4,064 research outputs found
Using behaviour to understand and assess welfare in cattle
No full textAnimals show behavioural responses to their environments based on the integration of their underlying emotional, cognitive and motivational processes, with the ultimate goal of fulfilling needs that promote survival. Attempts to improve welfare involve understanding these needs and the factors affecting them. Assessing behaviour is one of the major methods that can be used to improve welfare. This chapter discusses the different methods to use animal behaviour to investigate welfare in cattle. The two main methods are direct observations of spontaneous behaviour and behavioural tests. Observations of spontaneous behaviour capture the undisturbed behaviour of cattle in their ‘home’ surroundings. This can be used to document the natural or ‘baseline’ patterns of behaviour. Behavioural tests typically require placing an animal in an experimental pen with stimuli or resources that we want to understand the animal’s response to. Behavioural tests allow us to investigate animal preference, motivation and emotional responses in more depth. Welfare assessment protocols often include behavioural indicators of positive and negative welfare but are typically observations of ongoing behaviour rather than behavioural tests. Finally, this chapter will examine what behavioural assessments cannot tell us and where further developments in this science are necessary
Self-compression of 4.9 µm pulses to sub-40 fs with 2 mJ energy in Zinc Sulfide
No full textNonlinear self-compression of few-cycle multi-mJ pulses at 4.9 µm in ZnS is presented. 80 fs input pulses are compressed to 37 fs with 2.1 mJ energy at a 1 kHz repetition rate. © 2024 The Author(s
Cattle Welfare in Dairy and Beef Systems:A New Approach to Global Issues
No full textThis book provides a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the welfare of cattle. It starts with a consideration of animal welfare science and its application to the management of cattle and moves through to discussions of the challenges and opportunities for providing good welfare for cattle in farming and husbandry systems across the globe. The first section comprises three chapters that discuss the social, behavioural and physiological methods that can be used to assess welfare in cattle. The second section considers the welfare challenges of beef and dairy cattle in extensive and intensive systems. The third section details welfare challenges such as at slaughter, during handling and in the growing period and details solutions such as the use of sensors and application of animal breeding techniques. The final section addresses welfare challenges and solutions in achieving sustainability, in smallholder farms in Africa and new entrant dairying in Asia and cow shelters in India
Cattle Welfare in Dairy and Beef Systems:A New Approach to Global Issues
No full textThis book provides a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the welfare of cattle. It starts with a consideration of animal welfare science and its application to the management of cattle and moves through to discussions of the challenges and opportunities for providing good welfare for cattle in farming and husbandry systems across the globe. The first section comprises three chapters that discuss the social, behavioural and physiological methods that can be used to assess welfare in cattle. The second section considers the welfare challenges of beef and dairy cattle in extensive and intensive systems. The third section details welfare challenges such as at slaughter, during handling and in the growing period and details solutions such as the use of sensors and application of animal breeding techniques. The final section addresses welfare challenges and solutions in achieving sustainability, in smallholder farms in Africa and new entrant dairying in Asia and cow shelters in India
Correction to: Chamoun et al., Bacterial pathogenesis and interleukin-17: interconnecting mechanisms of immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence that influence severity of infection
No full textChamoun MN, Blumenthal A, Sullivan MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. 2018. Bacterial pathogenesis and interleukin-17: interconnecting mechanisms of immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence that influence severity of infection. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2018.1426556.
When the above article was first published online, the below three corrections were missed.
The author ‘Antje Blumenthal’ was wrongly affiliated to the affiliation “cSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia”. Now this affiliation has been removed for this author.
The affiliation ‘bTranslational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia’ of the author ‘Antje Blumenthal’ should read ‘bThe University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia’.
In Table 3, the sentence ‘Benefit of manipulating IL-17 levels to improve immunization strategies M. tuberculosis’ should read “Benefit of manipulating IL-17 levels to improve immunization strategies against M. tuberculosis”.No Full Tex
Generation of 22-mJ, 2.0-ps Pulses from a 1-kHz Ho:YLF Regenerative Chirped Pulse Amplifier
No full textWe report a CW-pumped Ho:YLF regenerative amplifier (RA) delivering pulses with 22.5-mJ energy and 2.0-ps duration at 1 kHz. The RA emitting at 2051 nm is broadband-seeded and implemented in a chirped pulse amplification system. © 2024 The Author(s
Pure-rotational 1D-CARS spatiotemporal thermometry with a single regenerative amplifier system
No full textWe report spatiotemporal pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) in a one-dimensional imaging arrangement obtained with a single ultrafast regenerative amplifier system. The femtosecond pump/Stokes photon pairs, used for impulsive excitation, are delivered by an external compressor operating on a ∼35% beam split of the uncompressed amplifier output (2.5 mJ/pulse). The picosecond 1.2 mJ probe pulse is produced via the second-harmonic bandwidth compression (SHBC) of the ∼65% remainder of the amplifier output (4.5 mJ/pulse), which originates from the internal compressor. The two pump/Stokes and probe pulses are spatially, temporally, and repetition-wise correlated at the measurement, and the signal generation plane is relayed by a wide-field coherent imaging spectrometer onto the detector plane, which is refreshed at the same repetition rate as the ultrafast regenerative amplifier system. We demonstrate 1 kHz cinematographic 1D-CARS gas-phase thermometry across an unstable premixed methane/air flame-front, achieved with a single-shot precision <1% and accuracy <3%, 1.4 mm field of view, and an excellent <20 µm line-spread function.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Flight Performance and Propulsio
What to do with surplus dairy calves? Welfare, economic and ethical considerations
Full text linkThe major aim of dairy farming is the production of milk, with the sale of calves and cows of much lesser importance. Thus, it is an enterprise that is centred on the female animals. However, the typical male: female sex-ratio of calves born is 50:50 which generates a large number of male calves that are not required on that dairy farm. Additionally, it is estimated that sufficient numbers of replacement females can be produced from 60% of the lactating herd (De Vries et al 2008), which means that some of the female calves born on the farm are also surplus to requirements. What to do with these surplus calves, particularly the large number of male calves, has always been a problem in dairying. There are a number of possible routes for these calves: they may be euthanized on the farm they were born on. They may be reared on that farm for a few days and then transported for slaughter at an abattoir for hides, pet food or rennet. These calves are known as ‘bobby’ calves in many countries. Calves may also be reared for veal or beef. Calves destined for veal production are transported to rearer units at approximately eight days of age and slaughtered at about 8-10 months of age. Calves reared for beef are typically transported to specialised farms and reared until they reach a mature slaughter-weight at 18 months or more. The route for each calf varies between countries depending on the dairying system, calf price and the consumer preference for veal or beef. In countries where veal is produced, such as The Netherlands, France and Italy, all surplus calves are used in veal production (Sans and Fontguyon, 2009; EU Stats 2012). However, where there is a viable specialist beef industry and consumers prefer beef to veal, such as in Ireland and the UK, dairy calves may enter the beef rearer system. However, the demand for dairy-bred calves in the beef-rearer market fluctuates according to number of calves available and the capacity of the beef-rearer farms. For instance, in countries with pasture-based dairying systems, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Australia, calving tends to be concentrated in the spring. This means that there is a glut of calves at this time which is more than the beef rearing systems can cope with. Calves may be euthanized on the origin farm soon after birth, or sent for slaughter as bobby calves. At other times of year, they may enter the beef rearing systems. However, in countries such as Sweden and Denmark, with low numbers of specialised beef breed animals, calves from the dairy herd achieve good prices and are reared for beef on specialised farms (FVE, 2017). There are a number of standpoints to consider when trying to decide what the ‘right’ thing to do with these calves. Firstly there is the ethical viewpoint that encompasses the societal or personal moral values governing actions and outcomes. There is also the issue of animal welfare to consider. Animal welfare involves the health, basic functioning and emotional states of animals, and their ability to live natural lives (Fraser, 2008). There is a important consideration as to whether the animal can achieve a ‘life worth living’ or even ‘a good life’ (FAWC, 2009). There is also the issue of economic sustainability for the farm. The aim of this article is to consider each outcome with respect to these standpoints and include new options and developments. <br/
Project: Establishing an accounting outsourcing company "MJ Grāmatvedība" Ltd
No full textProjekta ideja ir izveidot grāmatvedības ārpakalpojumu uzņēmumu SIA „MJ Grāmatvedība”, kurš sniegtu pilna vai daļēja cikla grāmatvedības pakalpojumus, sākot ar pirmreizējo dokumentu apstrādi un beidzot ar visu nepieciešamo atskaišu sagatavošanu, kā arī konsultāciju sniegšanu. Projekta mērķis ir ne tikai sniegt grāmatvedības pakalpojumus, bet arī analizēt uzņēmumu darbību un izstrādāt ieteikumus darbības uzlabošanai. Darba autore uzskata, ka nozares pārstāvjiem ir būtiski jāpierāda sava nozīme un to kādam jābūt mūsdienu grāmatvedim. Grāmatvedis nav tikai persona, kura izdara konkrētus darbus, nodos atskaites, tas ir cilvēks, kuram labi jāpārzina nodokļu sistēma, finanšu vadīšana, jāspēj sniegt padomus uzņēmuma finanšu vadības uzlabošanai, kā arī jāspēj pielāgoties tehnoloģiju radītajām izmaiņām. Maģistra darbs apjoms ir uz 105 lappusēm, kas sastāv no 7 nodaļām, 17 pielikumiem, 22 tabulām un 7 attēliem. Darba izstrādē izmantoti 70 informācijas avoti.The general project idea is to establish the accountancy firm MJ Accountancy Ltd., which would provide full or half-cycle accountancy services including the processing of primary documentation, reports’ preparation, and providing of the accountancy consultations. The aim of the project is not only to provide accountancy consultations but also to deal with firms activity analysis and developing suggestions on their activity improvement. The author of the project supports the idea that the field representatives must constantly sustain the status of the accountant’s profession in current times. The accountant is not only the person who executes one’s regular duties and submits reports, but also the person who is competent in the field of taxes, financial management, able to advise on improvements in financial management, and above all able to adapt to the technological changes. The volume of the project is 105 pages, which includes 7 chapters, 17 appendices, 22 tables, 7 figures. 70 sources of information were used in master’s thesis
Initial state and transition-state solvation effects in the cobaltotungstate oxidation of iodide in binary aqueous solvent mixtures
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