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Evidentiality
No full text[Extract] This is a grammatical category that has source of information as its primary meaning - whether the narrator actually saw what is being described, made inferences about it based on some evidence, or was told about it, and so on. Tariana, an Arawak language from Brazil, has five evidentials marked on the verb. If I saw Jose play football, I will say "Jose is playing-naka," using the
visual evidential.If I heard the noise of the play (but didn't see it), I will say "Jose is playing-mahka," using the nonvisual. If all I see is that Jose's football boots are gone and so is the ball, I will say "Jose is playing-nihka," using the inferential. If it is Sunday and
Jose is not home, the thing to say is "Jose is playing-sika" since my statement is based on the assumption and general knowledge that Jose usually plays football on Sundays. And if the information was reported to me by someone else. I will say "Jose is playing-pidaka," using the reported marker. Omitting an evidential results in an ungrammatical and highly unnatural sentence
Mood
No full text[Extract] Mood forms part of the nonspatial setting of an event, alongside MODALITY, reality status, TENSE, ASPECT, and EVlDENTIALITY. Mood refers to a type of SPEECH-ACT, with three basic choices. Many languages have a special verb form marking commands, which is known as imperative mood. In Latin, the second person imperative dic means "(you) say!" and is different from the statement dicis, "you say." Declarative mood (sometimes called indicative) is used in statements. Many more categories tend to be expressed in declarative clauses than in either interrogative or
imperative. Interrogative mood occurs in questions - as in West Greenlandic where every question is marked with a special suffix on verbs (Fortescue 1984, 4-9, 287-98)
Empire and poetic voice : cognitive and cultural studies of literary tradition and colonialism
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 257-273) and index.Patrick Colm Hogan
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