3,910 research outputs found

    Natalia LL - artystka neoawangardowa

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    The paper shows Natalia Lach-Lachowicz (Natalia LL) as a neo avant-garde artist whose works in a specific maximalistic way are very close to the main currents of avant-garde trends: new mediality (photography), minimalism, conceptualism, performance, bodyart, pop-art, and feminist art. The author of the article concentrates mainly on the mutual influences of conceptualism, consumptionism, and feminism in Natalia LL’s works and pays attention to the emancipatory potential of her works of the seventies and the eighties

    Energy flux in isotropic turbulence under large variations of external forcing

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    We investigate the response of energy flux in isotropic turbulence to step-function like perturbation in external forcing at large length scales. From both physical experiments and direct numerical simulations, we measured the evolution of the Eulerian velocity structure functions, such as DLL(r)D_{LL}(r), DNN(r)D_{NN}(r), before and after the perturbation in forcing. In both cases, we observed the cascade of the energy excess at large scales cascade through scales to the dissipative range, which can be used to study the dynamics of the cascade, and in particular, to estimate the relevant time scales

    Structural and functional analysis of the pro-domain of human cathelicidin, LL-37

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    Cathelicidins form a family of small host defense peptides distinct from another class of cationic antimicrobial peptides, the defensins. They are expressed as large precursor molecules with a highly conserved pro-domain known as the cathelin-like domain (CLD). CLDs have high degrees of sequence homology to cathelin, a protein isolated from pig leukocytes and belonging to the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors. In this report, we describe for the first time the X-ray crystal structure of the human CLD (hCLD) of the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37. The structure of hCLD, determined at 1.93 Å resolution, shows the cystatin-like fold and is highly similar to the structure of the CLD of the pig cathelicidin, protegrin-3. We assayed the in vitro antibacterial activities of hCLD, LL-37 and the precursor form, pro-cathelicidin (also known as hCAP18), and we found that the unprocessed protein inhibited the growth of Gramnegative bacteria with efficiencies comparable to the mature peptide, LL-37. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 was not inhibited by hCLD intermolecularly, since exogenously added hCLD had no effect on the bactericidal activity of the mature peptide. hCLD itself lacked antimicrobial function and did not inhibit the cysteine protease, cathepsin L. Our results contrast with previous reports of hCLD activity. A comparative structural analysis between hCLD and the cysteine protease inhibitor stefin A showed why hCLD is unable to function as an inhibitor of cysteine proteases. In this respect, the cystatin scaffold represents an ancestral structural platform from which proteins evolved divergently, with some losing inhibitory functions
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