25 research outputs found
Innovation and Competitive Capacity in Bangladeshs Pharmaceutical Sector
No full textThe global pharmaceutical sector is highly patent intensive, and firms rely on product, process and formulation patents to protect their innovations. Intellectual property rights on pharmaceutical products, as contained in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereafter, the TRIPS Agreement) have been defended on grounds of extensive R&D investments required to discover and develop new drugs. But at the same time, grant of uniform pharmaceutical patents in all developing and least developed countries that are members of the World Trade Organization in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement, raises a range of issues for access to medicines. These issues can be framed under three broad areas: the restriction of reverse engineering possibilities for firms in developing countries and its implications for catch-up in this sector, higher prices of drugs and access to medicines as well as access to technologies due to patents on upstream technologies. The transitional arrangements under the TRIPS Agreement specifically mandated that all developing countries that are members to the WTO enact national laws that are TRIPS-compliant by 2005. As a result, from 2005 onwards, several countries like India, which played an important role as producers and exporters of generic copies of brand name products patented outside the country, can no longer produce such drugs due to the introduction of TRIPS-compliant patent regimes in their countries. Least developed countries have an extension until 2016 to implement the pharmaceutical patent provisions of the TRIPS Agreement under the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health. However, such legal flexibility is quite meaningless for least developed countries in the absence of local technological capabilities to produce generic drugs amongst least developed countries. Bangladesh, although a least developed country, is an exception in this regard with thriving domestic processing sectors that are actively engaged in producing textiles and ready made garments (RMGs), processed food products and generic drugs. Therefore, the question that looms large in the global access to medicines debate is whether Bangladesh's pharmaceutical sector can gradually evolve to provide low-cost substitutes of important patented drugs to other developing and least developed countries? This study is an original empirical investigation into issues of innovative capacity and competitiveness of the local pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh.Bangladesh, WTO, TRIPs, Intellectual Property Rights, Pharmaceutical Industry, Public Health
Homeopathic Medicines and Pancreatic Pathology
No full textAbstractIn this article, homeopathic medicines are used to treat a space-occupying lesion and calcifying pancreatitis with calculus. In such deep-seated pathology, low potency medicines produce the desired result and avoid the need for surgery. Wide clinical trials show that some homeopathic medicines are very useful in the treatment of such chronic diseases.</jats:p
Rethinking Development Approach: Evaluating Participatory C4d Strategies in The Swapno Anti-Poverty Initiative, Jamalpur, Bangladesh
No full textThis research explores the application of Communication for Development (C4D) strategies within the Strengthening Women's Ability for Productive New Opportunities (SWAPNO) project, a collaborative effort between the Government of Bangladesh and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) aimed at alleviating extreme poverty among ultra-poor women in Bangladesh. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey with 15 beneficiaries from Jamalpur District to assess the influence of C4D strategies on awareness, participation, and long-term empowerment of these women. The findings reveal that participatory communication methods such as miking, union worker outreach, and mosque-based announcements were critical in ensuring effective communication with beneficiaries and building community trust. SWAPNO’s C4D approach helped women acquire essential skills, which contributed to their increased income, self-reliance, and social empowerment. Additionally, the study highlights the critical role of local government actors in facilitating community acceptance and ensuring continued support for beneficiaries. The research suggests that the C4D-driven model used by SWAPNO provides a sustainable alternative to microfinance, which is often burdensome for ultra-poor women. Rather than relying on loans, SWAPNO emphasizes training, employment, and savings, offering debt-free paths out of poverty. Findings are drawn from a 15-participant sample in Jamalpur district and may not generalize to other districts which has a different geographical landscape. This paper recommends strengthening GO-NGO collaboration for future C4D-based initiatives and advocates for replicating SWAPNO’s communication model to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of similar poverty alleviation projects across Bangladesh
Intellectual Capital (IC) Disclosing Pattern of a Conventional Bank having Islamic Banking Window: Longitudinal Case Study
No full textGiven the significance and importance of intellectual capital in knowledge-intensive firms like banks, it is important to know to what extent banks disclose intellectual capital information. It is expected that knowledge-intensive firms like banks will disclose more intellectual capital information. But in Bangladesh, we know very little about the extent of intellectual capital disclosure of conventional banks with Islamic window. That’s why this study aims to find the intellectual capital (IC) disclosing patterns of a conventional bank having Islamic banking window. To fulfill the objective of this study a content analysis is undertaken. Both the volume and frequency of disclosure have been identified. The longitudinal time frame covers 18 financial years from 2000-2017. Key results include the dominance of internal capital-related disclosure based on total proportionate sentences compared to human and external capital and an overall increasing trend of intellectual capital disclosure since 2009. This study also develops a theoretical framework to explain the reasons for such results
Modelling And Forecasting Of Flow Rate, Water Level And Water Quality Of Muda River And Beris Dam At Sungai Muda Catchment, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
No full textThis thesis reports whether seasonal variation has any impact on water quality of Sungai Muda catchment, the factors responsible of large variation in water quality in Sungai Muda catchment, the modeling and forecasting of monthly flow rate of Sungai Muda catchment, water elevation of Beris dam and feasibility study of another channel to retain water to alleviate flood and loading of main dam. Water quality data was collected from the year 2001 to 2004 from six sampling stations in Sungai Muda catchment. Monthly water flow of Jeniang of Sungai Muda from the year 1947 to 2001 and reservoir elevation data of Beris Dam from January 2006 to March 2009 were analyzed
Enhancing sustainable development of diverse agriculture in Bangladesh
No full textGovernment of JapanTable of Contents Page List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xiii Foreword .................................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. xvii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ xix 1. Introduction 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Policy reforms .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................... 4 1.4 Scope of the study .............................................................................................. 4 2. Methodology 2.1 Survey and analytical methods .......................................................................... 5 2.2 Formation of study team .................................................................................... 7 3. Socio-economic Profiles 3.1 Historical background ........................................................................................ 9 3.2 Area, location and population ............................................................................ 9 3.3 Climate and topography ..................................................................................... 9 3.4 Structure of economy ......................................................................................... 10 3.5 Land distribution, income and inequality .......................................................... 12 3.6 Unemployment ................................................................................................... 13 3.7 Incidence of poverty .......................................................................................... 14 3.8 Concern for the environment ............................................................................. 15 3.9 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 15 4. Status of CGPRT Crops 4.1 Coarse grains ..................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Pulses ................................................................................................................. 19 4.3 Tubers ................................................................................................................ 19 4.4 Livestock population ......................................................................................... 19 4.5 Fodder production .............................................................................................. 21 4.6 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 21 5. Diversification of Agriculture 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 23 5.2 Simpson Index of diversification ....................................................................... 23 5.3 Diversification of consumption ......................................................................... 25 5.4 Crop diversification project ............................................................................... 26 5.5 Public policies on diversification ....................................................................... 27 5.6 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 27
vi6. Yield, Profitability and Comparative Advantage 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 6.2 Yield .................................................................................................................. 29 6.3 Financial and economic returns ......................................................................... 30 6.4 Financial incentives ........................................................................................... 30 6.5 Comparative advantage ...................................................................................... 31 6.5.1 DRC for rice and wheat ....................................................................... 32 6.5.2 Sensitivity analysis .............................................................................. 33 6.5.3 Alternative approach for estimating DRC ........................................... 33 6.6 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 34 7. Marketing of CGPRT Crops 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 35 7.2 Marketing cost and margin ................................................................................ 35 7.3 Seasonal price difference ................................................................................... 37 7.4 Price difference by location ............................................................................... 37 7.5 Storage-cum-credit ............................................................................................. 37 7.6 Price commission ............................................................................................... 38 7.7 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 38 8. Policy Environment for CGPRT Crops 8.1 Trade liberalization and CGPRT crops .............................................................. 39 8.1.1 Objective ............................................................................................. 39 8.1.2 Commitments ....................................................................................... 39 8.1.3 Market access ...................................................................................... 39 8.1.4 Domestic support ................................................................................. 40 8.1.5 Export subsidies .................................................................................. 41 8.1.6 Impact .................................................................................................. 41 8.2 Food self-sufficiency and CGPRT crops ........................................................... 43 8.3 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 44 9. Agriculture Diversification and Poverty Alleviation 9.1 Overview of poverty alleviation public policies ................................................ 45 9.2 Potential benefits of agricultural diversification for poverty alleviation ........... 45 9.3 Redirection of public policies relating to poverty alleviation ............................ 46 9.4 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 47 10. Demand for CGPRT Crops and their Industrial Importance 10.1 Farmers perception of demand ........................................................................... 49 10.2 Income elasticities of demand for CGPRT crops ............................................... 49 10.3 Potential for agro-processing ............................................................................. 50 10.4 Scope of processing ........................................................................................... 51 10.4.1 Maize ................................................................................................... 51 10.4.2 Millets .................................................................................................. 51 10.4.3 Pulses ................................................................................................... 51 10.4.4 Tubers .................................................................................................. 51 10.4.5 Other crops .......................................................................................... 52 10.5 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 52
vii11. Potential Scope for Diversified Agriculture 11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 53 11.2 Driving forces for diversification ...................................................................... 53 11.3 Constraining forces for diversification .............................................................. 54 11.4 Concluding summary ......................................................................................... 55 12. Towards the Development of Sustainable Diversified Agriculture for Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh: A Search for Effective Policy ........................... 57 13. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................... 61 14. References ............................................................................................................................... 65 Appendices Appendix A. Tables ..................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix B. Basis of Calculation for Requirements and Availability of Livestock Feed ............. 79 Appendix C. Description of Areas Surveyed ................................................................................... 8
Bridging Advanced Data Science, Machine Learning and Future of Accounting and Auditing: A Theoretical Review
No full textThe aim of this theoretical review is to provide a basic understanding of advanced data science, the process of data science, data science paradigm, tools for data science technologies such as are R-Programming, Python, Hadoop, Tableau, D3.js, Data Wrapper, SAS (Statistical Analysis Software), Apache Spark, BigML, MATLAB, Excel, ggplot2, Jupyter, Matplotlib, NLTK, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, Weka, etc. This study also discusses various aspects of data science such as fundamental principles of data science, High-Dimensional Space, Best-Fit Subspaces, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Random Walks, and Markov Chains. After providing an overview of data science, this study theoretically discusses many issues of Machine Learning such as VC dimension, Deep learning, Regularization, Kernel functions, etc. Finally, this theoretical review points out the future of accounting and auditing in the age of data science, many aspects of block-chain, and the challenges and opportunities for professional accountants.JEL Classification: C60, C80, C88, C89, M1
Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of some isolates of the genus Pyramimonas from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Pyramimonadales, Chlorophyta)
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