254 research outputs found
FIGURE 4 in Psilocybe ningshanensis (Hymenogastraceae, Agaricales), a new species from China
No full textFIGURE 4. Microscopic features of Psilocybe ningshanensis. a Basidia; b–c Basidiospores; d Pileipellis; a In Congo Red, b, c, d in 5 % KOH. Scale bars: a, b, d: 25 µm, c: 10 µm. Photos by X.L. He.Published as part of He, Xue-Lian, Huo, Wen-Yan, Zhang, Li-Guang, Liu, Yu, Qi, Peng, Dai, Lu, Qiao, Ting, Lu, Pengpeng & Li, Jun-Zhi, 2022, Psilocybe ningshanensis (Hymenogastraceae, Agaricales), a new species from China, pp. 175-185 in Phytotaxa 545 (2) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/653470
Psilocybe He, Huo, Zhang, Liu, Qi, Dai, Qiao, Lu & Li, 2022, s. str.
No full textKey to the species of Psilocybe s. str. in China 1. Annulus present..................................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Annulus typically membranous and persistent...................................................................................................................................3 3. Cap nearly white, central yellowish brown; spores 12–16 × 8–10 μm, wide ellipse to nearly hexagonal......................... P. cubensis 3. Spores 8–10 × 5–6 μm, subovoid to subrhomboid.................................................................................................... P. wayanadensis 2. Annulus fall off easily; without caulocystidia or pleurocystidia; spores 11.5–13.5 × 7–8 µm, oval in face.................... P. venenata 2. White veil, submembranous to plexiform annulus; pleurocystidia 15–20 × 4.5–7 µm, oval to nearly clavate.......... P. taiwanensis 1. Annulus absent...................................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Caulocystidia present..........................................................................................................................................................................5 5. Caulocystidia abundant......................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Cap reddish brown; spores 10–12.5 × 6–7.5 µm; cheilocystidia often with a 10.5–21.5 × 2.5–3 µm long neck........... P. baeocystis 6. Lamellae often with ink blue tinge, edges serrulate; caulocystidia 14.5–49 × 3.5–11 µm............................................. P. keralensis 5. Caulocystidia rare, 16–90 × 4.5–24.5 μm, often with an elongated 2–44.5 × 1.5–3.5 μm neck...................................... P. ruiliensis 5. Spores large, 12–19 × 7–10.5 μm; cap margin with white to bluing, membranous veil remnants.......................... P. chuxiongensis 5. Pleurocystidia abundant, 17.5–32 × 5.5–10 µm; spores 5.5–8 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoid to subovoid.............................. P. cinnamomea 5. Without pleurocystidia; spores 8.5–11.5 × 6–7 µm, ellipsoid to subovoid......................................................................... P. fasciata 4. Pleurocystidia present; spores 6.5–11 × 4–6.5 µm, hexagonal with angles............................................................. P. ningshanensis 4. Without caulocystidia or pleurocystidia.............................................................................................................................................6 6. Spores medium to large......................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Spores 7.6–11.5 × 5.8–8.1 µm; partial veil often nearly the middle of stipe; pileipellis without gelatinized hyphae P. angulospora 6. Spores small........................................................................................................................................................................................8 8. Cap and stipe dark brown to light yellowish brown; spores 6–6.7 × 4–4.5 μm, ovoid to ellipsoid................................ P. argentipes 8. Stipe dark chestnut brown; spores 5–6.5 × 4.5–5 μm, ovoid to rhomboid...................................................................... P. yungensisPublished as part of He, Xue-Lian, Huo, Wen-Yan, Zhang, Li-Guang, Liu, Yu, Qi, Peng, Dai, Lu, Qiao, Ting, Lu, Pengpeng & Li, Jun-Zhi, 2022, Psilocybe ningshanensis (Hymenogastraceae, Agaricales), a new species from China, pp. 175-185 in Phytotaxa 545 (2) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/653470
Psilocybe ningshanensis X. L. He, W. Y. Huo, L. G. Zhang, Y. Liu and J. Z. Li 2022, sp. nov.
No full textPsilocybe ningshanensis X.L. He, W.Y. Huo, L.G. Zhang, Y. Liu and J.Z. Li, sp. nov. (Figs. 2–4) GenBank MW939918 (ITS), MW939916 (LSU), MW939917 (SSU) and MycoBank MB839386 Diagnosis:—The species is characterized by a stipe or pileus turning bluish when bruised, absence of an annulus or veil, a yellowish brown to bright yellow, smooth, slightly sticky, shining pileus, yellowish to dark purple-brown lamellae, hexagonal basidiospores (6.5–) 8.5–10 (–11) × (4–) 5–6 (–6.5) μm, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia clavateventricose to fusoid-clavate, sometimes sublageniform with slightly long, sinuous neck. Holotype:— CHINA. Shaanxi Province: AnKang City, NingShan County, HuangHua Mountain, growing on woody debris in a subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest, 1609 m elevation, N33°47’23.1”, E108°51’30.1”, 28 April 2020, W. Y. Huo, L. G. Zhang, Y. Liu et al. 20200025 (SXIM!). Etymology:—‘ningshanensis’ refers to Ningshan County, where the species was discovered. Description:— Pileus 20–30 mm diam, hemispherical when young, then convex to subumbonate with a depressed center when old, yellowish brown to bright yellow; smooth, glabrous, shining, slightly sticky, bluing in older specimen. Lamellae emarginate to emarginate with small tooth, slightly ventricose, moderately crowded, 1–2 tiers of lamellulae, yellowish when young to dark purple-brown at maturity; edges whitish when fresh. Stipe 40–50 mm × 3–5 mm, central, cylindrical, thicker at the apex and slightly enlarged at base, straight or flexuous, hollow, whitish to light yellow when fresh, pale brown when dry, fibrillose, base with white rhizomorphs. Annulus absent. Context whitish to pale yellowish. Turning bluish where bruised. Basidiospores (6.5–) 8.5–10 (–11) × (4–) 5–6 (–6.5) μm, Q = 1.5–1.9, hexagonal with angles in frontal view, oval in side-view, with a wide apical germ pore, wall slightly thick to thick (0.8–1.2 μm), two layers in light microscopy, smooth, no reaction to Melzer’s, yellowish brown in KOH. Basidia 18–24 × 5–9 μm, clavate-ventricose, 4-spored, hyaline. Cheilocystidia (16–) 20–26 (–30) × (4.5–) 5.5–7.5 (–9.5) μm, common, clavate-ventricose to fusoidclavate, narrower near the apex, sometimes sublageniform with slightly long, sinuous neck, thin-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia (14.5–) 19–26 (–29) × (5–) 6–8.5 (–10) μm, like the cheilocystidia in form, hyaline. Subhymenium subcellular, composed of irregular round or polygonal cells, hyaline. Hymenophoral trama regular, hyphae 3.5–8 μm diam, thin-walled, hyaline. Pileus trama interwoven, hyphae 7–15 μm diam, thin-walled, hyaline. Pileipellis an ixocutis, consisting of parallel to interwoven hyphae in a dense gelatinous matrix 15–35 µm thick, hyphae 1–3 μm diam, filamentous, hyaline. Stipitipellis a cutis of parallel hyphae, 4–8 μm in diam, wall up to 0.5 μm thick, with pale yellowish contents. Caulocystidia not observed. Clamp-connections present in all tissues. Habit, ecology and distribution:—Solitary on woody debris or decaying wood in the northern subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest; so far known only from the HuangHua Mountain, China. Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. Shaanxi Province: AnKang City, NingShan County, HuangHua Mountain, 1199 m elevation, 33°47’19.8”N, 109°03’32.9”E, 4 June 2020, X. L. He, W. Y. Huo, Y. Liu et al. 20200037 (SXIM!).Published as part of He, Xue-Lian, Huo, Wen-Yan, Zhang, Li-Guang, Liu, Yu, Qi, Peng, Dai, Lu, Qiao, Ting, Lu, Pengpeng & Li, Jun-Zhi, 2022, Psilocybe ningshanensis (Hymenogastraceae, Agaricales), a new species from China, pp. 175-185 in Phytotaxa 545 (2) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/653470
Modelling Fluid-structure Interaction in Offshore Photovoltaics
No full textThe main aim of the research presented in this report is investigating analytical methods to model fluid-structure interaction in large-scale offshore floating photovoltaics. The model that was attempted to be solved analytically is based on a model presented by Pengpeng Xu (2022).The dimensions in the equations were removed. Applying a perturbation method yielded hierarchic partial differential equations by introducing the wave amplitude divided by the depth of the ocean as a small perturbation parameter. The analytical solution of the first order problem was found by applying separation of variables and by using a Fourier transform. For certain classes of problems it is shown in this report that it is possible to analytically solve a model for fluid-structure interaction in offshore solar farms for various initial conditions.Applied Mathematic
Numerical Simulation of the Interaction of A Membrane with Water with A Free Surface: Simulation of An Experiment by L. Rizos
No full textIn order to collect validation data for the study of the mechanism of fluid-structure interaction (FSI), an lab experiment was conducted by L. Rizos in the towing tank, 3ME,TUDelft in 2016. The concept of the experiment is shown in the figure 1. A cylindrical container is partially filled with water. A small cylindrical oscillator with flexible bottom is placed in the container. The oscillator is driven harmonically by a motor. During the experiment, the deflection of the flexible bottom, the motion of the free surface and the driven force were monitored and recorded. The figure 2 is the photo of the experiment. In order to better understand Rizos’ experiment, a series of researches are conducted in the Section Ship Hydromechanics, which includes analytical simulation and several numerical simulations with different methods. A linear algorithm is developed in this thesis, which applies implicit, monolithic (solving the fluid domain and structure domain simultaneously) and one-step (without iteration) methods. The model of the numerical simulation is shown in the figure 3, a small cylinder with flexible bottom is placed in the big cylindrical container. The two cylinders are partially filled with water and the still water levels are the same. The inner cylinder does not moves up and down as a whole. The oscillation of the whole system is the result of the initial wave elevation in the fluid domain and/or the initial deflection in the structure domain. The result of the numerical simulation is shown in the figure 4. The effect of added mass for a structure submerged in water results in that smaller eigen frequency of the structural vibration. The structure interacts with the ambient fluid, especially the free surface. For a pre-defined initial condition, the influence of the free surface results in the mode dispersion. The numerical periods of this FSI system agrees with the analytical periods. Significant numerical dissipation exists in the 1st order time integration techniques. Thus, the second order implicit Adam Moulton method, i.e., the trapezoidal rule, is implemented to improve the algorithm. in this way, the numerical dissipation is decreased drastically (5% less dissipation after 10 periods) without increasing the computational costs.Offshore and Dredging Engineerin
Undrained capacity of circular shallow foundations on two-layer clays under combined VHMT loading
Get PDFWind turbines are typically designed based on fatigue and serviceability limit states, but still require an accurate assessment of bearing capacity. Overconsolidated clay deposits in Canada often have a thin layer of crust with a relatively high undrained shear strength developed from weathering, desiccation, and geochemical processes. However, existing design methods only assess the bearing capacity using effective area and inclination factor without consideration of surficial crusts. This paper studies the undrained VHMT (vertical, horizontal, moment, and torsional) failure envelope of circular foundations founded on a surficial crust underlain by a uniform soil with a zero-tension interface condition using finite element analysis. An analytical expression for the VHMT failure envelope is derived.</p
Calibration of resistance factors for design of shallow foundations against sliding
Get PDFThe design of shallow foundations typically proceeds by using the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methodology to avoid various limit states with some probability. This paper looks at the sliding limit state of shallow foundations, and the sliding resistance factors required for the LRFD approach are estimated using reliability analyses of surface strip foundations. Cohesive and frictional soils are separately studied under wind loading conditions. Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate the sliding failure probability of foundation designs on cohesive soils, and an analytical method is developed for frictional soils. The results indicate the existence of a “worst case” correlation length for cohesive soils, and the sliding resistance factor required to achieve target maximum lifetime failure probabilities is around 0.4 to 0.65 for moderate soil variability. For frictional soils, the required sliding resistance factor is about 0.5 to 0.85 for νΦ'=0.15. Overall, the sliding resistance factors recommended here agree well with the resistance factors of Φgu=0.6 for cohesive soils and Φgu=0.8 for frictional soils stipulated by geotechnical LRFD code provisions in Canada. The analyses can be used to estimate the reliability of current designs and can also aid the calibration of geotechnical design codes
Author response
No full textThe diverse cell types and the precise synaptic connectivity between them are the cardinal features of the nervous system. Little is known about how cell fate diversification is linked to synaptic target choices. Here we investigate how presynaptic neurons select one type of muscles, vm2, as a synaptic target and form synapses on its dendritic spine-like muscle arms. We found that the Notch-Delta pathway was required to distinguish target from non-target muscles. APX-1/Delta acts in surrounding cells including the non-target vm1 to activate LIN-12/Notch in the target vm2. LIN-12 functions cell-autonomously to up-regulate the expression of UNC-40/DCC and MADD-2 in vm2, which in turn function together to promote muscle arm formation and guidance. Ectopic expression of UNC-40/DCC in non-target vm1 muscle is sufficient to induce muscle arm extension from these cells. Therefore, the LIN-12/Notch signaling specifies target selection by selectively up-regulating guidance molecules and forming muscle arms in target cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00378.001
Translating Natural Language Instructions for Behavioral Robot Indoor Navigation with Attention-History Based Attention
No full textMotion based cable integrity limits for quadrant assisted pull-in operations on submarine inter-array cables
No full textThe installation of subsea cables connecting offshore wind turbines to the grid is a delicate process. This is especially the case for the operation of connecting the second end of the cable to the turbine. The applied method of using a quadrant means that in the workability analyses, multibody dynamics, line dynamics and sea state dynamics need to be combined, resulting in lengthy simulation requirements. The objective of this thesis is to determine vessel motion based limits to cable integrity in order to simplify workability analyses. This method allows the problem to be analyzed in the frequency domain, resulting in computational efficiency gains. In order to arrive at the desired result a literature study is performed regarding cable loading and cable failure modes encountered during quadrant assisted cable pull-ins. On that basis a detailed investigation into the relations between vessel motion and mechanical cable responses is carried out. To achieve this, a representative cable and a set of high but realistically encountered sea states are simulated. The obtained relations are then compared to the cable integrity limits for curvature, tension and compression to acquire limits expressed in terms of motion parameters such as acceleration, velocity and displacement. The results from these simulations show that: 1) maximum cable tension is closely correlated to upward heave velocity of the crane tip, 2) maximum cable compression is closely correlated to downward heave velocity, 3) maximum curvature is most closely correlated to downward heave velocity. It is concluded from the results that the cable response can be determined from the crane tip heave motion, which in turn is known from the vessel motions. This means that analysis of such a problem is possible in the frequency domain. As the results show that heave motion is governing in cable failure, heave compensation in the crane is recommended for the operations considered. In addition, an enhancement of the analysis process is proposed by extracting the linear relations and vessel motion limits from a small set of time domain simulations and assessing the situation thoroughly in a frequency domain analysis. The configurations considered exclude any effects added by cable protection systems or interaction effects with rigid bodies in the vicinity of the cable. Even though the analysis process is generally applicable and constitutes a significant improvement in computational load, the obtained relations may be generalized further by implementing a closed formula relating vessel motion to cable failure, or application of the cable protection system to the assessed configuration. Additional research in these directions is encouraged.Offshore and Dredging Engineerin
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