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Supplemental Material - Reduced adaptive thermogenesis to acute, protein-imbalanced overfeeding is a metabolic hallmark of the human thrifty phenotype
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Supplemental Material - Effects of Short-Term Fasting on the Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: the Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotype
No full textSupplemental Material - Effects of Short-Term Fasting on the Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: the Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotyp
Supplemental Material - Recharacterizing the metabolic state of energy balance in thrifty and spendthrift phenotypes
No full textSupplemental Material for: Hollstein et al. Recharacterizing the metabolic state of energy balance in thrifty and spendthrift phenotype
Supplemental Material - Urinary norepinephrine is a metabolic determinant of 24-h energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate in adult humans
No full textSupplemental Material of the manuscript "Urinary norepinephrine is a metabolic determinant of 24-h energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate in adult humans
Supplemental Material - Reduced energy efficiency in eucaloric conditions at low energy turnover predicts long-term weight regain in overweight subjects following sustained caloric restriction and weight loss
No full textSupplemental Material for the manuscript "Reduced energy efficiency in eucaloric conditions at low energy turnover predicts long-term weight regain in overweight subjects following sustained caloric restriction and weight loss
Supplemental Material - Reduced Brown Adipose Tissue Activity During Cold Exposure Is A Metabolic Feature Of The Human Thrifty Phenotype
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Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence
Full text linkPurpose of Review
There is substantial inter-individual variability in body weight change, which is not fully accounted by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels. The metabolic responses to short-term perturbations in energy intake can explain part of this variability by quantifying the degree of metabolic “thriftiness” that confers more susceptibility to weight gain and more resistance to weight loss. It is unclear which metabolic factors and pathways determine this human “thrifty” phenotype. This review will investigate and summarize emerging research in the field of energy metabolism and highlight important metabolic mechanisms implicated in body weight regulation in humans.
Recent Findings
Dysfunctional adipose tissue lipolysis, reduced brown adipose tissue activity, blunted fibroblast growth factor 21 secretion in response to low-protein hypercaloric diets, and impaired sympathetic nervous system activity might constitute important metabolic factors characterizing “thriftiness” and favoring weight gain in humans.
Summary
The individual propensity to weight gain in the current obesogenic environment could be ascertained by measuring specific metabolic factors which might open up new pathways to prevent and treat human obesity
How can we assess “thrifty” and “spendthrift” phenotypes?
Full text linkPurpose of review: There is a large inter-individual variability in the magnitude of body weight change that cannot be fully explained by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels and that can be attributed to differences in energy metabolism. Measuring the short-term metabolic response to acute changes in energy intake can better uncover this inter-individual variability and quantify the degree of metabolic thriftiness that characterizes an individual's susceptibility to weight gain and resistance to weight loss. This review summarizes the methods used to identify the individual-specific metabolic phenotype (thrifty vs. spendthrift) in research and clinical settings. Recent findings: The metabolic responses to short-term fasting, protein-imbalanced overfeeding, and mild cold exposure constitute quantitative factors that characterize metabolic thriftiness. Summary: The energy expenditure response to prolonged fasting is considered the most accurate and reproducible measure of metabolic thriftiness, likely because the largest energy deficit best captures interindividual differences in the extent of metabolic slowing. However, all the other dietary/environmental challenges can be used to quantify the degree of thriftiness using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Efforts are underway to identify alternative methods to assess metabolic phenotypes in clinical and outpatient settings such as the hormonal response to low-protein meals
Do Statins Blunt the Beneficial Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Metabolic Flexibility?
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Reduced adaptive thermogenesis during acute protein-imbalanced overfeeding is a metabolic hallmark of the human thrifty phenotype
No full textBACKGROUND: The human thrifty phenotype is characterized by a greater decrease in 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) during fasting due to relatively higher eucaloric 24EE in sedentary conditions, both of which are indicative of greater propensity to weight gain. Thriftiness is also associated with a smaller increase in 24EE (i.e., reduced adaptive thermogenesis) during overfeeding. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether short-term measures of adaptive thermogenesis during overfeeding with low/normal/high protein content characterize thriftiness. METHODS: In this secondary cross-sectional analysis of a single-arm crossover study, 24EE was measured using whole-room indirect calorimetry during energy balance, fasting, and different overfeeding conditions (low/3% protein, high/30% protein, and 3 normal/20% protein diets) with 200% of eucaloric requirements in 77 healthy individuals [63 men; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 26.4 ± 4.3; body fat by DXA: 27.7% ± 9.4%, mean ± SD] with normal glucose regulation. Relations between the 24EE during energy balance (adjusted for body composition) and 24EE during each overfeeding diet were analyzed using separate linear regression models. Participants were arbitrarily categorized as thrifty/spendthrift based on the median value (−177 kcal/d) of the difference in 24EE between fasting and energy balance conditions. RESULTS: Differences in 24EE during low/high-protein overfeeding diets (regression line slope = 0.76 and 0.68, respectively, both P 0.05 compared with slope = 1) were dependent on baseline 24EE during energy balance. Specifically, individuals with higher eucaloric 24EE (thriftier phenotype) showed smaller increases in 24EE during protein-imbalanced overfeeding. Analyzed by group, thrifty individuals had smaller increases in 24EE by 42 and 237 kcal/d during low- and high-protein overfeeding, respectively, compared with spendthrift individuals who showed greater increases in 24EE by 100 and 302 kcal/d (P ≤ 0.03 compared with thrifty group). CONCLUSIONS: During acute overfeeding conditions with low/high-protein content, thrifty participants have limited capacity to increase 24EE, indicating that impaired adaptive thermogenesis during protein-imbalanced diets further characterizes the thrifty phenotype and its susceptibility to weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicalTrials.gov as NCT00523627
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