1,720,972 research outputs found
India impeerium maailmasõjas
No full textReview of: George Morton-Jack, The Indian Empire at War: From Jihad to Victory, The Untold Story of the Indian Army in the First World War. London: Little, Brown, 2018. 582 lk
Saateks
No full textSada aastat pärast I maailmasõja lõppu pööratakse üha rohkem tähelepanu nii mõnelegi sõja ajal sündinud nähtusele, mille tulevikuperspektiivi siis ei hoomatud. Ühed tähelepanuväärsemad nende seas olid I maailmasõja imperiaalsete armeede koosseisus võidelnud rahvuslikud üksused, mis said suurriikide lagunemisel sündinud uute riikide või taastatud impeeriumi-eelsete riikide sõjavägedeks. Enamik uusi armeesid ei sündinud päris tühjale kohale. Ühed astusid lihtsalt mõne varasema territoriaal-sõjaväelise autonoomia asemele ning võtsid üle selle traditsioonid, relvad, kasarmud ja väljaõppepõhimõttedki. Teised alustasid oma väe ülesehitamist keiserlikus vormis, millel olid küll uued eraldusmärgid, aga tegevusse astuti juba sisseharjunud rivisammul ja kiiruga emakeelde tõlgitud käsklustega.
[The Unknown war: anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies. Artūras Streikus] recenzija
No full textKen Kalling, Erki Tammiksaar, Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia: ajalugu, arenguid ja järeldusi
Full text linkSissejuhatus. Prantsuse revolutsiooni ja Napoleoni sõdade ajastu kronoloogia [Introduction. The timeline of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars]
No full text2012. aasta mais pidas Eesti sõjamuuseum oma aastakonverentsi, mille teemad olid sedakorda ajendatud Napoleoni sõjakäigust Venemaale 200 aastat varem. Ehkki ühegi Napoleoni sõduri saabas Eesti pinnale ei astunud, ei jätnud 1812. aasta sõjaretk ega kogu Prantsuse revolutsiooni ja Napoleoni sõdade ajastu (1789–1815) puudutamata ka Eestit.
Preface [Eessõna]
No full text 2014 marks ten years since Estonia’s accession to NATO and the European Union. The Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum celebrated these events a year earlier with the international conference ‘Inventing the National Defence 1990–2004’, which was held on the 25th & 26th of April 2013 in Tallinn, Estonia. The first and most substantial peer-reviewed part of this yearbook comprises papers written on the basis of the presentations delivered at the conference.
On the Historical Identity of the Estonians and the Politics of Memory in Estonia
No full textThe article gives an insight into the challenges related to shaping the historical identity of the Estonian people in a broad historical perspective, with particular regard to the period when a sovereign Estonian state was being built after restoration of independence in 1991. Among the main issues related to “elaborating the past”, as discussed in the later part of the paper, are the revival process of Estonian statehood in the last years before the fall of the Soviet Union, rehabilitation of victims of Communist terror, as well as the question of Estonian citizens who served in the armed forces of both the German and Soviet regimes. The paper gives an overview of both the legal and symbolic elements of Estonia’s politics of memory, the history of commemorating the victims of the German and Soviet regimes, and the controversies and discussions that broke out over the Estonian ethnos in the Baltic Sea, as stipulated by a traditional vision of the Estonian history of ethnicity. Finally, the article examines the repressed nature of Estonian national existence before an independent state was created in 1918, while evaluating the authoritarian governments of 1934–1940, the Soviet annexation (1940–1941, 1944–1991) and the German occupation (1941–1944)
19. sajandi Tartu ülikool kui seisuste sepikoda: kõrghariduse ja ülikoolide asendist Vene seisuste ja riigiteenistuse korralduses.: University of Tartu in the 19th Century as the Workshop of Classes: On the Position of Higher Education and Universities in the Structure of Ranks and Civil SErvice of the Russian Empire
No full textHistorical research on the University of Tartu has focussed on theuniversity as a centre of learning and scholarship. In addition, theinfluence of the University of Tartu on the emerging national movementsof the minority nations within the Russian Empire in the 19thcentury, but also its role as a pillar of Baltic German national, religiousand class identity have been explored in detail. Cut off fromother countries in the past, Estonian researchers tried to prove thatthe university had international academic contacts, but also stressedits role as an academic mediator between Russia and the West. However,those topics have sometimes overshadowed taking note of themore material aims of 19th century students: joining state service anddeveloping a career as a member of the growing Russian bureaucracy.In Imperial Russia, as in many countries in Continental Europe,the government treated the university primarily as an institution forthe preparation of educated and qualified staff for the state’s needs.Since the first quarter of the 19th century, only young men with asecondary school certificate were enrolled in a university and a punishinglyhard examination had to be passed for getting a diploma orfirst-level (candidate) degree. Often, a career in state service (comparableto contemporary public service) followed. Emperor Peter theGreat introduced the table of ranks reflecting the 14 ranks of highercivil servants and military officers as early as in 1722 and it served asthe scale describing state service until the end of the Russian Empirein 1917. In Russia as well as in many German countries, many fieldsof activity staffed by high-ranking professionals required higher education:physicians (who were required in particularly great numbers in the army), secondary and parish school teachers, university professorsand other academic staff, and, naturally, government and localgovernment officials. Protestant clergymen needed to have a universitydiploma or degree and the protestant church had its own servicesystem.The privileged classes of the society—the nobility and clergy—werenot able to cover the need for civil servants in 19th century empires.Particularly in Russia, the nobility served as officers in the military,while large landowners and Protestant clergymen were responsiblefor fulfilling the spiritual needs of the population. (However, duringthe 19th century the proportion of the sons of Orthodox clerics grewconsistently among the general body of students in Russia). Therefore,more and more students had to be recruited from the lowerstandingrural and urban classes. This also mirrors the improvementof the material situation of the lower classes, particularly during thesecond half of the 19th century, because receiving instruction at a secondaryschool, not to speak of the university, was expensive despite ofthe scholarships for talented young men and the support system offeredto poor students. Even the attempt of Emperor Nicholas I (reign1825–1855) to prohibit the enrolment of young men from the lowerclasses did not work in the end.In Russia, universities attracted young men from the lower classes.It was one of the two main opportunities of being elevated fromtheir subordinate social status. The second one was military careerthrough voluntary recruitment and officer school. The main disadvantagesof subordinate status even after the abolishment of serfdom(in 1816–1819 in the Baltic Governorates and in 1861 in all of Russia)were capital tax and potential unvoluntary recruitment to thearmy (swapped for general compulsory military service in 1874), and,last but not least, possible physical punishment in the case of committingan offence (abolished in 1904).State service offered many privileges. Owing to obtaining a universitydiploma or first-level degree, the student was released fromhis subordinate social status and could begin his service career alongthe abovementioned ladder of service ranks. Achieving a certain rankafforded a personal (non-hereditary) noble title and a much higherrank also gave the right to a hereditary title. Initially, there were only two privileged classes in Russia, the nobility and clergy. In 1832, onemore was created—non-hereditary or hereditary honorary citizens,which became the estate of men from the middle and lower classeswith a university education, even if they did not join state service.This class was attributed to all men who did not belong to the nobilityor clergy when they received their university diploma. (Honorarycitizen rights were also awarded to the upper middle class of thecities, mainly merchants and industrialists.) Moreover, state serviceguaranteed a state pension depending on the person’s rank from theday of retirement onwards. Rank also defined the way how a personwould be addressed: Your Well Born, Your Blessedness, Your HighBlessedness, Your Excellency etc. The importance of this in a classsociety could not be underestimated.An academic career at a university was part of the general stateservice system. By the end of the 19th century a Rector of a universitygot the rank of Active State Councillor for his service. The respectivemilitary rank was Major General. A full-time professor was a StateCouncillor, a professor extraordinarius was a Collegiate Councilloretc. As mentioned above, there were 14 ranks altogether. A universitydiploma gave the right to join the 12th rank of state service (DistrictSecretary), a candidate degree afforded the 10th rank (CollegiateSecretary) and a doctoral degree the 8th rank (Collegiate Assessor).Another important step in the integration of university educationand the state service system was the introduction of general examinationsfor obtaining a university diploma and university degree.Until the early 19th century, in Continental Europe degrees weremainly awarded by the universities themselves and the requirementof a prior exam, if it existed at all, was decided upon by the university.In Russia, examinations were introduced in the field of medical science(medicine, surgery, pharmacy and veterinary medicine) in 1808,in all other specialities in 1819. Service ranks and the integration ofreceiving and providing instruction at a university with this systemsurvived with few changes until the end of the Russian Empire in1917
Jõelähtme kihelkonna asustus ja rahvastikuprotsessid 1726-1858
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5657022*es
Saateks [Foreword]
No full textKäesolev Eesti sõjaajaloo aastaraamat on viies. Nende aastaraamatute tuumikuks on alati olnud artiklid, mis on kirjutatud aasta varem peetud Eesti sõjamuuseumi rahvusvahelise sõjaajalookonverentsi ettekannete põhjal, ja nii ka seekord.
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