8 research outputs found
Influence of magnetron configurations on the structure and properties of room temperature sputtered ZnO thin films
No full textUnder the unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering process, not only the plasma is confined near the target like in the conventional balanced magnetron (BM) sputtering process, but also extends towards the substrate and support the ion-assisted deposition (surface of thin films is bombarded by energetic Ar+ ions during the sputtering process). Here, we report the influence of magnetron configurations on the structure and properties of room temperature sputtered ZnO thin films while keeping other process parameters fixed. The UBM configuration has significantly improved various properties of ZnO thin films in comparison to the BM configuration. The crystalline quality with dominant orientation (002) and uniform distribution of grains is observed while an increase in the band gap from 3.25 eV (BM) to 3.33 eV (UBM) is obtained. The lower defects as investigated from Zn2p and O1s core level XPS spectra, which is well supported by Photoluminescence measurements. In addition to that, surface hydrophobicity has been increased from 121.2 degrees (BM) to 125.5 degrees (UBM). Thus, the unbalanced magnetron configuration in the sputtering process significantly enhanced the structural, optical and surface properties of ZnO thin films even at room temperature and low plasma power without any post annealing treatments, which is highly desired for the device fabrication
NO2 gas sensing performance of Ag-WO3-x thin films prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering process
No full textWe have demonstrated a comparative study of NO2 gas sensing behavior of reactive sputtered growth WO3-x nanocrystalline thin films and its functionalization with Ag nanoparticles (Ag-WO3-x) on Si/SiO2 substrates. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope characterizations demonstrate the formation of polycrystalline monoclinic phase of porous WO3-x thin film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments reveal that W6+ charge state has higher concentration compared with that of W4+ and W5+. The Ag-WO(3-x )films exhibit a sensitivity of about 70% at 10 ppm, while WO3-x films show 12%, measured at 225(degrees)C with same NO2 gas concentration. The response and recovery time are 2 and 3 min. for Ag-WO3-x films, while these for WO(3-x )films are 3 and 4 min., respectively. This work shows that nano-scale dendritic agglomeration growth of Ag nanoparticles on WO3-x surface can increase active sites for NO2 gas and play an important role in trace-level gas sensing performance
Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textSummary
Background
Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes.
Methods
We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest.
Findings
From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths.
Interpretation
The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development
Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textGlobal mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 201
Mortalidade global associada a 33 patógenos bacterianos em 2019: uma análise sistemática para o Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças 2019
No full textContexto: Reduzir a carga de morte devido a infecção é uma prioridade urgente de saúde pública global. Estudos anteriores
estimaram o número de mortes associadas a infecções resistentes a medicamentos e sepse e descobriram que as infecções
continuam sendo uma das principais causas de morte globalmente. Entender a carga global de patógenos bacterianos comuns (suscetíveis e resistentes a antimicrobianos) é essencial para identificar as maiores ameaças à saúde pública. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo a apresentar estimativas globais abrangentes de mortes associadas a 33 patógenos bacterianos em 11 principais síndromes infecciosas.
Métodos: Estimamos mortes associadas a 33 gêneros ou espécies bacterianas em 11 síndromes infecciosas em 2019
usando métodos do Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco (GBD) 2019, além de um
subconjunto dos dados de entrada descritos no estudo de Carga Global de Resistência Antimicrobiana 2019. Este estudo incluiu
343 milhões de registros individuais ou isolados cobrindo 11.361 anos de localização de estudo. Usamos três etapas de modelagem para
estimar o número de mortes associadas a cada patógeno: mortes nas quais a infecção teve um papel, a fração de
mortes devido à infecção que são atribuíveis a uma determinada síndrome infecciosa e a fração de mortes devido a uma
síndrome infecciosa que são atribuíveis a um determinado patógeno. As estimativas foram produzidas para todas as idades e para homens e
mulheres em 204 países e territórios em 2019. Intervalos de incerteza (UIs) de 95% foram calculados para estimativas finais
de mortes e infecções associadas aos 33 patógenos bacterianos seguindo métodos GBD padrão, tomando
os 2,5º e 97,5º percentis em 1000 sorteios posteriores para cada quantidade de interesse.
Resultados: De uma estimativa de 13,7 milhões (95% UI 10,9–17,1) de mortes relacionadas à infecção em 2019, houve 7,7 milhões de mortes (5,7–10,2) associadas aos 33 patógenos bacterianos (resistentes e suscetíveis a antimicrobianos) nas 11 síndromes infecciosas estimadas neste estudo. Estimamos que as mortes associadas aos 33 patógenos bacterianos compreendem 13,6% (10,2–18,1) de todas as mortes globais e 56,2% (52,1–60,1) de todas as mortes relacionadas à sepse em 2019. Cinco principais patógenos — Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa — foram responsáveis por 54,9% (52,9–56,9) das mortes entre as bactérias investigadas. As síndromes infecciosas e patógenos mais mortais variaram de acordo com a localização e a idade. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade associada
a esses patógenos bacterianos foi mais alta na super-região da África Subsaariana, com 230 mortes (185–285) por
100.000 habitantes, e mais baixa na super-região de alta renda, com 52,2 mortes (37,4–71,5) por 100.000 habitantes.
S aureus foi a principal causa bacteriana de morte em 135 países e também foi associado à maioria das mortes em
indivíduos com mais de 15 anos, globalmente. Entre crianças menores de 5 anos, S pneumoniae foi o patógeno associado
à maioria das mortes. Em 2019, mais de 6 milhões de mortes ocorreram como resultado de três síndromes infecciosas bacterianas,
com infecções respiratórias inferiores e infecções da corrente sanguínea causando mais de 2 milhões de mortes cada e infecções peritoneais e
intra-abdominais causando mais de 1 milhão de mortes.
Interpretação: Os 33 patógenos bacterianos que investigamos neste estudo são uma fonte substancial de perda de saúde
globalmente, com variação considerável em sua distribuição entre síndromes infecciosas e locais. Comparado com
as causas subjacentes de morte de Nível 3 do GBD, as mortes associadas a essas bactérias seriam classificadas como a segunda principal
causa de morte globalmente em 2019; portanto, elas devem ser consideradas uma prioridade urgente para intervenção dentro da
comunidade global de saúde. As estratégias para lidar com o fardo das infecções bacterianas incluem prevenção de infecções,
uso otimizado de antibióticos, capacidade aprimorada de análise microbiológica, desenvolvimento de vacinas e uso aprimorado
e mais difundido das vacinas disponíveis. Essas estimativas podem ser usadas para ajudar a definir prioridades para necessidade,
demanda e desenvolvimento de vacinas.Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies
have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections
remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both
susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our
knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial
pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes.
Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019
using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a
subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included
343 million individual records or isolates covering 11361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to
estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of
deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an
infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and
females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates
of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking
the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest.
Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million
deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the
11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to
comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading
pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The
deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated
with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per
100000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100000 population.
S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in
individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated
with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes,
with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and
intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths.
Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss
globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with
GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading
cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the
global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention,
optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved
and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need,
demand, and development
Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textThis online publication has been
corrected. The corrected version
first appeared at thelancet.com
on September 28, 2023BACKGROUND : Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS : Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS : In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world’s highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION : Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein
Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground
Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories.
Methods
We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Findings
In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs.
Interpretation
Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
