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From need to share to need to care: information aggregation and the need to care about how surveillance technologies are used for counter-terrorism
Get PDFImagine this scenario: Anne, a soldier on deployment at a military base in a foreign conflict, meets a friend, Barry, for their morning jog. She posts, before and after, selfies of herself and Barry, updates her ‘JoggerLogger’ social media account with details of her run, and then heads to the shower. In doing this, Anne has put counter-terrorism operations at risk. The underpinning problem is that Anne has not treated potentially important information with due care. This chapter argues that individuals need to be careful with their personal information and that of others, even if that information is publicly available and/or relatively innocuous. Ultimately, I suggest that we need to shift our attitude to personal information from ‘need to share’ to ‘need to care’
On free public communication and terrorism online
Get PDFThe basic issue that this chapter examines is how we set morally justifiable limits on what people say online, with a specific focus on speech acts related to terrorism. The chapter takes as one of its foundational assumptions that there are situations in which free speech, while an important and potentially fundamental right, can be justifiably limited: ‘If there is a Free Speech Principle, it means that free speech is a good card to hold. It does not mean that free speech is the ace of trumps’ (Schauer 1982, p. 9). This chapter draws from discussions of free speech to explain how and when particular sorts of constraints on public communications are justified. It begins with a recognition that the norms of behaviour and free speech online are evolving, moves to an exploration of the key conceptual and ethical discussions around free speech, and closes with a set of framing questions to give some guidance as to how we can approach the question of whether online terrorist public communications should be restricted or not
Terrorism and the Internet of Things: Cyber-Terrorism as an Emergent Threat
Get PDFIn this chapter I present an argument that cyber-terrorism will happen. This argument is premised on the development of a cluster of related technologies that create a direct causal link between the informational realm of cyberspace and the physical realm. These cyber-enabled physical systems fit under the umbrella of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT). While this informational/physical connection is a vitally important part of the claim, a more nuanced analysis reveals five further features are central to the IoT enabling cyber-terrorism. These features are that the IoT is radically insecure, that the components of the IoT are in the world, that the sheer numbers of IoT devices mean potential attacks can be intense, that the IoT will likely be powered by a range of Artificial Intelligence aspects, making it inscrutable, and that the IoT is largely invisible. Combining these five factors together, the IoT emerges as a threat vector for cyber-terrorism. The point of the chapter is to go beyond recognising that the IoT is a thing in the world and so can enable physical impacts from cyber-attacks, to offer these five factors to say something more specific about just why the IoT can potentially be used for cyber-terrorism. Having outlined how the IoT can be used for cyber-terrorism, I attend to the question of whether such actions are actually terrorism or not. Ultimately, I argue, as the IoT grows in scope and penetration of our physical worlds and behaviours, it means that cyber-terrorism is not a question of if, but when. This, I suggest, has significant ethical implications as these five features of the IoT mean that we ought to be regulating these technologies.</p
Who Should Regulate Extremist Content Online?
Get PDFAs liberal democracies grapple with the evolution of online political extremism, in addition to governments, social media and internet infrastructure companies have found themselves making more and more decisions about who gets to use their platforms, and what people say online. This raises the question that this paper explores, who should regulate extremist content online? In doing so the first part of the paper examines the evolution of the increasing role that social media and internet infrastructure companies have come to play in the regulating extremist content online, and the ethical challenges this presents. The second part of the paper explores three ethical challenges: i) the moral legitimacy of private actors, ii) the concentration of power in the hands of a few actors and iii) the lack of separation of powers in the content regulation process by private actors.Ethics & Philosophy of Technolog
Use of stings in counter-terrorism: entrapment and ethics
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