2,231 research outputs found
Evolution of cooperation among tumor cells
No full textThe evolution of cooperation has a well established theoretical framework based on game theory. This approach has made valuable contributions to a wide variety of disciplines, including political science, economics, and evolutionary biology. Existing cancer theory suggests that individual clones of cancer cells evolve independently from one another, acquiring all of the genetic traits or hallmarks necessary to form a malignant tumor. It is also now recognized that tumors are heterotypic, with cancer cells interacting with normal stromal cells within the issue microenvironment, including endothelial, stromal, and nerve cells. This tumor cell???stromal cell interaction in itself is a form of commensalism, because it has been demonstrated that these nonmalignant cells support and even enable tumor growth. Here, we add to this theory by regarding tumor cells as game players whose interactions help to determine their Darwinian fitness. We marshal evidence that tumor cells overcome certain host defenses by means of diffusible products. Our original contribution is to raise the possibility that two nearby cells can protect each other from a set of host defenses that neither could survive alone. Cooperation can evolve as byproduct mutualism among genetically diverse tumor cells. Our hypothesis supplements, but does not supplant, the traditional view of carcinogenesis in which one clonal population of cells develops all of the necessary genetic traits independently to form a tumor. Cooperation through the sharing of diffusible products raises new questions about tumorigenesis and has implications for understanding observed phenomena, designing new experiments, and developing new therapeutic approaches.Author manuscript. Published in final edited form as: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 September 5; 103(36): 13474-13479.The final published version of this article is located at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0606053103NIH U56 CA113004; to David E. AxelrodR.A. was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant SES-0240852. D.E.A. was supported by NSF Grant IIS-0312953, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant U56 CA113004, and New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research Grant 1076-CCR-SO. K.J.P. is an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor and is supported by NIH Grants CA69568, CA102872, and CA093900.NIH CA69568; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA102872; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA093900; to Kenneth J. PientaNSF SES-0240852; to Robert AxelrodNJ Commission on Cancer Research 1076-CCR-SO; to David E. AxelrodAlso available in PubMed Central. PMCID: PMC155738
Ground-water hydrology of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California
No full textby Marshall W. Gannett, Kenneth E. Lite Jr., Jonathan L. La Marche, Bruce J. Fisher, and Danial J. Polette ; prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department.Title from PDF cover (viewed on April 22, 2020).Covers OCLC #1151627285 and OCLC #123900688.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references.Mode of access: Internet from the State Library of Oregon U.S. Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Child Welfare Practice : A Conversation About Reality
Full text linkBy Kenneth J. Herrmann, College at Brockport faculty member.
The author\u27s fifty years of practice in social work and child welfare have resulted in this examination and critique of America\u27s treatment of childhood. This advances a radical approach to ensuring the needs of children, an approach based in social justice and human rights.https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/bookshelf/1345/thumbnail.jp
Life and experiences of George Washington Nichols
No full textTypescript of an account of some anecdotes from the life of George Washington Nichols (born 1859) of Salt Lake City. Author unknown; transcribed by Kenneth L. Seifert of Brigham City, April 25, 193
Methodology for ion neutralization at solid/electrolyte interfaces
No full textPT: J; CR: ADELMAN SA, 1974, J CHEM PHYS, V61, P4242 ADELMAN SA, 1975, J CHEM PHYS, V62, P4908 ADELMAN SA, 1976, J CHEM PHYS, V64, P2375 ANDERSON PW, 1961, PHYS REV, V124, P41 BLANDIN A, 1976, J PHYSIQUE, V37, P369 BLOSS W, 1978, SURF SCI, V72, P277 BOCKRIS JOM, 1963, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V274, P55 BRAKO R, 1981, SURF SCI, V108, P253 BRAKO R, 1984, PHYS REV B, V30, P5629 BRAKO R, 1985, PHYS SCR, V32, P451 BRAKO R, 1985, SOLID STATE COMMUN, V55, P633 CHAMBERS LG, 1976, INTEGRAL EQUATIONS S, P114 CIZEK J, 1969, ADV CHEM PHYS, V14, P35 EASA SI, 1985, SURF SCI, V161, P129 GRIMLEY TB, 1983, SURF SCI, V124, P305 MAKOSHI K, 1984, J PHYS SOC JPN, V53, P2441 MCDOWELL HK, 1982, CHEM PHYS, V72, P451 MCDOWELL HK, 1982, J CHEM PHYS, V77, P3263 MCDOWELL HK, 1985, J CHEM PHYS, V83, P772 MORRISON SR, 1980, ELECTROCHEMISTRY SEM, P31 NEWNS DM, 1969, PHYS REV, V178, P1123 NEWNS DM, 1983, PHYS SCRIPTA, V6, P5 PARENT LG, 1984, J ELECTROANAL CH INF, V163, P23 SCHMICKLER W, 1979, J ELECTROANAL CHEM, V100, P533 SCHMICKLER W, 1980, J ELECTROANAL CH INF, V113, P159 SCHUGARD M, 1977, J CHEM PHYS, V66, P2534 SEBASTIAN KL, 1981, SURF SCI, V110, L571 SEBASTIAN KL, 1983, PHYS LETT A, V98, P39 SEBASTIAN KL, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6976 SHANKAR R, 1982, PRINCIPLES QUANTUM M, P482 SROUBEK Z, 1981, SPRINGER SERIES CHEM, V17, P277 TULLY JC, 1980, ANNU REV PHYS CHEM, V31, P319 WATSON GN, 1966, TREATISE THEORY BESS YEAGER E, 1982, SURF SCI, V101, P1; NR: 34; TC: 18; J9: J ELECTROANAL CHEM; PG: 12; GA: C8849Source type: Electronic(1
Understanding Populism Through Difference: The Significance of Economic and Social Axes. An Interview with Kenneth Roberts, Cornell University
Full text linkKenneth M. Roberts is the Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government and Binenkorb Director of Latin American Studies at Cornell University. His research and teaching interests focus on party systems, populism, social movements, and the politics of inequality in Latin America and beyond. He is the author of Changing Course in Latin America: Party Systems in the Neoliberal Era (Cambridge University Press) and Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford University Press). He is also the co-editor of The Resurgence of the Latin American Left (Johns Hopkins University Press), The Diffusion of Social Movements (Cambridge University Press), and Beyond Neoliberalism? Patterns, Responses, and New Directions in Latin America and the Caribbean (Palgrave-MacMillan)
Lepers and Lunacy : An American in Vietnam today : A Novel
Full text linkBy Kenneth J. Herrmann, Jr.An autobiographical account of a war veteran who returned to Vietnam and started a study abroad program there. A unique perspective of the relationship today between Vietnam and America that not only takes the reader into the author\u27s life, but also into the lives of lepers, families who live in a garbage dump, and many others.https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/bookshelf/1231/thumbnail.jp
Mot nguoi My o Viet Nam hom nay: Lepers and Lunacy: An American in Vietnam Today
Full text linkBy Kenneth J. Herrmann, Jr.
An autobiographical account of a war veteran who returned to Vietnam and started a study abroad program there. A unique perspective of the relationship today between Vietnam and America that not only takes the reader into the author\u27s life, but also into the lives of lepers, families who live in a garbage dump, and many others.https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/bookshelf/1289/thumbnail.jp
First trimester anticonvulsant therapy and the risk of congenital malformation in the offspring of women with epilepsy
No full textThe purpose of this thesis is two-fold: (1) to refine understanding of the relationship between anticonvulsant therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy in women with epilepsy and the risk of congenital malformation among their offspring; and (2) to assess the utility of the Saskatchewan Prescription Drug and Hospital Services databases for studies of maternal drug use and certain reproductive outcomes.In the first meta-analysis the malformation risks associated with the use of anticonvulsants in general by women with epilepsy were quantified and clarified. Comparison of the congenital malformation risk among offspring of mothers with epilepsy with first trimester anticonvulsant exposure ("exposed") relative to offspring of non-epileptic parents yielded a summary estimate of relative risk (RR) of 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-3.2). (All RR's in this abstract are study-stratified Mantel-Haenszel summary estimates.) Congenital malformation risk among the offspring of exposed women with epilepsy compared to unexposed women with epilepsy yielded a summary RR of 2.9 (CI = 2.0-4.2). No evidence of increased risk to unexposed women with epilepsy compared to non-epileptic women was evident (RR = 0.9, CI = 0.5-1.6).In the second meta-analysis the risks associated with specific types of anticonvulsant therapy were qualitatively synthesized. The analysis demonstrated the inadequacies of many study reports--vague descriptions of methods often restricted assessment of study quality and incomplete reporting of results as largely responsible for restricting the analysis to 31 studies. Women with epilepsy treated with anticonvulsant monotherapy experienced increased risk of congenitally malformed children relative to both unexposed women with epilepsy (RR = 1.8, CI = 0.8-4.8), and unexposed non-epileptic women (RR = 2.5, CI = 1.8-4.0). Insufficient data were available to demonstrate statistically significant differences in malformation risk among specific commonly-used anticonvulsant monotherapies, although phenobarbital and carbamazepine appeared to have the lowest risks. Two-drug therapy was associated with a 20% increase in risk relative to monotherapy, but three-drug therapy was associated with more than twice the risk of one-drug therapy (RR = 2.2, CI = 1.3-3.7). Although the potential role of confounding by type and severity of epilepsy could not be evaluated, the analysis suggests that avoiding therapy with three or more anticonvulsants during the first trimester would be prudent.The second component of the thesis was a large record linkage study utilizing information from the databases of Saskatchewan Health. An essentially population-based database of maternal drug use and reproductive outcomes was created which included 104,534 livebirths and 13,685 non-livebirth outcomes occurring between April 1977 and March 1984 linked to 299,152 prescriptions dispensed to the mothers in the year preceding the pregnancy outcome. A study of anticonvulsant use during pregnancy and birth outcome was completed using the created database. The study yielded results with respect to congenital malformation risk generally consistent with the conclusions or the meta-analyses.Evaluation of the database of maternal drug use and reproductive outcomes raised questions about the utility of Saskatchewan Health's databases for pharmacoepidemiologic research into congenital malformations. (Abstract shortened by UMI.
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