121,992 research outputs found
Changing Behavior : A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach
No full textSocial problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have sparked interest in governments and organizations to develop effective interventions to promote behavior change. The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. The handbook incorporates theory- and evidence-based approaches to behavior change with chapters from leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, and implementation science. Chapters are organized into three parts: (1) Theory and Behavior Change; (2) Methods and Processes of Behavior Change: Intervention Development, Application, and Translation; and (3) Behavior Change Interventions: Practical Guides to Behavior Change. This chapter provides an overview of the theory- and evidence-based approaches of the handbook, introduces the content of the handbook, and provides suggestions on how the handbook may be used by different readers. The handbook aims to provide all interested in behavior change, including researchers and students, practitioners, and policy makers, with up-to-date knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior in different populations and contexts.Peer reviewe
Trait Self-Control, Social Cognition Constructs, and Intentions: Correlational Evidence for Mediation and Moderation Effects in Diverse Health Behaviours.
No full textBACKGROUND: We examined effects of trait self-control, constructs from social cognition theories, and intentions on health behaviours. Trait self-control was expected to predict health behaviour indirectly through theory constructs and intentions. Trait self-control was also predicted to moderate the intention-behaviour relationship. METHODS: Proposed effects were tested in six datasets for ten health-related behaviours from studies adopting prospective designs. Participants (N = 3,249) completed measures of constructs from social cognition theories and self-control at an initial time point and self-reported their behaviour at follow-up. RESULTS: Results revealed indirect effects of self-control on behaviour through social cognition constructs and intentions for eight behaviours: eating fruit and vegetables, avoiding fast food, dietary restrictions, binge drinking, physical activity, walking, out-of-school physical activity, and pre-drinking. Self-control moderated the intention-behaviour relationship in four behaviours: dietary restriction, and alcohol-related behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Mediation effects suggest that individuals with high self-control are more likely to hold beliefs and intentions to participate in future health behaviour, and more likely to act. Moderation effects indicate that individuals with high self-control are more likely to enact healthy intentions and inhibit unhealthy intentions, but findings were restricted to few behaviours. Training self-control and managing contingencies that derail goal-directed action may be effective intervention strategies
Incentive-Based Interventions
No full textThis chapter discusses how and why incentives affect behavior change. Incentives are
often introduced into situations in which people are already motivated to change
their behaviors but have trouble following through with their intentions. Our
framework lays out four “channels” through which incentives can support behavior
change: Incentives can create desired or break undesired habits and lead to long-term
change even after they have been removed. Well-structured upfront and regular
incentives can overcome the dilemma people face when benefits of an activity are
too far in the future but costs are immediate, making implementation of behavior
change difficult. Incentives can also help overcome setup and switching costs that
serve as barriers to behavior change. The four channels and the supporting empirical
evidence have implications for how incentive-based interventions work and provide
guidance on how best to design them for increased efficacy
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
LET’S MOVE IT -LIIKUNTAINTERVENTION VASTAANOTON LAADULLINEN ARVIOINTI VÄHÄN LIIKKUVIEN NUORTEN HAASTATTELUISTA
No full textNuorten vähäiseen liikkumiseen on pyritty tarttumaan monin keinoin. Monissa hyvinvoinnin edistämiseen pyrkivissä interventioissa pyritään muuttamaan kohderyhmän käsityksiä tai taitoja elintapamuutoksen aikaansaamiseksi. Usein oletetaan, että interventioiden kohteet ymmärtävät sanoman ja viestit samoin kuin suunnittelijat ovat ne tarkoittaneet. Olisi kuitenkin tärkeää myös empiirisesti tutkia, miten kohderyhmä havaitsee liikunnan edistämisen toimenpiteet ja viestit. Tässä tutkimuksessa arvioidaan Let’s Move It -liikuntaintervention vastaanottoa vähän liikkuvien datanomiopiskelijoiden joukossa. Ohjelman tavoitteena oli mm. tiedon, motivaation ja taitojen lisäämisen sekä ympäristömuutosten kautta lisätä liikuntaa erityisesti vähän liikkuvien nuorten osalta ja vähentää passiivista aikaa. Tämä ryvässatunnaistetun vaikuttavuustutkimuksen ensimmäisessä tutkimuskohortissa toteutettu osatutkimus pyrki selvittämään, miten ryhmätapaamisiin osallistuneet nuoret ovat ymmärtäneet intervention tavoitteet ja viestit. Puolistrukturoidut haastattelut (n=14, kaksi ryhmä- ja kahdeksan yksilöhaastattelua) analysoitiin kirjaimellisen ja tulkitsevan luennan kautta hyödyntäen laadullisen asennetutkimuksen näkökulmaa. Haastatteluaineistosta selvisi, että haastateltujen liikuntaa koskevat asenteet ovat joko säilyneet myönteisinä tai parantuneet. Merkittävä enemmistö haastatteluvirikkeisiin saaduista responsseista oli sävyltään positiivisia, tosin varauksellisiakin kommentteja ilmeni. Innostuneimman vastaanoton saivat mm. viesti siitä, että vähäkin liikkeen lisääminen on parempi kuin ei mitään, liikuntakokeilut, ”SMART”-tavoitteen asettelun ja suunnittelun taidot sekä uusi tieto istumisen vähentämisen haitoista. Vaikka joidenkin opiskelijoiden puheessa ilmeni tulkinta, että interventio oli vaikuttanut sekä ajatuksiin että arjen liikkumiseen, osa ei kokenut intervention tavoitteiden siirtyneen käytännöksi. Käsittelemme tällaisen lähestymistavan mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita interventioevaluaatiossa. Avainsanat: interventiouskollisuus, vastaanottotutkimus, nuoret, laadullinen asennetutkimusPeer reviewe
The Handbook of Behavior Change
No full textSocial problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organizations to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.No Full Tex
Thematic analysis of acceptability and fidelity of engagement for behaviour change interventions: The Let's Move It intervention interview study
No full textObjectives:
Intervention participants’ responses to and engagement with interventions are a key intermediate step between interventions and intended outcomes. The aim of this study was to qualitatively investigate crucial aspects of engagement, namely acceptability (experienced cognitive and emotional responses to the intervention), receipt (comprehension of intervention content), and skill enactment (skill performance in target settings), within the Let’s Move It, a multi‐component school‐based physical activity intervention.
Design:
A longitudinal qualitative study embedded in a cluster‐randomized trial, with individual interviews of purposefully sampled intervention participants immediately post‐intervention (n = 21) and at 14 months (n = 14).
Methods:
Semi‐structured interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Abductive coding process was taken to identify categories for themes.
Results:
The analysis resulted in 12 themes and 18 subthemes. Overall, participants reported perceived effectiveness of and affective attitude towards the intervention (acceptability) and understood the main messages and skills (receipt). For example, findings indicated comprehension of the non‐judgemental nature and choice‐providing messages of the intervention underpinned by self‐determination theory. Despite reporting understanding how and why to perform the skills, not using them was a highlighted theme (skill enactment), particularly for self‐regulatory techniques such as planning. Friends’ role as key self‐motivation technique was a prevalent theme. In the within‐individual analysis, three different engager types were identified: positive, ambivalent, and negative.
Conclusion:
Identifying misunderstandings and difficulties in skill acquisition can help interpret main trial outcomes and inform further intervention optimization. This study provides an example of how to use thematic analysis to assess acceptability, receipt, and enactment in interventions
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
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