34 research outputs found
Effect of acute exposure to nonylphenol on biochemical, hormonal, and hematological parameters and muscle tissues residues of Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus
No full textAim: This study is aimed to evaluate some biochemical, hormonal, hematological, and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, after acute exposure to nonylphenol (NP). In addition to detection of NP residues in the fish, muscle tissues for human health concern.
Materials and Methods: A total of 90 apparently healthy Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, were randomly divided into three equal groups; each containing 30 fish (three replicates). Groups 1 and 2 kept as a control and solvent control (acetone), respectively, and Group 3 exposed to NP at a dose level of 500 μg/L water for 7 successive days. Blood and tissue samples were collected 2 times randomly from each group after 7 days from fish exposure to NP and 10 days from exposure stopping.
Results: Fish exposed to NP Group 3 showed anorexia, sluggish movement, erythema of the skin, areas of scales loss, and hemorrhagic ulcers in some areas of body region leading to exposing the viscera. Biochemical results revealed a significant increase in serum total proteins and globulins levels, a highly significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, triglycerides, cholesterol, and creatinine levels, insignificant increase in serum uric acid level, and a highly significant decrease in serum testosterone and estradiol-β17 levels in Group 3 in compare with the control group. Histopathological finding confirms these results. While hematological results of the same group revealed a significant increase in red blood cells count and packed cell volume value, insignificant increase in hemoglobin concentration, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia in compared with the control group. All of these changes appeared after 7 days from fish exposure to NP. Most of these alterations returned toward the normal level after 10 days from stopping exposure to NP. NP residues detected in fish muscle tissues of Group 3 during exposure and after stopping exposure to it.
Conclusion: It is concluded that NP is a toxic pollutant and has an adverse effect on fish health and reproduction as well as accumulates in fish muscle tissues which may cause human health hazard
Analysis of a posteriori error estimates of the discontinuous Galerkin method for nonlinear ordinary differential equations
No full textAbstractWe develop and analyze a new residual-based a posteriori error estimator for the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The a posteriori DG error estimator under investigation is computationally simple, efficient, and asymptotically exact. It is obtained by solving a local residual problem with no boundary condition on each element. We first prove that the DG solution exhibits an optimal O(hp+1) convergence rate in the L2-norm when p-degree piecewise polynomials with p≥1 are used. We further prove that the DG solution is O(h2p+1) superconvergent at the downwind points. We use these results to prove that the p-degree DG solution is O(hp+2) super close to a particular projection of the exact solution. This superconvergence result allows us to show that the true error can be divided into a significant part and a less significant part. The significant part of the discretization error for the DG solution is proportional to the (p+1)-degree right Radau polynomial and the less significant part converges at O(hp+2) rate in the L2-norm. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the theoretical rates are optimal. Based on the global superconvergent approximations, we construct asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimates and prove that they converge to the true errors in the L2-norm under mesh refinement. The order of convergence is proved to be p+2. Finally, we prove that the global effectivity index in the L2-norm converges to unity at O(h) rate. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the global superconvergence results and the convergence of the proposed estimator under mesh refinement. A local adaptive procedure that makes use of our local a posteriori error estimate is also presented
The Potential of the Inclusion of Prosopis farcta Extract in the Diet on the Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Oxidative Status of the Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio, in Response to Ammonia Stress
No full textHerbal feed additives have benefits in aquaculture, as they can improve growth performance, welfare, and stress resistance. Hence, the effects of dietary Prosopis farcta extract (PFE) on the growth parameters, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant defense, innate immunity responses, and resistance to ammonia stress in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were studied. Fish (15.14 ± 0.72 g) were fed on diets without the PFE (PFE0) or those fortified with 0.5% (PFE0.5), 1% (PFE1), or 2% (PFE2) PFE for 60 days and then subjected to ammonia stress for 24 h. The growth rate, feed efficiency, and amylase-, lipase-, and protease-specific activities in the PFE1 and PFE2 treatments showed significant elevations compared to these values in PFE0. The intestinal protease-specific activity significantly increased in all of the PFE treatments compared to that in the PFE0 treatment. Serum total protein and immunoglobulin significantly increased in the PFE1 treatment, whereas serum albumin and alternative complement activity significantly increased in the PFE2 treatment compared to these values in the PFE0 treatment. The PFE2 treatment significantly mitigated post-stress elevations in serum cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde levels, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities. The PFE1 treatment significantly mitigated post-stress elevations in CAT activity and decreases in SOD and lysozyme activity. In conclusion, 1–2% dietary PFE supplementation can improve the growth performance, health, and resilience to environmental stressors of the common carp
Protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from aflatoxin B 1 toxicity by dietary supplementation with Fennel essential oil and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
No full textProtection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from aflatoxin B1 toxicity by dietary supplementation with Fennel essential oil and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
No full textSignificant losses in ration industry especially aquaculture resulting from aflatoxins. The effect of supplementing Nile tilapia diet with Fennel essential oil (FEO) with or without Saccharomyces cerevisiae on negative impacts of aflatoxin B1, AFB1 (200 ppb) for one month was studied. Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia of 26.6 ± 0.12 g (mean ± SE) were divided into eight groups (30 fish/group) with three replicates. G1 was fed on a basal diet only (D1), while G2 was fed on AFB1 (200 ppb) contaminated diet (D2). G3 and G4 were fed on FEO supplemented diets (1 ml/kg diet) with or without AFB1 (200 ppb) (D3 and D4), respectively. G5 and G6 were fed on S. cerevisiae supplemented diets (1 g/kg diet) with or without AFB1 (200 ppb) (D5 and D6), respectively. G7 and G8 were fed on supplemented diets with mixture from FEO (1 ml/kg diet) and S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg diet) with or without AFB1 (200 ppb) (D7 and D8), respectively. The phagocytic assay, protein profile, serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT) and creatinine were measured at the end of feeding period (30 days). The oxidative stress biomarker as catalase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and AFB1 residues in liver and musculature were also measured. At the end of feeding period, the phagocytic activity, total blood proteins and catalase activity showed lower significant values in AFB1 exposed fish. Also, AFB1 induced significant rising in levels of ALT, creatinine and MDA with higher residual levels recorded. Meanwhile, the aflatoxicated groups treated with FEO or S. cerevisiae or their mixture revealed significant improvement of mostly all the measured parameters. FEO can successfully relieve AFB1 noxious effects compared with S. cerevisiae in Nile tilapia. Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Nile tilapia, Fennel essential oil, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Phagocytic assay, Malondialdehyd
Nano-liposome of thyme essential oil promotes growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses to aeromonad septicemia in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings
No full textNano-encapsulation protects essential oils and increases their efficiency, compared to bulk forms. Hence in the present study, four diets (328 g/kg crude protein and 4402 kcal/kg gross energy) containing 0 (CTL), 25 mg/kg (25TV), 50 mg/kg (50TV), and 100 mg/kg (100TV) thyme, Thymus vulgaris, essential oil nano-liposomes (TV-NP) were offered to Nile tilapia fingerlings (initial weight of 4.27 ± 0.05 g) at water temperature of 26.46 ± 0.43°C, followed by intraperitoneal infection by Aeromonas hydrophila. Three hundred and sixty healthy fish were stocked in 12 tanks (60 L), 30 fish per tank, with daily water renewal rate of 40%. Each diet was offered to three tanks for 70 days. The fish were sampled at the end of feeding period and 12 h after the bacterial challenge. Compared to CTL, 50TV and 100TV treatments exhibited significant elevations in growth rate (14-17%; P<0.001), intestinal activities of amylase (9-19%; P=0.004), lipase (13-26%; P<0.001), protease (20-23%; P=0.001), and post-challenge survival (26-27%; P=0.001). Plasma lysozyme (14-15% P<0.001) and complement (5.1-5.4%; P=0.004) activities significantly increased in 25TV and 50TV, but decreased (lysozyme: 19%, complement 5.9%) in 100TV before the challenge; however, all TV-NP treatments showed similar lysozyme and complement activities after the challenge that were higher than CTL. 50TV and 100TV treatments also showed a decrease in lipid peroxidation (23-26%; P<0.001) and highest glutathione peroxidase activity (17-18%; P=0.001) and pre-challenge superoxide dismutase (21%; P=0.046) and catalase (15-17%; P=0.001) activities. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (11-fold, P<0.001), inerleukin-1 beta (5-fold, P<0.001), and transforming growth factor-beta (31-fold; P=0.001) in head kidney significantly increased in 100TV before the challenge. After the challenge, the transcripts of the cytokines significantly increased in all treatments and the highest expressions were observed in 50TV and 100TV treatments (62-148-fold). In conclusion, dietary 50-100 mg/kg TV-NP can be considered as a new feed additive in tilapia culture, as it improves growth rate, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in the fish
Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial Carbopol/ZnO Hybrid Nanoparticles Gel
No full textThis study recommends Carbopol/zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid nanoparticles gel as an efficient antibacterial agent against different bacterial species. To this end, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical precipitation derived from a zinc acetate solution with ammonium hydroxide as its precipitating agent under the effect of ultrasonic radiation. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were stabilized simultaneously in a freshly prepared Carbopol gel at a pH of 7. The chemical composition, phase identification, particle size and shape, surface charge, pore size distribution, and the BET surface area of the ZnO nanoparticles, as well as the Carbopol/ZnO hybrid Nanoparticles gel, were by XRD, SEM, TEM, AFM, DLS, Zeta potential and BET instruments. The results revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were well-dispersed in the Carbopol gel network, and have a wurtzite-crystalline phase of spherical shape. Moreover, the Carbopol/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles gel exhibited a particle size distribution between ~9 and ~93 nm, and a surface area of 54.26 m2/g. The synthesized Carbopol/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles gel underwent an antibacterial sensitivity test against gram-negative K. pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) bacterial strains, and were compared with ampicillin as a reference antibiotic agent. The obtained results demonstrated that the synthesized Carbopol/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles gel exhibited a compatible bioactivity against the different strains of bacteria
The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila
No full textMedicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp
Mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) boosts growth, general health status, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Streptococcus iniae infection
No full textIn large-scale aquaculture, the fast growth rate of fish is positively influenced by feed additives such as medicinal plants. This is however; infectious disease may reduce fish growth and cause devastating economic loss. The present study investigated in vitro antibacterial efficacy of Mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) extract against Streptococcus iniae and its in vivo effects on growth, biochemical parameters, innate immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Therefore, six experimental diets were designed to include different levels of Mooseer from zero (as control), 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g per kg diet respectively referred to as M1 to M5. Results from the antibacterial evaluation showed that Mooseer extract inhibits S. iniae growth with MIC and MBC values of 128 and 256 μg ml-1. Appreciable results were obtained in the groups supplemented with Mooseer. Mooseer enhanced growth performance, and modulated serum biochemical and immunological parameters (total protein, albumin, triglyceride, glucose, cortisol, cholesterol, lysozyme, Ig, ACH50, ALP, and protease activity), and liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP). The greatest effects were found for higher doses of Mooseer supplementation (M4 and M5). Meanwhile, results from the survival rate of fish challenged with S. iniae showed higher survival in M2 and M4 treatments. The present findings suggest the beneficial use of Mooseer in rainbow trout diet, with 20 g kg-1 inclusion as the recommended dose
Alleviating Effect of a Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanogel against Waterborne-Lead-Induced Physiological Disturbances, Histopathological Changes, and Lead Bioaccumulation in African Catfish
No full textHeavy metal toxicity is an important issue owing to its harmful influence on fish. Hence, this study is a pioneer attempt to verify the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a magnetite (Fe3O4) nanogel (MNG) in mitigating waterborne lead (Pb) toxicity in African catfish. Fish (n = 160) were assigned into four groups for 45 days. The first (control) and second (MNG) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L−1 of MNG in water. The third (Pb) and fourth (MNG + Pb) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L−1 of MNG in water and 69.30 mg L−1 of Pb. In vitro, the MNG caused a dramatic drop in the Pb level within 120 h. The Pb-exposed group showed the lowest survival (57.5%) among the groups, with substantial elevations in hepato-renal function and lipid peroxide (MDA). Moreover, Pb exposure caused a remarkable decline in the protein-immune parameters and hepatic antioxidants, along with higher Pb residual deposition in muscles and obvious histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Interestingly, adding aqueous MNG to Pb-exposed fish relieved these alterations and increased survivability. Thus, MNG is a novel antitoxic agent against Pb toxicity to maintain the health of C. gariepinus
