33 research outputs found
Experimental And Theoretical Analyses Of The Structural, Electronic And Magnetic Properties Of Novel Inverted Core-Shell a-CR2O3@a-Mxcr2-Xo3-Y (M=Co, Ni, Mn, Fe) Nanoparticles
No full textI used hydrothermal nano-phase epitaxy technique to synthesize well-ordered a-Cr2O3@a-MxCr2-xO3 (M = Co, Ni, Mn, Fe) inverted core-shell nanoparticles (NPs). This resulted in the formation of novel a-MxCr2-xO3 shells having ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic (FM/FiM) spin ordering and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) a-Cr2O3 core structure. The combined results from Xray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscoy (HRTEM) provide evidence of the presence of the corundum phase both in the shell and in the core regions. HRTEM results also show a sharp interface exhibiting epitaxial atomic registry of shell atoms over highly ordered core atoms whereas TEM-Energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses show that the M atoms reside in the shell regions. The Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the NPs indicate the M transition metal is in +2 oxidation state. Magnetic measurements show well-developed hysteresis loops: the field cooled hysteresis loops reveal horizontal shifts in the applied field axis and vertical shifts in the magnetization axis, relative to the zero-field cooled hysteresis loops. This provides direct evidence for the exchange bias effect between the AFM a-Cr2O3 core and the FM/FiM a-MxCr2-xO3 shell. My first principles density functional theory calculations shows that the incorporation of Ni2+ in a-Cr2O3 results in localized FM ordering in the structure
Climate Resilient Livestock Production System in Tropical and Subtropical Countries
No full textLivestock production and human civilization are interlinked. Since the
start of human civilization, livestock has been playing vital roles. Livestock serves
as a source of milk and protein, an agricultural business, and a pet. Every individual
requires animal proteins on a daily basis, such as meat and dairy products, the
majority of which are derived from livestock animals. Industrialization of livestock
production has become an important component of global GDP and a source of income for both industrialists and low-income marginal communities around the
world. Production of livestock depends on intrinsic factors as well as environmental
factors. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and so on
have a significant impact on farm animal production, survivability, and disease load.
The level of environmental stress differs in different climatic conditions. Therefore,
a concrete understanding of environmental stress factors is required to ensure the
optimum production of livestock. In this chapter, we discuss thermal stress and its
detection methods, adaptive thermal stress management, the effects of temperature
on bovine health, milk production, beef production, and reproductive performance,
thermal effects on water availability, livestock diseases and intramammary infec-
tion, uses of small ruminants for livelihood, livestock sources of methane, and strat-
egies to mitigate thermal stress and methane emissions
Incidence, etiology, and risk factors of clinical mastitis in dairy cows under semi-tropical circumstances in chattogram, bangladesh
No full textClinical mastitis (CM) is an important production disease in dairy cows, but much of the knowledge required to effectively control CM is lacking, specifically in low-income countries where most farms are small and have specific dairy management, such as regular udder cleaning and practicing hand milking. Therefore, we conducted a 6-month-long cohort study to (a) estimate the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) at the cow and quarter level, (b) identify risk factors for the occurrence of CM, (c) describe the etiology of CM, and (d) quantify antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) against commonly used antimicrobial agents in S. aureus and non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. (NAS) in dairy farms in the Chattogram region of Bangladesh. On 24 farms, all cows were monitored for CM during a 6-month period. Cases of CM were identified by trained farmers and milk samples were collected aseptically before administering any antimicrobial therapy. In total, 1383 lactating cows were enrolled, which totaled 446 cow-years at risk. During the study period, 196 new cases of CM occurred, resulting in an estimated crude IRCM of 43.9 cases per 100 cow-years, though this varied substantially between farms. Among the tested CM quarter samples, Streptococci (22.9%) followed by non-aureus staphylococci (20.3%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens and resistance of S. aureus and NAS against penicillin (2 out of 3 and 27 out of 39 isolates, respectively) and oxacillin (2 out of 3 and 38 out of 39 isolates, respectively) was common. The IRCM was associated with a high milk yield, 28 to 90 days in milk, and a higher body condition score. Our results show that there is substantial room for udder health improvement on most farms
Synthesis and tuning of chemical properties by protonation/deprotonation of novel dinuclear ruthenium complexes containing 2,6,2′,6′-tetra(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-4, 4′-bipyridine
No full textVISCOUS DISSIPATION AND JOULE HEATING EFFECTS ON STEADY MHD COMBINED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FLOW THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM IN A ROTATING SYSTEM
No full textViscous dissipation and Joule heating effects on steady MHD combined heat and mass transfer flow through a porous medium along a semi-infinite vertical porous plate in a rotating system has been studied numerically. The boundary layer equations have been transformed into dimensionless coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using appropriate transformations. The similarity solutions of the transformed dimensionless equations for the flow field and heat and mass transfer characteristics are obtained by shooting iteration technique. Numerical results are presented in the form of primary and secondary velocities, temperature and concentration distributions for different parameters entering into the analysis. Finally, the effects of the pertinent parameters on the Skin-friction coefficients, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also examined
Microorganisms in the Dairy Industry
No full textThe dairy industry is crucial for human nutrition, producing a variety of products essential for health and well-being. However, the quality and safety of milk and dairy products are influenced by microorganisms like coliforms, psychrotrophic, thermoduric, and thermophilic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics play a vital role in the transformation and preservation of dairy products, shaping their sensory attributes and shelf life. However, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms pose significant challenges to the industry, undermining product quality and consumer health. These challenges include biological, chemical, allergenic, and physical hazards. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of microorganisms in milk and dairy products, including their sources, occurrence, significance in public health, and the global risk of antimicrobial resistance linked to the dairy supply chain. A detailed discussion on probiotics, yeasts, fungi, and mycotoxins was also included in the chapter. A significant portion is dedicated to elucidating the methods and technologies employed for the detection of the quality of raw milk and the identification of pathogens. It also explores the issue of biofilm formation in dairy products and its control and importance in dairy industry and food safety. Addressing these challenges and implementing strategies for control measures, food safety, and public awareness is essential
Magnetic Properties of Core-Shell Nanoparticles Possessing a Novel Fe(II)-Chromia Phase: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach
No full textRoom-temperature ferrimagnetic and superparamagnetic properties, and the magnetic interactions between the core and shell, of our iron-incorporated chromia-based core shell nanoparticles (CSNs) have been investigated using a combination of experimental measurement and density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. We have synthesized CSNs having an epitaxial shell and well-ordered interface properties by utilizing our hydrothermal nanophase epitaxy (HNE) technique. The ferrimagnetic and superparamagnetic properties of the CSNs are manifested beyond room temperature and magnetic measurements reveal that the exchange bias interaction between the antiferromagnetic (AFM) core and ferrimagnetic (FiM) shell persists close to ambient temperature. The DFT calculations confirm the FiM ordering of the Fe-chromia shell. Our calculations show that the FiM ordering is associated with a band gap reduction, Fe-O d-p orbital hybridization, and AFM type Fe-Cr σ type superexchange interaction in the α-Fe0.40Cr1.60O2.92 shell of the CSNs. The novel magnetic core-shell nanoparticles possess a shell comprised of a metastable Fe(II)-chromia phase, resulting in unique magnetic properties that make them ideal for magnetic device and medicinal applications
Confronting the complexities of antimicrobial management for Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis: an innovative paradigm
No full textAbstract Globally, Mastitis is a disease commonly affecting dairy cattle which leads to the use of antimicrobials. The majority of mastitis etiological agents are bacterial pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant causative agent. Antimicrobial treatment is administered mainly via intramammary and intramuscular routes. Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) often associated with antimicrobial misuse, the treatment of mastitis is becoming challenging with less alternative treatment options. Besides, biofilms formation and ability of mastitis-causing bacteria to enter and adhere within the cells of the mammary epithelium complicate the treatment of bovine mastitis. In this review article, we address the challenges in treating mastitis through conventional antibiotic treatment because of the rising AMR, biofilms formation, and the intracellular survival of bacteria. This review article describes different alternative treatments including phytochemical compounds, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), phage therapy, and Graphene Nanomaterial-Based Therapy that can potentially be further developed to complement existing antimicrobial therapy and overcome the growing threat of AMR in etiologies of mastitis
Assessment and comparison of cooking qualities and physio-chemical properties of seven rice varieties in terms of amylose content
No full textConsumers may choose from a broad variety of rice varieties with different shapes, sizes, and tastes based on their cooking quality and physicochemical properties. We assessed seven local rice varieties to evaluate their physicochemical properties and grain cooking quality. This suggests that efforts to select rice varieties with improved cooking quality traits would warrant taking into account the physicochemical attributes of the rice grain. The findings showed that Sworna (27.33), Chinigura (4.41), and Bashmoti (2.19) had the highest cooking time (CT; min), water uptake ratio (WUR), and grain elongation ratio (GER), whereas Bashful (17.33), Sworna (2.63), and Sworna (1.46) had the lowest values. High amylose content (AC; %) was observed in Sworna (30.27), Kalijira (28.47), Bashmoti (27.41), and Chinigura (26.84). Low amylose content was found in Kataribhog (17.53), Bashful (17.88), and BR-16 (25.50). The alkali spreading value (ASV) of varieties ranged from 3.4 to 6.9 and was highest in Kataribhog, lowest in Bashmoti, and intermediate in Chinigura, Bashful, Kalijira, Sworna, and BR-16. The highest and lowest gel consistency values for Kataribhog and BR-16 were 45 mm and 90 mm, respectively, with readings ranging from 90.00 to 45.00 mm across all type. High amylose content, a dominant feature, may alter the physiochemical and cooking qualities of different rice cultivars. Varieties having a high amylose or low Glycemic Index (GI) content may be recommended for further investigation for health concerns and for development of valuable germplasm
Effect of Mg on the microstructure and indentation hardness of as-cast Al-4.5Cu-3.4Fe in-situ composite
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