95 research outputs found
Tradition, Strategy, and Cultural Significance of Suggestive Irony in West Han Rhapsody – Taking Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong as Examples
No full text由於不合乎中國以人物、性情為主的文學傳統，歷來文學史對漢賦的討論或貶抑其為政治附庸，或純就鋪排技巧予以肯定，無論褒貶，皆將之視為文學疆域的邊陲。然而，在漢人自身的描述中，賦卻一度蘊含接續《詩》成為新經典的理想。兩種評價的巨大落差，實反映了評價背後對文學意義及其實踐方式的認知差異。本文希望透過對司馬相如、揚雄的賦作與相關文史資料的梳理，重建此一文學活動的情境，與漢人所理解的文學意義，為漢賦批評提供更加公平的參照基礎。
從漢人對詩賦淵源的論述可知，漢賦承繼了古詩「諷諭」的文化理想。所謂「諷諭」，不僅是針對單一事件諫說，更透過文學「動人」的特質，使接受者在整體浸淫中養成一觀看、感受的方式。唯因漢世政治社會與君臣關係大異於周代的貴族封建，是以漢賦的寫作策略整體上以「共感」取代了詩樂的「同情」：透過誇飾、戲擬及強勢的鋪排牽引，使讀者不得不離開熟習的觀看位置，重新檢視事物與判斷的距離。此一諷諭文化也能不斷提醒君主應在便宜的常規判斷外，保持鮮活的感知能力，而不淹沒在日益繁密的文飾與抽象價值中。
要言之，本文透過漢賦明顯的應用性，及作者與讀者的特殊關係限制，將文學放回原初的溝通表達模式中，以探究抒情、敘事等以作者、文本為主的文學研究外的另一種可能。Not following the Chinese literary tradition centered on figures and their characters, Han rhapsody (Han Fu) always seems to be put at the periphery of literary criticism -- either dismissed as only singing praises of the royalty, or valued for its craft of depicting. However, in the opinion of intellectuals during Han dynasty, the rhapsody was once expected to be the new classic that succeeds the Classic Odes (Shijing). The contrast between these two evaluations reflects two different value and practices of literature. Therefore, this thesis aims to reconstruct the field of the production of rhapsody, and the view of literature particular to it. By discussing the rhapsodies of Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong and related historical documents, this thesis hopes to offer another basis for the criticism of Han rhapsody.
In Han, the discourse of the relationship between the classic odes and rhapsodies suggests the latter inherit the idea of "suggestive irony". "Suggestive irony" is not only a mean to persuade the emperor, but also to cultivate a way of seeing and feeling for through affecting the reader in a particular way. Because of the revolution in the social and political environment and the change of the relationship between a majesty and his subjects, rhapsodies have taken the strategy to make readers feel, as compared to how classic odes make readers empathize. By exaggeration, parody and the use of compelling descriptions, rhapsodies force readers to leave their habitual mode of perceptions, and so to re-evaluate the discrepancies between facts and judgments. This kind of suggestive irony culture also reminds the emperor to keep a fresh perception, rather than drown in the increasingly decorative literary style and abstract values.
To sum up, this thesis hopes to put literature back to its original function of communication. Studying the special relationship between the author and the readers, and the obvious purposefulness of Han rhapsody, I will demonstrate another possible way of studying literature, which is quite different from the author/text-based studies of lyric/narrative tradition.序言 I
摘要 III
Abstract IV
目次 VI
凡例 1
第一章 緒論 2
第一節 問題的提出、假設與研究範圍 3
第二節 文獻回顧 13
一、漢賦研究概況 13
二、專題研究 18
（一）漢賦淵源 18
（二）漢賦如何諷諫 22
（三）諷諫與諷諭 24
第三節 研究方法與章節安排 27
第二章 《詩》與漢世諷諭文化淵源 30
第一節 「賦者，古詩之流」探義 30
第二節 風，風也，教也：諷諭的文化理念 41
一、釋「風」 42
二、釋「諭」 54
第三節 諫有五，吾從諷：漢世君臣倫理下的直諫與諷諫 65
第四節 小結 76
第三章 登高而賦，可以為大夫──漢賦之諷諭情境及策略 79
第一節 文學侍從身分下的君臣關係 82
第二節 文學侍從的語言策略──以「假設問對」為例 96
一、「風」與「宣」：使者的兩面性 98
二、「諷刺」抑或「諷諫」：話語共同體的理解基礎 105
第三節 睹物興情：新視角下的經驗與評斷 117
一、「同情」或「共感」：〈哀二世賦〉的諷諭精神 118
二、「體驗」與「經驗」：〈河東賦〉的誇飾與拔高 122
三、想像的飛昇：〈大人賦〉的游仙 127
第四節 小結 135
第四章 賦家之心，苞括宇宙，總覽人物
──漢賦諷諭策略背後的文化意義 136
第一節 「統類」與「推類」： 霸王之道下的兩種思維模式 137
一、兩種認知「宇宙」的方式 137
二、武、宣二帝的霸王之道 142
三、諷諭的「迂迴」與「推類」 150
第二節 〈天子游獵賦〉：帝國視野下的言辭與事物 155
一、釋題：「子虛」之辯 155
二、事物的敘述者「楚使子虛」 158
三、節養與推恩：「以推天子諸侯之苑囿」 165
第三節 是儀也，不可謂禮： 漢賦中的文章與文飾 176
一、甘泉泰畤的禮文與禮義 178
二、〈校獵賦〉的矛盾語調 182
第四節 小結 191
第五章 結語 193
參考書目 197
壹、古籍 197
貳、近人著作 201
一、專書 201
二、期刊與會議論文 206
三、學位論文 209
附表一：司馬相如、揚雄文章收錄表 21
Exploring patients and physicians interactions in telemedicine consultations: Three essays
No full textOnline health consultations have become a significant global trend, enabling patients to seek medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment via the internet. However, the nature of healthcare as a credence good and the virtual environment exacerbate uncertainty among patients. This uncertainty could give rise to various concerns, such as issues related to the constraints of single virtual consultations, a pronounced preference among patients for local physicians even in online settings, and concerns regarding physician moral hazard in the absence of direct face-to-face interactions. This dissertation comprises three essays that comprehensively analyze the challenges and corresponding solutions in online health consultations, aiming to enhance the value of this emerging healthcare market. The first essay examines the impact of omnichannel integration on healthcare for chronic patients. Using the potential dyads approach, we find that physicians adopting omnichannel integration are more frequently selected for paid online consultations by new patients. However, this effect is considerably less pronounced among existing patients compared to new ones. The second essay investigates patient home heuristics in the telemedicine market. Utilizing a difference-in-difference model and leveraging the exogenous event of cross-regional direct insurance reimbursement, the study examines the presence of patient home heuristics in the virtual care marketplace and evaluates the impact of the insurance policy on patient home heuristics. The findings indicate a strong preference among patients for choosing physicians from their home province for online consultations. In addition, although this new insurance policy is implemented offline, it exerts a spillover effect online, significantly attenuating home heuristics among online patients. The third essay examines the role of patient co-creation in healthcare performance, emphasizing patients' crucial role in the care delivery process. The study proposes a new conceptual model for online patient co-creation activities and investigates whether these activities can mitigate physician moral hazard and enhance service satisfaction. Preliminary results indicate that enhanced patient co-creation significantly improves overall patient satisfaction and mitigates the negative effects of physician moral hazard on patient satisfaction
Evaluating the Comparative Toxicity of DBP Mixtures from Different Disinfection Scenarios: A New Approach by Combining Freeze-Drying or Rotoevaporation with a Marine Polychaete Bioassay
No full textThe
unintended formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may
compromise the safety of drinking water. Since no specified DBPs have
been found to be responsible for the overall adverse effects and over
half of total organic halogen (TOX) remains unidentified, DBP mixture
toxicity is gaining increasing interest as a potential indicator of
how risky drinking water might be. In this study, a new approach to
evaluating the toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures was developed
by combining freeze-drying or rotoevaporation pretreatment with an
in vivo high-salinity-tolerance bioassay with the embryos of a marine
polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. The DBP recoveries
by freeze-drying or rotoevaporation were compared with those by commonly
applied liquid–liquid-extraction (LLE). For drinking water
subjected to typical disinfection processes (i.e., chlorination, chloramination,
chlorine dioxide treatment, and ozonation with or without postchlorination),
LLE led to the lowest TOX recovery (11–18%) and the loss of
all inorganic DBPs, while freeze-drying and rotoevaporation recovered
28–58% and 35–61% of TOX, respectively, and effectively
recovered 81–99% and 85–104% of inorganic DBPs, respectively.
Thus, LLE caused an underestimation of the toxicity of DBP mixtures
compared with freeze-drying and rotoevaporation. Besides, the comparative
toxicity varied significantly for water samples pretreated with different
methods due to the effect of inorganic DBPs and a synergistic effect
of organic and inorganic DBPs. The new approach revealed that the
bromide-rich source water disinfected with ozone caused the highest
developmental toxicity, followed by those disinfected with chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, and chloramine in that order
Evaluating the comparative toxicity of DBP mixtures: a new approach by combining freeze-drying or rotoevaporation with a marine polychaete bioassay
No full textEvaluating the Comparative Toxicity of DBP Mixtures from Different Disinfection Scenarios: A New Approach by Combining Freeze-Drying or Rotoevaporation with a Marine Polychaete Bioassay
No full textThe unintended formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may compromise the safety of drinking water. Since no specified DBPs have been found to be responsible for the overall adverse effects and over half of total organic halogen (TOX) remains unidentified, DBP mixture toxicity is gaining increasing interest as a potential indicator of how risky drinking water might be. In this study, a new approach to evaluating the toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures was developed by combining freeze-drying or rotoevaporation pretreatment with an in vivo high-salinity-tolerance bioassay with the embryos of a marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. The DBP recoveries by freeze-drying or rotoevaporation were compared with those by commonly applied liquid-liquid-extraction (LLE). For drinking water subjected to typical disinfection processes (i.e., chlorination, chloramination, chlorine dioxide treatment, and ozonation with or without postchlorination), LLE led to the lowest TOX recovery (11-18%) and the loss of all inorganic DBPs, while freeze-drying and rotoevaporation recovered 28-58% and 35-61% of TOX, respectively, and effectively recovered 81-99% and 85-104% of inorganic DBPs, respectively. Thus, LLE caused an underestimation of the toxicity of DBP mixtures compared with freeze-drying and rotoevaporation. Besides, the comparative toxicity varied significantly for water samples pretreated with different methods due to the effect of inorganic DBPs and a synergistic effect of organic and inorganic DBPs. The new approach revealed that the bromide-rich source water disinfected with ozone caused the highest developmental toxicity, followed by those disinfected with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine in that order.</p
The current situation and the driving mechanism of energy consumption in China in the context of the peak of carbon emissions in 2030
No full textThe Chinese economy is actively switching to the use of gas in the energy sector and in the residential sector. At the same time, with the scale of the Chinese economy, coal will be in demand for a long time, since technological and economic reasons make it difficult to quickly abandon this raw material in favor of less carbon-intensive types of energy resources. China is the world's largest consumer and importer of energy resources, whose structure has long relied on the use of coal for electricity generation. Stable economic growth and the development of industrial production in the country have caused serious environmental problems associated with the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The article discusses the main aspects of the current situation of energy consumption in China in the context of the peak of carbon emissions in 2030. The author conducted a meta-regression analysis, the results are shown in Table 1. The framework of China's climate policy is considered in detail, as well as how China will reach a peak in carbon emissions by 2030. The regression results show that all variables are significant for peak CO2 emissions, with the exception of the variable rate of decrease in the intensity of carbon emissions at the peak of carbon emissions (peakCEI), significant for the time of peak carbon emissions, with the exception of the variable paper type (PTY), impact factor (IF), classification of the share of coal at the peak of carbon emissions (yblcal) and the share of coal at the peak of carbon emissions (pnf). According to the author, in the future China should conduct in-depth research in these areas, including studying the optimal path to the carbon peak based on the cost-benefit theory, improve methods of accounting for greenhouse gas inventories, actively promote the progress of clean energy technologies, improving the quality of economic development, etc
Nonhalogenated Aromatic DBPs in Drinking Water Chlorination: A Gap between NOM and Halogenated Aromatic DBPs
No full textHalogenated disinfection
byproducts (DBPs) are generated via reactions
with natural organic matter (NOM) in chlorine disinfection of drinking
water. How large NOM molecules are converted to halogenated aliphatic
DBPs during chlorination remains a fascinating yet largely unresolved
issue. Recently, many relatively toxic halogenated aromatic DBPs have
been identified in chlorinated drinking waters, and they behave as
intermediate DBPs to decompose to halogenated aliphatic DBPs. There
is still one gap between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. In this
study, nine nonhalogenated aromatic compounds were identified as new
intermediate DBPs in chlorination, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid,
5-formyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphthalic acid, 4′-hydroxyacetophenone,
4-methylbenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde. These nonhalogenated
aromatic DBPs formed quickly and reached the maximum levels at relatively
low chlorine doses within a short contact time, and their formation
pathways were proposed. The formation kinetics of three nonhalogenated
aromatic DBPs and their corresponding monochloro-/dichloro-substitutes
during chlorination were then modeled. The nonhalogenated aromatic
DBPs contributed up to 84% of the formed monochloro-substitutes and
22% of the formed dichloro-substitutes, demonstrating that they somewhat
acted as intermediates between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs.
Furthermore, the formed nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs were found to
be removed by >50% by granular activated carbon adsorption
Formation of Larger Molecular Weight Disinfection Byproducts from Acetaminophen in Chlorine Disinfection
No full textAcetaminophen is widely used to treat mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever. Under the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, this over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer has been drastically consumed, which makes it even more abundant than ever in municipal wastewater and drinking water sources. Chlorine is the most widely used oxidant in drinking water disinfection, and chlorination generally causes the degradation of organic compounds, including acetaminophen. In this study, a new reaction pathway in the chlorination of acetaminophen, i.e., oxidative coupling reactions via acetaminophen radicals, was investigated both experimentally and computationally. Using an ultraperformance liquid chromatograph coupled to an electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, we detected over 20 polymeric products in chlorinated acetaminophen samples, some of which have structures similar to the legacy pollutants "polychlorinated biphenyls". Both C-C and C-O bonding products were found, and the corresponding bonding processes and kinetics were revealed by quantum chemical calculations. Based on the product confirmation and intrinsic reaction coordinate computations, a pathway for the formation of the polymeric products in the chlorination of acetaminophen was proposed. This study suggests that chlorination may cause not only degradation but also upgradation of a phenolic compound or contaminant.</p
Nonhalogenated Aromatic DBPs in Drinking Water Chlorination: A Gap between NOM and Halogenated Aromatic DBPs
No full textHalogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are generated via reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) in chlorine disinfection of drinking water. How large NOM molecules are converted to halogenated aliphatic DBPs during chlorination remains a fascinating yet largely unresolved issue. Recently, many relatively toxic halogenated aromatic DBPs have been identified in chlorinated drinking waters, and they behave as intermediate DBPs to decompose to halogenated aliphatic DBPs. There is still one gap between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. In this study, nine nonhalogenated aromatic compounds were identified as new intermediate DBPs in chlorination, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 5-formyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphthalic acid, 4′-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-methylbenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde. These nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs formed quickly and reached the maximum levels at relatively low chlorine doses within a short contact time, and their formation pathways were proposed. The formation kinetics of three nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs and their corresponding monochloro-/dichloro-substitutes during chlorination were then modeled. The nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs contributed up to 84% of the formed monochloro-substitutes and 22% of the formed dichloro-substitutes, demonstrating that they somewhat acted as intermediates between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. Furthermore, the formed nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs were found to be removed by >50% by granular activated carbon adsorption.</p
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