269,557 research outputs found
[[alternative]]A Study on Hsueh- hai Academy in Ching Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]This study is based on the political, economical and social situation in northern Taiwan in Ching Dynasty. The main purpose of this paper is to study the ebb and flow, organizational system and the effect of Hsueh-hai Academy by the local gazette, the official documents, the works of elites, the genealogy（tzu-p'u）in the Ching Dynasty and Archive of the Office of Governor-General and newspapers under the Japanese ruling.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1. Hsueh-hai Academy was founded in reign Tao- kuang when the development of northern Taiwan had some attainments, but the people scrambled for money, were indulgent in luxurious and expensive habits, acted violently but run short of culture and education. The local officers set into action and elites donated to Hsueh-hai Academy. It has stood on Meng-chia for fifty-two years. Under the Japanese ruling, it has been changed to military dormitory, temporary office and Affiliated School of National Language School and traditional private school. Finally, Hsueh-hai Academy was bought by the Kao’s family as an ancestral temple.
2. According to the purpose and teaching content, Hsueh-hai Academy was a Academy for preparing imperial examination. Its organization tended to be bureaucratic. About the budget, its income came from official subsidy and non-governmental donations, but it’s not steady. On Campus, it was a courtyard with houses on four sides showing the Confucian spirit and ideal. The instruction of this Academy was more positive, and metaphor was used to inspire and advise students. Besides, it sponsored the students to take part in imperial examination. Chu-tzu was worshiped at Hsueh-hai Academy, which expensed most of the budget.
3. The students of Hsueh-hai Academy had contribution on culture, education, society and politics. No matter in Ching Dynasty or under the Japanese ruling, they exerted themselves to culture and education more than other aspects. Hsueh-hai Academy not only promoted dynamic social mobility but also enhanced the rate of literacy in northern Taiwan. In Taipei, the process of development that education was the same as that of economy. The farther location from Meng-chia, the fewer of Confucian scholar passed imperial examination. Hsueh-hai Academy was an important institution that cultivated the elites who changed the customs and habits in northern Taiwan.
Key words: Hsueh-hai Academy, Taiwan Academy, Meng-chia.
[[alternative]]A Study on Community Schools (She-hsueh) in the Ming Dynasty
No full text[[abstract]]The main purpose of this paper is to study the development of community schools (She-hsueh) in the Ming Dynasty by the local chronicles and the official documents of the Ming Dynasty.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1.She-hsueh emerged from the Yuan Dynasty and lasted to the Ming Dynasty. They were the local quasi-government schools and became well-organized in the Ming Dynasty.
2.Basically, She-hsueh were quasi-government schools. However, as to their teachers, students and curriculum, they had the nature of private schools. Besides, one goal of them was to educate all people. She-hsueh had multiple characteristics: as to their students, which were elementary schools; as to student numbers, which became popular; as to their function, which were a kind of social education but not compulsory education.
3.During the Ming Dynasty, at least 11,967 community schools were established all over the county.
4.The development of She-hsueh were affected by the factors such as emperors' order, the guidance and control of the superintendents, the commitment and involvement of local officials and the devotion of Wang Yang-ming and his disciples.
5.The significance of She-hsueh in history may be generalized as three aspects: first, She-hsueh were one of main means to realize the government’s policies for political socialization and also the function of social control. Second, the level of She-hsueh were lower than that of local government schools. Third, She-hsueh were one kind of Elementary schools in the Ming Dynasty.
In short, the Ming She-hsueh enlarged the educational opportunity for commoners in county or town for the first time. The devotion and influence of them could not be ignored in the ancient history of Chinese education .
Thelepus hemeiensis Hsueh & Li, 2017, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Thelepus hemeiensis</i> sp. nov. <p>Figs 1 A–J, 2A–F</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype (NMNS 7743 <b>-</b> 1), Hemei (25°04´54˝N, 121°54´58˝E), New Taipei City, Taiwan, intertidal under rock on fine sand bottom, 17 October 2016.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Holotype, complete, ovigerous female; live specimen body uniformly orange to reddish with conspicuous blood vessels visible through body wall in anterior body, preserved body uniformly beige in alcohol, without distinct patterns of pigmentation (Fig. 1 A–B); body length 44.2 mm with 84 segments, maximum width 3.8 mm on segment 6.</p> <p>Prostomium at base of upper lip; about twenty-two grooved buccal tentacles, thin, moderately elongate, arising along the distal part of prostomium, with long ones reaching to segments 41–44 (Fig. 1 C–D, H); eyespots present, forming a row at anterior base of prostomium, more concentrated latero-ventrally, becoming scattered at dorsal area of prostomial base (Fig. 1 C–E). Peristomium forming lips and continuing dorsally; upper lip large and thick, horseshoe-shaped; lower lip smooth, moderately large and thick (Fig. 1 C–D); pharyngeal organ exposed. Segment 1 with ventral lobe posterior to lower lip (Fig. 1 C–D). Ventral surface distinctly glandular, swollen, up to segment 10, more markedly glandular on segment 5 to 7 (Fig. 1 E).</p> <p>Lateral lobe absent. Three pairs of branchiae, on segment 2 to 4, branchial filaments moderately thick and elongate, mostly not exceeding four body segments in length (Fig. 1 E–F); pairs arranged in transversal bands, arising from a glandular area, first pair lateral to the first pair of notopodia, following pairs placed progressively more dorsal, with wide medial gap between each pair, widest gap in the third pair (Fig. 1 E–H); pairs of segments 2–4 with 11–12, 5 and 4 simple branchial filaments on each side, respectively (Fig. 1 E–H).</p> <p>Notopodia present from segment 3 to 39; first eight pairs similar in length, becoming longer from segment 11 to 21, thereafter shorter gradually to the last thoracic segment (Fig. 1 B, E), all notopodia aligned vertically (Fig. 1 H–I). Trapezoidal notopodia, with glandular forming pre-and postchaetal lobe from segment 3 to 11, notochaetae emerging from between lobes (Fig. 1 E, H–I), thereafter notopodia becoming less glandular. Notochaetae of all thoracic segments as two rows of winged chaetae, anterior row slightly shorter than posterior row, tapering to tips (Fig. 1 J).</p> <p>Neuropodia present from segment 5 to 84, glandular and rectangular; neuropodia gradually wider in width up to segment 11 (Fig. 1 E, H), thereafter gradually narrower to posterior thoracic segment; abdominal neuropodia cylindrical progressively smaller to last segment prior to pygidium, as fleshy pinnules slightly raised from the surface of the body (Fig. 1 B); anterior neuropodia with small gap between pairs, wider from mid-body. Uncini in straight row, but slightly curved at both distal ends on anterior to mid-thoracic segments (Fig. 1 I, 2A), becoming Cshaped on posterior thoracic segments to the last abdominal segment (Fig. 2 B); dental formula MF:2:1 throughout, uncini with pointed prow and slightly upturned subterminal dorsal button (Fig. 2 C–D).</p> <p>Genital and nephridial papillae not observed. Pygidium rounded, with crenulated opening (Fig. 1 B).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name is derived from the name of nearby village where the worm was collected.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Hemei, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Only known from the type locality.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Of forty-eight valid species described for the genus, seventeen were reported from the East and Southeast Asia. These species are: <i>Thelepus abyssorum</i> Caullery, 1944 (type locality: Southeast China), <i>Thelepus angustitoris</i> Caullery, 1944 (Southeast Asia), <i>Thelepus binakayensis</i> Pillai, 1965 (Philippines), <i>Thelepus dubius</i> Caullery, 1944 (Malay Archipelago), <i>Thelepus japonicus</i> Marenzeller, 1884 (Japan), <i>Thelepus leptoplocamus</i> (Grube, 1878) (Philippines), <i>Thelepus longtongensis</i> Hsueh & Li, 2016 (Taiwan), <i>Thelepus malayensis</i> (Caullery, 1944) (Malaysia), <i>Thelepus marenzelleri</i> McIntosh, 1885 (Southern Japan), <i>Thelepus microbranchiatus</i> Caullery, 1944 (Southeast Asia), <i>Thelepus opimus</i> Hutchings, 1990 (Hong Kong), <i>Thelepus parcus</i> (Grube, 1878) (Philippines), <i>Thelepus paucibranchis</i> (Grube, 1878) (Philippines), <i>Thelepus pulvinus</i> Hutchings, 1990 (Hong Kong), <i>Thelepus robustus</i> (Grube, 1878) (Philippines), <i>Thelepus taiwanensis</i> Hsueh & Li, 2016 (Taiwan), and <i>Thelepus toyamaensis</i> Okuda, 1936 (Japan) (Hsueh & Li 2016: 519, Table 1).</p> <p> Among these species, only <i>T</i>. <i>dubius</i>, <i>T</i>. <i>opimus</i>, and <i>T</i>. <i>toyamaensis</i> have similar ranges of branchial filaments and the presence of eyespots (Hsueh & Li 2016: 519, Table 1) as in <i>Thelepus hemeiensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>. However, <i>T</i>. <i>dubius</i> has only 29 pairs of notopodia and 60 abdominal segments (Caullery 1944: 170–171), whereas <i>Thelepus hemeiensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> has 37 pairs of notopodia and 80 abdominal segments. <i>Thelepus opimus</i> differs from <i>T</i>. <i>hemeiensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by having many more pairs of notopodia (>55 vs. 37) and different uncini dental formula on anterior and posterior tori (MF:2:2–3:Ɗ/MF:2–3:1–7:0–5 vs. MF:2:1 throughout) (Hsueh & Li 2016: 519, Table 1; present study). <i>Thelepus toyamaensis</i> can be distinguished from <i>T</i>. <i>hemeiensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by having very short branchial filaments (vs. moderate elongate branchial filaments), dorsal body surface with longitudinal furrows (vs. horizontally corrugated), about 30 segments with glandular ventral surface (vs. about 10 segments with glandular ventral surface), and one row of secondary teeth above main fang (vs. two rows of secondary teeth above main fang) (Okuda 1936; present study).</p>Published as part of <i>Hsueh, Pan-Wen & Li, Kuo-Rong, 2017, Additions of new species to Thelepus (Thelepodidae), with description of a new Terebellides (Trichobranchidae) from Taiwan, pp. 429-439 in Zootaxa 4244 (3)</i> on pages 430-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.3.10, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/432117">http://zenodo.org/record/432117</a>
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No full textThis is a curious book. The verso of the title-page says simply "Reprinted from the 1953 edition." From all I can learn, that is true, but that original was printed not by the University Press of the Pacific but by the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing. Indeed, it seems as though this book is a photocopy reprint of that original, and so even the page references in my comment on that book still apply here. These fables are often directly admonitory and/or of a highly political slant. Thus the author writes of skylarks "Poets like these are the true friends of the people" (6). The best of the fables, I believe, are "The Snake and the Rabbit" (42) and "The Original Rat" (61), which may also have the best illustration. Among the most overtly political are those on the imperialist weasel munching a duckling (27) and the imperialist snake against the collective bees (29). Other good fables include "The Hunter and His Wife" (12), "The Lion and the Setting Sun" (15), "The Lion and the Lamb" (34), "The Fox and the Rabbits' Farm" (39), "The Cow and Her Rope" (53), "The Curious Crow" (44), and "The Cow and Her Calf" (54). There is a T of C at the front after the highly political "Publisher's Note." 7½" x 9¼".Feng Hsueh-feng, translated by Gladys Yan
The politics of fashion: perceptions of power in female clothing and ornamentation as reflected in the sixteenth-century Chinese novel Jin Ping Mei
Full text linkThis thesis examines issues of female power and influence in sixteenth-century China focusing on how women and their roles were perceived in the changing social environment of the mid-late Ming dynasty. Using aspects of a New Historicist approach, information from contemporary literary and historical sources are analysed alongside each other. With its emphasis on the lives of women and preoccupation with the description of material objects, the late Ming novel Jin Ping Mei forms an important element in the thesis. China in the sixteenth century saw expanding urbanisation, the emergence of a new wealthy merchant class, increasing visibility of women and a questioning of traditional morality. Fashion consciousness, as one of the most conspicuous aspects of the new material culture, is a possible indicator of these trends. Traditional Western theories contend that fashion began in the particular context of Renaissance Europe. However, this study argues that a similar fashion awareness existed in China too, and was manifested in a competitive striving for social status, in this case specifically among women. In contrast to previous studies which downplayed the impact women had on defining traditional Chinese culture, this thesis demonstrates how women and their sartorial choices began to redefine the boundaries of material culture, influencing literati discourse which, in turn, re- influenced female behaviour
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