3,185 research outputs found

    CMOS Sigma Delta pH-to-Digital Converter

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    [[abstract]]A CMOS delta-sigma (Sigma Delta) pH-to-digital converter has been developed for continuous monitoring of H(+)-ion concentrations. The SnO(2)/ITO glass, fabricated sputtering SnO(2) on the conductive ITO glass, was used as a pH-sensitive membrane of extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) operational amplifier. The Sigma Delta pH-to-digital converter, constructed by using EGFET-OP to realize switched-capacitor (SC) Sigma Delta converter, converted the H(+)-ion concentration into digital form. This chip, fabricated in a 0.18-um CMOS 1P6M process, operated at a 1.8 V supply voltage and normal sampling rate of 6.25 MHz. The gain error of the converter in the H(+)-ion concentration range between pH2 and pH12 is less than 2%, and the measurement error over the H(+)-ion concentration range of pH2 to pH12 can reach as small as +/-0.02 pH.[[note]]SC

    Performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system

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    This paper deals with an analysis of performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system considered as an advanced transport alternative to the existing APT (Air Passenger Transport) and HSR (High Speed Rail) systems. The considered performances are operational, financial, social and environmental. The operational performance include capacity and quality of service provided to the system’s users-passengers with attributes such as door-to-door travel time consisting of the access and egress time, schedule delay, in-vehicle time, and interchange time. The economic performances embrace the costs and revenues of operating the system. The costs include that for infrastructure, vehicles, traffic management facilities and equipment, and employees. The revenues embrace earnings from pricing users/passengers. The environmental performances include energy consumption and related emissions of GHGs (Green House Gases), and land use. The social performances are considered to be noise and safety. The analytical models of indicators of these performances are developed and applied to the scenario of operating the HL system on the short- to medium-haul travel distances/routes. These are then compared to the corresponding performances of the HSR and APT. This comparison has shown that the HL system may possess some advantages but also disadvantages regarding particular performances.Transport and PlanningOLD Urban and Regional Developmen
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