zingiber pleiostachyum K.Schum., Chichidashan. A. Habit. B in Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan
No full textFig. 12. Zingiber pleiostachyum K.Schum., Chichidashan. A. Habit. B. Leaf adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surface. C. Ligule. D. Rhizome. E. Inflorescence. F. Flower. G. Bracts. H. Calyx tube. I. Corolla lobes. J. Labellum. K. Stamen and pistil. L. Ovary. M. Fruit. N. Seeds. Photos: A = C.T. Chao; B–N = L.P. Hsu.Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on page 92, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/711910
C.T. Vivian, Joseph E. Lowery, and Tom Brown, circa 1980
No full textSouthern Christian Leadership Conference President Joseph E. Lowery is shown standing outside with C.T. Vivian (left) and Tom Brown (right) at Paschal's Motor Hotel.The Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library acknowledges the generous support of the Joseph & Evelyn Lowery Institute for Justice and Human Rights, the Joseph Echols Lowery Irrevocable Trust, and other donors in supporting the processing and digitization of Morehouse College's Joseph Echols and Evelyn Gibson Lowery Collection
The Configuration of Taiwanese DINKs
No full text近年來台灣地區年輕人呈現遲婚與不婚現象，不僅導致生育率的下降，「頂客族」名稱也成為一個新族群的標記。究竟「頂客族」有多少?本研究使用1992年至1998年「臺灣地區家庭收支調查」來推佑，並嘗試釐清以戶為單位的調查資料，「頂客族」可能的意涵。夫婦均在工作且家戶中只有夫婦二人，作為「頂客族」之操作定義，1998年資料顯示，「頂客族」，佔總家戶約百分之三點五，約為22萬戶。值得注意的，透過家戶型態來推，估「頂客族」，呈現一批夫妻年紀較輕、教育程度高、多為白領階級之「現代頂客族」，以及另一批夫妻年紀較大、教育程度偏低、且多為務農者之「空巢頂客族」，前者約佔總家戶之3%，為19萬戶。可是，從都市化的觀點，「現代頂客族」在台灣應只是方興未艾，尚未形成隨地區都市化程度而增，加的趨勢。若以個人或家庭特質來解釋成為「現代頂客族」的可能性，本研究採用對數迴歸多變項分析，結果顯示，丈夫年齡越高與恩格爾係數越，高越不利於成為「現代頂客族」，而妻子為專業白領工作者成為「現代頂客族」的機會高，個人與家庭特質的解釋在1992與1998年資料中都得到支持。One of the main demographic features in recent years in Taiwan is the decreasing birth rate. The young are more likely to marry later than older cohorts and to delay pregnancy. This research focuses on investigating the number of DINKs (couples with double income and no kids) and its distribution in Taiwan. Using data from the 1992-98 Surveys of Family Income and Expenditure, the authors identified two kinds of DINKs differentiated on the basis of their living arrangements. The Empty Nest DINK category consists mainly of older couples with low education levels and largely engaged in agriculture. Modem DINKs are mainly relatively young couples, most with white collar jobs. The latter, because of their low birth rates, captures our concern. The number of Modem DINKs increased slightly between 1992-1998, when it accounted for 3 percent of total households. Multivariate analysis shows that wives with white-collar jobs, or households with lower Engler coefficient of expenditure style are more likely to become Modem DINKs. That the net effect of urbanization was not significant in 1992 but was in 1998 indicates that Modem DINKs are becoming a more significant category
The Usability Test of National Taiwan University Library Websites: A Case Study from Non-Library and Information Science Students’ Perspective
No full text隨著網際網路的發展以及電子資源的普及，圖書館網站在圖書館業務中扮演
日趨重要的角色。本研究以國立臺灣大學圖書館網站為研究目標，徵集共4 位非
圖書資訊科系的大學四年級學生為受測者，進行好用性測試。測試內容包含17 項
任務，透過觀察紀錄及問卷的施放，了解受測者的使用者經驗。
統整與分析測驗結果，本研究從「網站詞彙」、「指示導引」、「資訊架
構」、「資訊系統」四個層面提出結論，並且根據結論對國立臺灣大學圖書館網
站提出建議。With the development of the Internet and popularity of E-resources, the library
websites are playing a more significant role. This study chose the National Taiwan
University Library as the target. Four senior students from different majors, excluding
Library and Information Science majors, were solicited for the usability test in this study.
The user experience, realized by the observation and recording, was conducted with the
questionnaires.
The conclusions were divided into four parts: “vocabulary,” “instruction,”
“Information structure,” and “information system.” According to the findings of this
study, suggestions for National Taiwan University Library websites were given to
improve the usability
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