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The twelve large colour prints of William Blake: a study on techniques, materials and context
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to study in entirety the group of large colour prints which William Blake made between 1795 and 1805. The series of prints represents the single most important and complete development of Blake’s skill as an innovative printmaker. Although they include some of Blake’s best-known images, they have not been studied before in their entirety or from the point of view of analysing the techniques and methods Blake had used. My study will show how Blake executed these truly impressive prints in terms of materials, method and motives. The first half of the thesis deals with the materialistic aspects of Blake’s colour printing. In chapter one tracing the controversial two-pull discussion to the root, I will make clear the focus points as well as revealing the early tradition of experimental criticism on Blake’s colour printing method. Focusing on two important critics, W. Graham Robertson and Ruthven Todd, and the periods they lived, I attempt to reveal the role they played in a wider context. Also I show how the tradition of Blake’s art was inherited directly through the Ancients to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which leads to Robertson and Todd. In the second chapter I deal with the development of Blake’s colour printing experiments. It is obvious that the Twelve Large Colour Prints were produced as a result of Blake’s series of colour printing experiments, starting with monocolour simple prints, going through the illuminated books progressing with more colours and higher skills
Faith, feeling and gender in the writing of Hartley, Wollstonecraft and Blake
No full textThis thesis examines David Hartley’s Observations on Man (1749) and elucidates how Hartley’s mechanical approach to mind, his conception of emotion, and the religious status he awards the body were newly relevant after 1791. In this way it identifies a ‘Hartlean culture’ within the Romantic period and seeks to explore how such an intellectual climate influenced the radical writers William Blake (1757–1827) and Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Blake and Wollstonecraft were acquainted with the famous bookseller Joseph Johnson, who republished Observations on Man in various forms and versions between 1775 and 1801. They also had an association with Johnson’s circle; the Hartlean concepts found throughout their work evidence Hartley’s latent popularity within intellectual culture, as well as the writers’ engagement with contemporary philosophical ideas. I propose that the renewed curiosity in Hartley during the 1790s reveals a specific religious and revolutionary culture wherein non-conformist views about Christianity and new ideas about the body, emotion and women flourished. Such a cultural moment renders Hartley a particularly important figure for debate since he integrated progressive values about equality and faith alongside advancing understanding of anatomy and mind. Hartley identified how God and happiness could be found physically within each person. He did this by combining a complex theory of vibrations and theory of association, where the body and mind functioned mechanically through a person’s feelings of pleasure and pain. These feelings manifested as physical vibrations and eventually led every person to desire goodness until finally, they can become ‘Godlike’ themselves. Hartley’s amalgamation of Christian and new theoretical concepts appealed to Blake and Wollstonecraft, and was much unlike the approach of Joseph Priestley who abridged Observations in 1775 to promote a wholly ‘scientific’ text. In this way, we can see resonances between Hartley, Blake and Wollstonecraft, even if they existed in different cultural contexts. In rethinking Blake and Wollstonecraft through Hartley, I offer new insights into their feminism. In particular I attend to how Hartlean culture enabled these writers to re-imagine gender and emotion: Wollstonecraft reinstates the female experience back into Hartlean concepts in order to promote women’s emotional potential and what she understands as the special power of the female-female bond. Blake responds to both Wollstonecraft and Hartley with his elevation of the feminine, one that envisions new potential for both sexes, emotionally and spiritually. In both cases, the writers share a fascination for the image of the female saviour, and they use terminology and concepts found in Hartley’s work to communicate their views. In being attentive to the shared vocabulary and ideas of these three writers’ works, this thesis highlights the importance of David Hartley and Hartlean culture for the field of Romantic Studies. It also illuminates Observations on Man as a vital contribution to the intellectual context of the 1790s
Job’s Gethsemane: tradition and imagination in William Blake’s illustrations for the book of job
No full textBlake created two versions of his Illustrations of the Book of Job, and it is now agreed that about twenty years separates his first watercolour series and the final engraved set of plates. The first chapter is biographical and technical: it establishes that the Butts series of water-colours was the product of the tumultuous and creative years 1805-10, following a time wh6n Blake experienced a strong sense of vision and Christian regeneration; whereas the engraved set was produced 1821-1826, at the end of his life. It also reviews all Blake's treatments of the Job theme. The friends-turned-accusers seem to have been a central pre-occupation. Blake's illustrations contain important elements which are not found in the Old Testament text. I have followed Bo Lindberg's principle that explanation should be sought in the artistic tradition, and in the work itself The second chapter concentrates on the tradition available to Blake, following and supplementing Lindberg's examination of the influence of the apocryphal Testament of Job, and of the artistic tradition of seeing Job as alter Christus and as Christian. Chapters three to five, interpreting Blake's imaginative use of this material, are new both in focussing on the Butts set, and in exploring the importance to Blake of St.Teresa, Fenelon, Mme. Guyon, Hervey and other people of prayer. Also discussed are Joseph Hallett's radical biblical commentary, of which Blake owned a copy, variant proofs discovered by Robert Essick of the first and last engraved plates, and the thirteenth century Job wall- paintings discovered in 1800 in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster. Blake's Job was unique in the corpus of his work. Previous studies have followed Wicksteed in concentrating on the engraved set, and no one has explored the implications of the earlier dating now agreed for the watercolour series. The thesis is essentially concerned with Blake's Christocentric theme, and Job's inner journey of prayer, in these illustrations. Conclusions drawn differ substantially from Wicksteed's
Boccardia chilensis Blake and Woodwick 1971
No full textBoccardia chilensis Blake and Woodwick, 1971 Type locality: Chile, Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 – 49; Station M- 121; June 9 1949; Bahia San Vicente; Punta Lile, just W. of San Vicente, semi-exposed intertidal, rocky Lat 36 ° 43 ’ 36 ” S. Long. 73 ° 08’ 10 ” W. Type material: Holotype & paratypes: Swedish National Museum, Stockholm. Currently unregistered. Condition unknown. Location and author of most recently described material: 1) Puerto Monnt, Huelmo, Pullinque, Chile (Sato-Okoshi 2001); reference made to description in Blake & Kudenov (1978); 2) Victoria, Australia (Blake & Kudenov 1981) (larvae). Recorded distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania (Macquarie Island). Chile; Peru; Faulkland Islands; New Zealand.Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Dipolydora pilocollaris Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textDipolydora pilocollaris (Blake and Kudenov, 1978) Type locality: Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2878; Paratypes: NMV G 2879-2880. Location and author of most recently described material: Blake and Kudenov (1978). Recorded distribution: Known only from type locality. Not reported since original description.Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Carazziella hirsutiseta Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textCarazziella hirsutiseta Blake and Kudenov, 1978 Type locality: Towra Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2866; Paratypes: 6, NMV G 2867 -G 2969. Location and author of most recently described material: Blake and Kudenov (1978). Recorded distribution: Australia: New South Wales, (Botany Bay, Hawkesbury River).Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Pseudopolydora glandulosa Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textPseudopolydora glandulosa Blake and Kudenov, 1978 Type locality: Westernport, Crib Point, CPBS Station 300, Victoria, Australia. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2899; Paratypes: 5, NMV G 2900. Location and author of most recently described material: Australia (Blake & Kudenov 1978); Type material examined by Radashevsky and Hseih (2000). Recorded distribution: Australia: Victoria (Westernport); New South Wales (Botany Bay); Queensland (Moreton Bay).Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Carazziella hymenobranchiata Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textCarazziella hymenobranchiata Blake and Kudenov, 1978 Type locality: Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2865; Paratypes: 1, NMV G 2862; 5, NMV G 2863; 4, NMV G 2864; Most incomplete. Location and author of most recently described material: Blake and Kudenov (1978). Recorded distribution: Australia: Victoria (Port Phillip Bay).Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Dipolydora tentaculata Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textDipolydora tentaculata (Blake and Kudenov, 1978) Type locality: Botany Bay, Towra Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2885; Paratypes: NMV G 2886; QM G 11597. Location and author of most recently described material: Botany Bay, Towra Beach, New South Wales; Moreton Bay, Middle Banks, QLD, Australia (Blake & Kudenov 1978). Recorded distribution: Australia: Queensland (Moreton Bay), New South Wales (Botany Bay, Hawkesbury River).Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Dipolydora notialis Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textDipolydora notialis (Blake and Kudenov, 1978) Type locality: Tipara, South Australia from Haliotis roei shell. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2877. Location and author of most recently described material: Blake and Kudenov (1978). Recorded distribution: Known only from type locality. Not reported since original description.Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
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