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THE "LIU-I SHIH-HUA" OF OU-YANG HSIU (CHINA).
No full textPoetry occupies an eminent position in the history of Chinese literature because almost all the traditional men of letters had experience in composing poems. However, it was not until the Sung Dynasty that the criticism of poetry became very popular; this was singled out by the appearance of a number of books called, shih-hua (icons omitted) (remarks on poetry). Since the Sung period on, shih-hua has received both praise and censure. Traditional critics tended to evaluate shih-hua from a practical viewpoint. For example, Wang Shih-han (icons omitted) criticised the content of shih-hua as trivial because it deviated from the subjects of filial piety, trust, and other Confucian merits. On the other hand, Kuo Shao-yu (icons omitted) proclaimed that shih-hua preserved a great deal of worthy materials for the study of poetry. Modern scholars tend to evaluate shih-hua from the aesthetic viewpoint. For instance, Yen Yuan-shu (icons omitted) describes shih-hua as "vague and obscure" and "lacking systematic discourse." Yet other scholars such as Yeh Wei-lien (icons omitted) claim that the shih-hua offers readers a chance to recapture the world of rich imagery in poetic composition. In order to make a more objective judgement between the above two extremely different evaluations of shih-hua, the following issues must first be resolved: the definition of shih-hua which is related to Ou-yang Hsiu's (icons omitted) Liu-i shih-hua (icons omitted) the first book titled shih-hua, what kind of poetic tradition the Liu-i shih-hua inherited, what kind of person its author was, under what kind of literary environment it was produced, what were the contents of the work, and what kind of influence it exerted on the development of the shih-hua genre. Then we may tentatively reach an answer: the practical criticism of poetry only covers one part of the content of shih-hua. To make a complete evaluation of a shih-hua book or the shih-hua genre itself, a critic must take all the issues above into consideration
Jembra kuanae Shih, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Jembra kuanae</i> Shih sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p> <p> <b>Coloration:</b> General color brown (Fig. 2 A). Tegmen without markings (Fig. 2 B); wing hyaline, veins brown, apical area with brown pubescence except apical cells. Two color variations on head (Figs. 2 D, 2E), pronotum and mesoscutellum: dark brown type with irregular dark brown mottles (Fig. 2 E), and yellowish brown type with one obviously inverted and yellowish V-shaped stripe (Fig. 2 D).</p> <p> <b>Structure:</b> Head width: body width: body length= 1:1.6:3.2. Head in ventral view rhombus shaped (Fig. 3 B), as long as wide; head in dorsal view triangular (Fig. 3 A), about 2.6 times as wide as long. Head subequal to pronotum at level of anterior margin, about 1.04:1.0. Frons with a median longitudinal carina and 10 transverse ridges in ventral view (Fig. 3 B). Expanded flagellar base with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae on ventrolateral side. Rostrum nearly extended to apex of middle trochanters. Pronotum width at widest part greater than median length by about 1.5: 1.0. Tegmen densely punctured (Fig. 3 D) with pits about 0.1 mm in diameter; 3 times as long as wide, AM (length of anal margin): PM (length of posterior margin): LT (length of tegmen) = 1.0: 3.0: 3.9. Wing with 3 apical cells (Fig. 3 E). Hind tibia with two lateral spines, distal one about 2.0–2.5 times as long as basal one; apical spines arranged into 2 rows, upper row composed of 11 spines, lower one composed of 12 spines. First hind tarsomere with apical spines arranged in two rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H), upper row composed of 18–21 spines, lower one composed of 7–12 spines.</p> <p> <b>Male Genitalia:</b> Pygofer in lateral view subquadrate (Fig. 3 I), about 1.3 times wider than long; basal margin of pygofer straight downward, then protruding at ventral third; pygofer ventral view oval (Fig. 3 J); dorsal process of pygofer (dp) in lateral view cone like, ventrally directed (Fig. 3 I); ventral process of pygofer (vp) (= genital plate) in lateral view, about 0.7 times longer than posterior margin of pygofer; ventral processes of pygofer in ventral view bilobed, acute at tip and direct mesade (Fig. 3 J). Abdominal segment X cylindrical, subequal to the abdominal tergite of segment XI (XIt) in length. Aedeagus T-shaped (Figs. 3 O–P) in both dorsal and ventral views, joined with basal part and apical winged plate; basal part of aedeagus short in lateral view, cylindrical, and membranous; apical winged plate somewhat hardened; transversely enlarged at caudal view, widest at middle and with a obviously concave gonopore (Fig. 3 N). Genital style triangular, basal part narrow and gradually widening to apex (Figs. 3 K–L).</p> <p> <b>Measurements:</b> Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of tegmen): 3, 7.9 ± 0.2 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 8.5 ± 0.1 mm (n =2); Body width: 3, 3.8 ± 0.3 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 3.9 ± 0.3 mm (n =2).</p> <p> <b>Holotype: Male, TAIWAN</b>, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; Holotype depository: TARI.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: TAIWAN</b>, 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, II. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 5 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, III. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 2 males, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, V. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 3 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VIII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (TARI); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, ROC.).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> Named for the first author’s mother K. C. Kuan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> Taiwan.</p> <p> <b>Host plants:</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> This species can be distinguished easily from other <i>Jembra</i> species by the following characteristics: (1) antenna with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae (Figs. 2 G–H) on the expanded flagellar base; (2) pronotum without obvious lateral carinae, median carina interrupted by some longitudinal wrinkles on the anterior margin (Fig. 3 A); (3) frons with median longitudinal carina (Fig. 3 B); (4) wing with 3 apical cells and without pubescence in apical cells (Fig. 3 E); (5) the first tarsus with apical spines arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H); (6) the dorsal process of pygofer conical (Fig. 3 I); (7) genital style triangular (Figs. 3 K–L), without distinct slender inner and outer processes; (8) apical portion of aedeagus winged, and each lateral tip of winged portion directed ventrad (Figs. 3 O–P).</p>Published as part of <i>Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979</i> on pages 33-36, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185235">10.5281/zenodo.185235</a>
The design of a radio altimeter using frequency modulation method
No full textThesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1937 [second author], and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, 1937 [first author].MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ENGINEERING.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-110).by Shih-Nge Lin, Ieu-Liang Wu.M.S
Supplemental Material - Chronic Non-cancer Pain and Associated Risks of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
No full textSupplemental Material for Chronic Non-cancer Pain and Associated Risks of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias in Middle-Aged and Older Adults by Yi-Han Hu, Dong-Chul Seo, Lesa Huber, Patrick C. Shih, and Hsien-Chang Lin in Journal of Applied Gerontology.</p
On Six Dynasties "Imitative Poetry"(mo-ni shih)
No full textThere remain today nearly two hundred “imitative poems” (mo-ni shih 模擬詩) in the Six Dynasties period, including the sixty-three poems by ten poets in the Wen-hsaan JsZme. These poems are significant both in terms of their literary value and in their import for literary history when examined from the point of view of their critical and allegorical meaning. Mo-ni shih may be described as having the following three characteristics: 1) It arose on the swell of literary criticism that developed from the Wei and Chin periods on. 2) It designates a poetry written in imitating a poem and interpretation of its poet, and is the result of inquiry in a personal mode (i. e., the coherence of the poet's self, as well as the uniqueness of the other). 3) It has a probability of including an allegorical meaning such as hidden satirical or emotive import. There follows a considration of the mo-ni shih in the Wen-hsüan of the poets Lu Chi 陸機, Hsieh Ling-yün 謝靈運, and Chiang Yen 江淹. A) Lu Chi’s “Ni-ku Shih Shih-ssu shou” 擬古詩十四首: These poems reflect Lu Chi's feelings of lonliness in Lo-yang 洛陽. These poems may also be seen as putting into practice the theories on the Wen Fu 文賦 in which Lu Chi discussed his ideas concerning the many aspects of literary creation. B) Hsieh Ling-yün's “Ni Wei T'ai-tzu Yeh-chung Chi Shih Pashou” 擬魏太子鄴中集詩八首: There is a strong probability that the Yeh-chung Chi Shih that is the object of these poems did not exist, or, even if it did, that Hsieh's mo-ni shih are extremely free creations. The emotions expressed in these eight poems agree with the complex contradictions that his life and poetry so of ten contains. As such, these mo-ni shih may be regarded as the poet's projection into a series of poems of the emotions that were moving him. C) Chiang Yen's "Tsa-t'i-shih San shih Shou" 雜體詩三十首: Chiang Yen may have been writing about the period when he held the post of Historian. In these mo-ni shi he creates a history of poetry from the Han to Liu Sung Dynasties with an objective attitude toward literary history. However his investigation of the personal mode is detailed, the poems are in fact merely Chiang Yen's own interpretation of various poets. In mo-ni shih we can see both the continuity of tradition and a scheme of creativity. It is a genre that brought together those who received the poetical tradition with those who created it
Geração e distribuição de sinais ROF
No full textMestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesO trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação incidiu no estudo de técnicas de geração e distribuição de sinais rádio sobre fibra (RoF).
Numa primeira fase estudaram-se os vários componentes associados ao canal óptico, para se perceber de que forma cada um deles afecta os sinais RoF que se propagam, e quais serão as principais limitações associadas.
No seguimento desse estudo inicial, efectuou-se trabalho experimental, de transmissão de sinais rádio (3G) sobre um sistema óptico mono-canal, para se observar e verificar os fenómenos limitativos identificados anteriormente.
Posteriormente, foi abordada a geração de sinais rádio por multiplicação de frequência no domínio óptico, com reduzido custo e complexidade, utilizando um modulador Mach-Zhender em regime não-linear, considerando diferentes formatos de modulação. As simulações efectuadas incidiram na optimização das topologias e parâmetros associados aos diferentes componentes envolvidos, em particular na emissão e recepção.
Este trabalho serviu de base ao apresentado no capítulo 5, em que se simulou e optimizou um cenário de distribuição em rede óptica passiva multi-canal, de sinais OFDM, compatíveis com UWB, gerados por multiplicação de frequência no domínio óptico.The work presented in this dissertation focused on the study of techniques for the generation and distribution of radio signals over fiber (RoF).
Initially the various components associated to the optical channel were studied, to conclude how each of them affects the propagated RoF signals, and what are the key limitations associated.
Following this initial study, experimental work was carried out, the transmission of radio signals (3G) on a single-channel optical system was studied, to observe and verify the limiting phenomena identified earlier.
The next step was the generation of radio signals by frequency multiplication in the optical domain, with reduced cost and complexity, by using a Mach-Zehnder modulator in non-linear regime, considering different modulation formats. Several simulations were performed, focusing on optimizing topologies and parameters associated to the different components involved, especially in the transmitter and receiver.
The performed work was the basis to the concepts presented in Chapter 5, in which a distribution scenario involving a passive optical network with multi-channel OFDM signals, compatible with UWB, generated by frequency multiplication in the optical domain was simulated and optimized
Hydroxo-Bridged Dinuclear Cupric Complexes Encapsulated in Various Mesoporous Silicas to Mimic the Catalytic Activity of Catechol Oxidases: Reactivity and Selectivity Study
No full textPiezoelectric Plate Sensor for Isolation-free and Amplification-free Detection through an Innovative Combustion-Free Aqueous Materials Synthesis Route
No full textPiezoelectric plate sensor (PEPS) is a unique sensor platform developed in Shih and Shih laboratory capable of direct, in situ genetic detection with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sensitivity and specificity but without the need of gene isolation or amplification. The heart of the PEPS technology is a highly piezoelectric lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3)0.65-(PbTiO3)0.35 (PMN-PT) freestanding film. The difficulty and complexity of the synthesis processes for the lead magnesium niobate (PMN) power rendered PEPSs not reproducible. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the aqueous synthesis processes of PMN powder to achieve reproducible PEPSs for isolation-free and amplification-free genetic and immune- detections. The most challenging part of the initial PMN powder synthesis was a combustion step as a result of using ethylene glycol as the medium. The combustion step made the PMN powder finer, essential for making the freestanding film from which PEPSs were made. However, combustion also made the process uncontrollable and difficult to obtain reproducible PEPSs. In this study, we have successfully circumvented the combustion process and achieved similarly fine PMN powder through (1) stringent control of the aqueous synthesis process, (2) mechanical particle size reduction, and (3) creative two-step heating process to crystallize the PMN powder at the same crystallization temperature. The repeatability of these steps and reproducibility of the PEPSs sensors are characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size measurements, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination sintering of the freestanding film, and the temperature stability and detection performances of the PEPSs. Results showed that the newly fabricated PEPSs made by the new aqueous synthesis routes detected anti-Tn antigen IgM in serum at a concentration 25,000 times lower than the comparing ELISA and detected DNA at 60 copies/ml as comparable to the PEPSs made from the combustion method. We further carried out hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA detection in simulated sera in 30 min without isolation and amplification to illustrate the reliable performance of these newly fabricated PEPSs.Ph.D., Biomedical Engineering -- Drexel University, 201
Functional analysis of cold-induced protein PEACI11.8 of pea (Pisum sativum L.)
No full textPEACI11.8為豌豆幼苗(台中十一號)受低溫馴化誘導之蛋白質，屬於第二群胚胎成熟晚期富含蛋白質 (Group 2 LEA protein)。前人研究指出PEACI11.8基因轉錄產物於低溫處理6小時開始累積，處理6到10天之間到達最大量。一旦將豌豆幼苗去馴化後，PEACI11.8的表現量則迅速下降。此外，PEACI11.8的表現還會受到ABA及PEG處理誘導。本實驗第一部分利用阿拉伯芥轉殖系統探討PEACI11.8於組織及細胞層次上的分佈情形。首先利用PEACI11.8啟動子融合β-glucuronidase (GUS)基因，之後轉殖於阿拉伯芥來探討啟動子受逆境因子的活化程度及組織上的分佈。阿拉伯芥未經處理逆境因子的幼苗組織染色結果顯示PEACI11.8主要表現於頂端分生組織、根部維管束組織及側根長出處。7天阿拉伯芥幼苗受逆境因子處理之組織染色結果得知，PEACI11.8 啟動子受逆境因子處理後，全株植物呈現藍色且其活化程度依序為ABA>PEG>NaCl>Cold。30天株齡未處理逆境因子的植株組織染色結果得知PEACI11.8主要表現於柱頭、果莢及莖的離層。柱頭及離層細胞兩者共同特徵在於這些細胞不具有機械性保護屏障，所以可能易遭受病菌感染。由PEACI11.8啟動子分析也得知此一啟動子序列之中具有許多W box及ELRE調控序列。推測PEACI11.8在這些細胞之中參與保護防衛功能。我們也利用PEACI11.8啟動子趨動GFP::PEACI11.8融合蛋白質，探討PEACI11.8於細胞層次上的分佈。T1植株觀察結果顯示PEACI11.8主要位於保護細胞、根成熟部及延長部細胞。在T2幼苗中 (23個lines)，只在其中一個ABA處理的line發現GFP::PEACI11.8融合蛋白存在於側根長出處。但是此一結果與GUS組織染色結果一致，也證明了PEACI11.8在側根長出處扮演相當重的的角色。本實驗第二部分利用酵母菌及阿拉伯芥表現系統，探討大量表現PEACI11.8是否可提升逆境忍受程度。在酵母菌中利用GAL1啟動子大量表現PEACI11.8的結果顯示，無論在1.2M NaCl、 1.2M KCl 或是4℃處理後，大量表現PEACI11.8的酵母菌皆無法有效提升逆境忍受度。在阿拉伯芥中利用35S 啟動子量表現PEACI11.8的結果顯示，無論在100 mM NaCl、 5% PEG 或是0℃處理後，大量表現PEACI11.8的阿拉伯芥植株皆無法有效提升逆境忍受度。我們推測PEACI11.8在細胞中必須與其它蛋白質共同作用才能行使其功能。The pea cold acclimation induced protein PEACI11.8 is a group 2 late embryogenesis abundant protein involved in plant responses to stress. Previous study showed that the accumulation of its transcripts began within 6 hours of cold treatment and peaked between 4 and 10 days of treatment. The expression of this gene was rapidly down-regulated after the acclimated seedlings were transferred to normal ambient temperature. Otherwise, PEACI11.8 was also induced by ABA and PEG treatment. In the first part of this study, we provide evidence of the tissue and cell specificity of PEACI11.8 expression. We performed histochemical analysis of PEACI11.8 using β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays in Arabidopsis. The expression of PEACI11.8 promoter::GUS was detected at high level in shoot apical meristem, root vascular tissue and lateral root initiation zone of unstressed plant. In the 7-d-old stressed plants, whole plants appeared blue and the order of induction is ABA>PEG>NaCl>Cold. In adult plants, intense staining was detected in stigma, suggesting that PEACI11.8 has roles during pollen germination or pollen tube growth. Another intense staining site is abscission zone, these cells (stigma and abscission zone) share the characterization that they are unprotected by mechanical barriers and therefore are susceptible to microbial attack and one ELRE (elicitor response element) cis-element in PEACI11.8 promoter. We suggest that PEACI11.8 may play a secondary role of local defense response in stigma and abscission zone. We also used PEACI11.8 promoter to drive GFP-PEACI11.8 fusion protein in stable transformants to investigate subcellular localization. In T1 seedlings, we observed GFP::PEACI11.8 fusion protein expressed in guard cell, root maturation zones and elongation zones. Unfortunately, only one line treated with ABA (total 23 lines) in T2 seedlings expressed GFP-PEACI11.8 fusion protein in the lateral root initiation zone. This results is consistent to histochemical staining result, suggesting that PEACI11.8 may plays a important role in lateral root cells initiation. In the second part of this study, we used two expression systems to test the contribution of PEACI11.8 to stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. In the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system, PEACI11.8 was inserted into a multicopy plasmid under the transcriptional control of the yeast GAL1 promoter, and the expression of PEACI11.8 protein was confirmed by immunochemical methods. Yeast cells expressing PEACI11.8 did not show improved growth in 1.2M NaCl, 1.2M KCl and 4℃. In the Arabidopsis thaliana expression system, PEACI11.8 coding sequence was driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Transgenic plants showed no differences from wild type in normal or stress conditions.Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Abiotic stress …………………………………………………………………......1
1.2 Cold acclimation……………………………………………………..…….……...3
1.3 LEA proteins……………………………………………………………...…….....4
1.4 Properties of Dehydrins…………………………………………………………....5
1.5 Structure analysis of dehydrins………………………………………………...….8
1.6 Localization of dehydrins……………………………………………………….....9
1.7 Putative function of dehydrins…………………………………………………...10
1.8 History of PEACI11.8………………………………………………………….…12
Chapter 2. Materials and Methods…………………………………...……………13
2.1 Material…………………………………………………………………………..13
(A) Plant material…………………………………………………………………….13
(B) Microbial material……………………………………………………………….13
(C) Plasmid constructions……………………………………………………………13
(1) Native PEACI11.8 promoter::GUS construct……………………………….13
(2) Native PEACI11.8 promoter::GFP-PEACI11.8…………………………….14
(3) 35S promoter::PEACI11.8…………………………………………………..14
2.2 Methods……………………………...…………………………………………...15
2.2.1 Gene cloning………………………...…………………………………………15
(A) Preparation of E.coli competent cell……………………………………………..15
(B) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)………………………………………………16
(C) Ligation and transformation……………………………………………………...16
(D) Preparation of plasmid DNA…………………………………………………….17
(E) Gel elution………………………………………………………………………..18
2.2.2 Yeast transformation and survival assay……………………………………….19
(A) Medium…………………………………………………………………………..19
(B) Yeast transformation……………………………………………………………..20
(C) Preparation and analysis of protein extracts……………………………………...21
(D) Cold tolerance assay……………………………………………………………...21
(E) Generation of S. cerevisiae growth curves……………………………………….22
2.2.3 Plant transformation and survival assay………………………………………..22
(A) Agrobacterium competent cell preparation………………………………………22
(B) Agrobacterium competent cell transformation…………………………………..23
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(C) Floral dipping…………………………………………………………………….23
(D) Selection of transgenic plants……………………………………………………24
(E) Germination and growth conditions of transgenic plants………………………..25
(F) Genomic DNA extraction………………………………………………………..25
(G) Southern blotting…………………………………………………………………26
(H) Total protein extraction…………………………………………………………..29
(I) Western blotting………………………………………………………………….29
(J) Histochemical staining…………………………………………………………...31
(K) Quantification of GUS activity…………………………………………………..31
(L) Stress tolerance assay…………………………………………………………….33
(M) Electrolyte leakage test…………………………………………………………..33
(N) Cofocal microscopy……………………………………………………………...33
2.2.4 Phylogenetic tree analysis……………………………………………………...34
(A) Alignment……………………………………………………………………..….34
(B) Tree analysis…………………………………………………………………...…34
Chapter 3. Results……………………………………………………………..…....35
3.1 Phylogenetic tree analysis………………………………………………………..35
3.2 Using GUS reporter gene to investigate tissue specificity……………………….36
(1) Putative cis-elements in the PEACI11.8 promoter region…………………..36
(2) Southern blot analysis………………………………………………………37
(3) Histochemical analysis……………………………………………………...37
(4) PEACI11.8 promoter are activated by stress treatment……………………..38
3.3 Using GFP-PEACI11.8 fusion protein to observe subcellular localization………40
3.4 Overexpression of PEACI11.8 to test stress tolerance…………………………...40
3.4.1 Overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae………………………………….41
(1) Analysis of PEACI11.8 in S. cerevisiae………………………………………….41
(2) Effect of PEACI11.8 expression on yeast growth………………………………..41
(3) Effect of PEACI11.8 expression on cold tolerance………………………………42
3.4.2 Overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana……………………………………….42
(1) Identification of transgenic Arabidopsis plants………….………………….42
(2) Stress tolerance assay……………………………………………………….43
Chapter 4. Discussion……………………………………………………………...45
4.1 Promoter analysis………………………………………………………………...45
4.2 Histochemical studies of PEACI11.8 promoter::GUS transfomants……………..47
4.3 Localization of GFP-PEACI11.8 fusion protein………………………………….49
4.4 Overexpression of PEACI11.8 in yeast…………………………………………..50
4.5 Overexpression of PEACI11.8 in Arabidopsis…………………………………...51
References……………………………………………………………………………5
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