357 research outputs found
Effects of inotilone on inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis
No full textInflammation, a complex process, involving numerous mediators of cellular and plasma origins, is considered to be a critical factor in many human diseases and conditions, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, aging, and cancers. Inotilone, a secondary metabolite recently found in the dietary Inonotus mushroom, has been reported as a potent inflammatory inhibitor in test tube. However, its inhibitory effect at cellular level as well as in animal model remain unclear. The anti-inflammatory effects of inotilone were investigated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage. Inotilone was shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production through modulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) enzyme activity, respectively. It is also found that inotilone can only suppressed the expression of iNOS but not COX 2. This divergence may origin from the differential effect of inotilone on transcription factors, nuclear factor κB (NF κB) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP). However, this differential effect was not found in the in vivo study employing 12 O tetradecanoylphorbol 13 acetate (TPA)-treated mouse skin. This finding suggested that the effects of inotilone on C/EBPβ expression may be cell type- or stimuli-specific. The inhibitory effects of inotilone were also observed on the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the ability of inotilone to prevent inflammation-associated tumorigenesis was also evaluated using a classical two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. After initiation of 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]nthracene (DMBA), applying inotilone topically before each TPA treatment was found to reduce the incidence and multiplicity of papillomas at 20th week. Taken together, the results suggest that inotilone has potential to be developed into an effective chemopreventive agent for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases, especially the prevention and treatment of epithelial skin cancer.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Yu-Ching Ku
[[alternative]]A Study on Hakkan Education in Ching Taiwan（1684-1895）
No full text[[abstract]]The main purpose of this paper is to study the development of Hakkan education in Taiwan in the Ching Dynasty by the local chronicles , the official documents ,the works of gentry ,the genealogy（tzu-p'u） , the primers for elementary schools and so on .
The main findings of this study are as follows：
1.The tradition of education was continued from motherland： they were respected highly to cultivate and study .It made the different family education for man and woman, and were regulated in the genealogy（tzu-p'u）,the family percepts , the buildings of ancestral halls, worshiped to Han Yu and valued the paper with words. They organized the Gong-Chang Organizations（blood relationships）or the Liu-Tui imperial examination association to support the education.
2.The most important institution to educate people was private schools: The opportunities of entering the official schools to Hakkan from Guangdong were less than the othose from Fujian. The Hakkan had supported or studied Minzhi Shuyuan（明志書院）（academy）and Yingcai Shuyuan（英才書院） in Ching Taiwan. The Wenying Sheh（文英社） is one of the Hakkan community schools（She-sheh）.The charity schools（I-sheh）were in Hencheng county. The private schools were popular in Ching Taiwan. Such as 向陽Shuyuan and the Lio family's school. There were two primers for elementary schools educated by Hakka dialert, reflecting the Hakkan culture and tradition in Ching Taiwan.
3.The achievement of education was decided by the imperial examination qurata: The Hakka Juren （舉人）from Guangdong were 35 and added the 18 related Hakka Juren（舉人） from Fujian ,the total sum were 56.There were five Hakka Chin-Shihs .They concentrated in the late period Ching.
4.Education was a good way for upward the high social mobility: the Hakka would think highly of education and respect the people who were literacy or succeeded in the imperial examination .However ,the status of the Chin-Shihs（進士） and Juren（舉人） was not as good as we expected. There were several useful ways to keep or promote their status. One of them was to pay attention to educating of their next generation and have friendly relation or make relation by marriage with the other gentry.
In short, the Hakkan kept their educational tradition. When they settled down in Taiwan, they studied hard by formal and non-formal education to strive for the high society. Obviously, their efforts were succeeded.
[[alternative]]A STUDY ON ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN CHING TAIWAN (1684-1895)
No full text[[abstract]]The main purposes of the study are:
1. To understand the origin of the institutions of the elementary education in Ching Taiwan.
2. To inquire the development and changes of the institutions of elementary education in Ching Taiwan.
3. To discuss the contributions of the elementary education to the transmission of Taiwanese culture and education.
Historical method was undertaken. First-hand and second-hand ones sources were used, such as official documents, private materials, and publications.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1. Community schools (She-sheh), charity schools (I-sheh), and private schools were the three major patterns of the institutions of the elementary education in Ching Taiwan
2. She-sheh emerged from the Yuan dynasty, I-sheh from the Song dynasty, and private school from the Han dynasty. She-sheh and I-sheh were established and sponsored by the public, but private schools did not so.
3. In Ching Taiwan, the total numbers of She-sheh were about 273, I-sheh about 83, and private schools about 1127. She-sheh played the major role before Emperor Chang-Long, but private schools took its place after Emperor Chia-Ching. As to I-sheh had much less influence than the others.
4.Compared to the formal schools, county schools and academies, private schools played a significant role in the educational development in Ching Taiwan, which importance should not be ignored any more.
[[alternative]]A Study on Hsueh- hai Academy in Ching Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]This study is based on the political, economical and social situation in northern Taiwan in Ching Dynasty. The main purpose of this paper is to study the ebb and flow, organizational system and the effect of Hsueh-hai Academy by the local gazette, the official documents, the works of elites, the genealogy（tzu-p'u）in the Ching Dynasty and Archive of the Office of Governor-General and newspapers under the Japanese ruling.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1. Hsueh-hai Academy was founded in reign Tao- kuang when the development of northern Taiwan had some attainments, but the people scrambled for money, were indulgent in luxurious and expensive habits, acted violently but run short of culture and education. The local officers set into action and elites donated to Hsueh-hai Academy. It has stood on Meng-chia for fifty-two years. Under the Japanese ruling, it has been changed to military dormitory, temporary office and Affiliated School of National Language School and traditional private school. Finally, Hsueh-hai Academy was bought by the Kao’s family as an ancestral temple.
2. According to the purpose and teaching content, Hsueh-hai Academy was a Academy for preparing imperial examination. Its organization tended to be bureaucratic. About the budget, its income came from official subsidy and non-governmental donations, but it’s not steady. On Campus, it was a courtyard with houses on four sides showing the Confucian spirit and ideal. The instruction of this Academy was more positive, and metaphor was used to inspire and advise students. Besides, it sponsored the students to take part in imperial examination. Chu-tzu was worshiped at Hsueh-hai Academy, which expensed most of the budget.
3. The students of Hsueh-hai Academy had contribution on culture, education, society and politics. No matter in Ching Dynasty or under the Japanese ruling, they exerted themselves to culture and education more than other aspects. Hsueh-hai Academy not only promoted dynamic social mobility but also enhanced the rate of literacy in northern Taiwan. In Taipei, the process of development that education was the same as that of economy. The farther location from Meng-chia, the fewer of Confucian scholar passed imperial examination. Hsueh-hai Academy was an important institution that cultivated the elites who changed the customs and habits in northern Taiwan.
Key words: Hsueh-hai Academy, Taiwan Academy, Meng-chia.
[[alternative]]A Study on the Development of the Primary Education in Zhejiang in the Late Ching Dynasty (1893~1911)
No full text[[abstract]]The main purpose of this study is to inquire the emergence and establishment of the primary education in Zhejiang province in the late Ching Dynasty. The conclusions of this study are as follows.
1.Zhejiang was economically more prosperous than other provinces . In the aspect of education, the social strata of the respected or the privileged called “Shi-shen”-gentry were of great influence and enthusiasm about establishing schools. With the flourishing of foreign trade in the commercial ports, the status of the new tradesmen “Shang-shen” were gradually raising; meanwhile, the emergence of missionary schools had contribution to the setup of modern primary school systems.
2.In the late Ching , the court was in charge of designing the new type primary schools; however, only limited impacts had the supervision of the government made on the local education authorities. For the provincial government, its responsibility was to design and supervise. Other lower authorities took charge of implementation and advertisement of primary education.
3.In the late Ching, as the constituents of “Shi-shen” strata had been changing, “Shang-shen” and “Neo-intellectuals” emerged. The Shi-shen of Zhejiang was one of important elements of establishing the new type primary schools.
4.The new type primary schools were mainly located at the plane areas at north Zhejiang and the coast ones. It showed that the economic development and the geographical positions were the major influential factors.
5.Owing to the deficiency of funds, most of the new type primary schools made use of the school premises on hand. In order to raise funds, the governments began to levy taxes for schooling.
6.For the curriculum of primary schools, there was great diversity among different schools. It was probably because the courses were designed to suit the local conditions, or it might be in relation to the quantity and quality of the teachers. Lacking of qualified teachers, many of them in those primary schools in Zhejiang are served by the private tutors at home schools(Ssu-shu) or Sheng-yuan..
7.Ssu-shu played an important role in the primary education in the late Ching and after. The phenomenon then in the Empire coincided with that in Zhejiang.
The Relationship Between Pretend Play and Playfulness in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textAbstract
Date Presented 3/30/2017
This study explored the relationship between pretend play and playfulness in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our findings suggest that it is important to assist children with ASD to engage in pretend play, for doing so could promote their internal experience of playfulness.
Primary Author and Speaker: Hsiu-Man Chiu
Additional Authors and Speakers: Kuan-Lin Chen
Contributing Authors: Ya-Chen Lee, Cheng-Te Chen, Chien-Ho Lin, Yu-Ching Lin</jats:p
Wang Ching Yu
No full textStory of a blind Chinese man who became a Christian; author unknown but possibly Ben or Susan Sargen
Short-term Associations of Ambient Temperature and Other Meteorological Factors with Common Respiratory Hospitalizations in Hong Kong - A Time Series Study
No full textLam, Ching Yu.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2016.Includes bibliographical references (leaves ).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on …)
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
[[alternative]]The effect of different intensities of active recovery on muscle function and running economy after exercise-induced muscle damage
No full text[[abstract]]The effect of the different intensities of active recovery on muscle function and running economy after exercise-induced muscle damage
June 2005 Student：Chia-Ching Wu
Advisor：Sandy Shen-Yu Hsieh
ABSTRACT
Background：Should athlete continue to exercise when muscles are sored after strenuous exercise？ Current literatures do not provide clear answers to this question. Post studies discussed the effect of exercise on muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage. However, muscle function is not the only concern for endurance runners. Running economy should also be considered. Purpose：To determine the effect of a 6-day different intensities active recovery (50%、60%、70% VO2max) on muscle function and running economy after exercise-induced muscle damage. Methods：Forty Physical Education students (32 males & 8 females) took the VO2max and running economy test first. Then they were randomly assigned into 4 groups: E50（50% VO2max；n=10；♂＝8、♀=2）, E60（60% VO2max；n=10；♂＝8、♀=2）, E70（70% VO2max；n=10；♂＝8、♀=2） and CON（control；n=10；♂＝8、♀=2）. A 30-min downhill running (-15%) at 70% VO2max was used to cause muscle damage. A 30-min active recovery running exercise was performed everyday for the following 6 days. Maximal isometric voluntary contraction strength (MVC) and muscle soreness were measured before, immediately after and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days after downhill running. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were also tested before, immediately after and 1, 3, 5, 7 days after downhill running. Running economy was determined 2, 5, 7 days after downhill running. Results：On the days 4 –7, both the CON’s and E50’s MVC were significantly higher than the E70 (p<.05). On the seventh day of the running economy test after downhill running, E50 was significantly different as compared to CON and E70（p<.05）. No significant differences among groups in CK activity, LDH activity and muscle soreness (p>.05) were observed. Conclusions：1. Rest or moderate intensity active recovery (about 50% VO2max) is better for MVC recovery. Higher intensity of active recovery, will delay the normal course of MVC recovery. 2. Higher intensity of active recovery or rest was harmful to running economy. 3. When consider running economy and MVC together, moderate intensity of active recovery (about 50% VO2max) was better than rest or high intensity active recovery.
Key words：active recovery, muscle damage, running economy.
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