197,214 research outputs found
Proximate factors underpinning receiver responses to deceptive false alarm calls in wild tufted capuchin monkeys: is it counterdeception?
No full textPrevious research demonstrates that tufted capuchin monkeys use terrestrial predator alarm calls in a functionally deceptive manner to distract conspecifics when feeding on contestable resources, although the success of this tactic is limited because listeners frequently ignore these calls when given in such situations. While this decreased response rate is suggestive of a counterstrategy to deception by receivers, the proximate factors underpinning the behavior are unclear. The current study aims to test if the decreased response rate to alarm calls in competitive contexts is better explained by the perception of subtle acoustic differences between predator-elicited and deceptive false alarms, or by receivers varying their responses based on the context in which the signal is received. This was tested by first examining the acoustic structure of predator-elicited and deceptive false alarms for any potentially perceptible acoustic differences, and second by comparing the responses of capuchins to playbacks of each of predator-elicited and false alarms, played back in noncompetitive contexts. The results indicate that deceptive false alarms and predator-elicited alarms show, at best, minimal acoustic differences based on the structural features measured. Likewise, playbacks of deceptive false alarms elicited antipredator reactions at the same rate as did predator-elicited alarms, although there was a nonsignificant tendency for false alarms to be more likely to elicit escape reactions. The lack of robust acoustic differences together with the high response rate to false alarms in noncompetitive contexts suggests that the context in which the signal is received best explains receiver responses. It remains unclear, however, if listeners ascribe different meanings to the calls based on context, or if they generally ignore all signals in competitive contexts. Whether or not the decreased response rate of receivers directly stems from the deceptive use of the calls cannot be determined until these latter possibilities are rigorously tested
Individual, contextual, and age-related acoustic variation in Simakobu (Simias concolor) loud calls.
No full textPrimate loud calls have the potential to encode information about the identity, arousal, age, or physical condition of the caller, even at long distances. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the acoustic features of the loud calls produced by a species of Asian colobine monkey (simakobu, Simias concolor). Adult male simakobu produce loud calls spontaneously and in response to loud sounds and other loud calls, which are audible more than 500 m. Individual differences in calling rates and durations exist, but it is unknown what these differences signal and which other acoustic features vary among individuals. We aimed to describe the structure and usage of calls and to examine acoustic features that vary within and among individuals. We determined the context of 318 loud calls and analyzed 170 loud calls recorded from 10 adult males at an undisturbed site, Pungut, Siberut Island, Indonesia. Most calls (53%) followed the loud call of another male, 31% were spontaneous, and the remaining 16% followed a loud environmental disturbance. The fundamental frequency (F0) decreased while inter-unit intervals (IUI) increased over the course of loud call bouts, possibly indicating caller fatigue. Discriminant function analysis indicated that calls were not well discriminated by context, but spontaneous calls had higher peak frequencies, suggesting a higher level of arousal. Individual calls were distinct and individuals were mainly discriminated by IUI, call duration, and F0. Loud calls of older males had shorter IUI and lower F0, while middle-aged males had the highest peak frequencies. Overall, we found that calls were individually distinct and may provide information about the age, stamina, and arousal of the calling male, and could thus be a way for males and females to assess competitors and mates from long distances
Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host
No full textEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage
supplemental_material - The Perils of Service Contract Divestment: When and Why Customers Seek Revenge and How It Can Be Attenuated
No full textsupplemental_material for The Perils of Service Contract Divestment: When and Why Customers Seek Revenge and How It Can Be Attenuated by Christina M. Haenel, Hauke A. Wetzel and Maik Hammerschmidt in Journal of Service Research</p
Supplemental Material, JSR_Executive_Summary_23Jan2019_ch_MH_(2) - The Perils of Service Contract Divestment: When and Why Customers Seek Revenge and How It Can Be Attenuated
No full textSupplemental Material, JSR_Executive_Summary_23Jan2019_ch_MH_(2) for The Perils of Service Contract Divestment: When and Why Customers Seek Revenge and How It Can Be Attenuated by Christina M. Haenel, Hauke A. Wetzel and Maik Hammerschmidt in Journal of Service Research</p
Exercitatio Antibaroniana Secunda de Imperio a Graecis Derelicto
No full textquam in ... Illustri Gymnasio ad fontes salutares Sub Praesidio ... M. Joh. Friderici Krebsii ... publicae ventilationi exponet D. Augusti. A. M.DC.LXXVIII. Johannes Caspar Hammerschmidt. Onold.Nicht identisch mit VD17 12:181584Z (Ausgabe ohne Widmung auf der Rückseite des Tbl.; leichte Abweichungen bei Schreibweisen und Zeilenfall auf dem Tbl.). - Ex. ist unvollst., daher Alternativfingerprint und ergänzende Angaben der Druckvariante 12:181584Z entnomme
Acoustic features of male baboon loud calls: Influences of context, age, and individuality
No full textThe acoustic structure of loud calls (“wahoos”) recorded from free-ranging male baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, was examined for differences between and within contexts, using calls given in response to predators (alarm wahoos), during male contests (contest wahoos), and when a male had become separated from the group (contact wahoos). Calls were recorded from adolescent, subadult, and adult males. In addition, male alarm calls were compared with those recorded from females. Despite their superficial acoustic similarity, the analysis revealed a number of significant differences between alarm, contest, and contact wahoos. Contest wahoos are given at a much higher rate, exhibit lower frequency characteristics, have a longer “hoo” duration, and a relatively louder “hoo” portion than alarm wahoos. Contact wahoos are acoustically similar to contest wahoos, but are given at a much lower rate. Both alarm and contest wahoos also exhibit significant differences among individuals. Some of the acoustic features that vary in relation to age and sex presumably reflect differences in body size, whereas others are possibly related to male stamina and endurance. The finding that calls serving markedly different functions constitute variants of the same general call type suggests that the vocal production in nonhuman primates is evolutionarily constrained
There is no I in “Team”: Learning from Team Success and Failure for Retail Performance Improvement
No full textLearning from individual experiences has been described as an important predictor of organizational performance. In contrast, little is known about how prior success and failure experiences at the team-level impact performance and whether goal accomplishment moderates the learning process. In this study, we investigate 573 dispatcher-driver teams that work together in delivering groceries to retail stores. We analyse daily-level data for 13,246 deliveries during a period of four months. We find support for the argument that prior team success increases current delivery performance while performance declines with increasing number of failures. We also show that teams learn from failures when service-level goals in the prior period have been accomplished. In contrast, success-based learning is reinforced when goals in the most recent period are accomplished . These findings illuminate the conditions under which teams can be enabled to learn from prior successes and failures. For supply chain managers, the study informs how feedback about goal accomplishment for different time periods can boost learning rates
When Sales Agents aren’t Human: How Identity Disclosure, Social Presence, and Speciesism Shape Trust
No full textBased on the research article: De Cicco, R., Elmashhara, M. G., Silva, S. C., & Hammerschmidt, M. (2025). The impact of providing non-human identity cues about sales agents on consumer responses: the role of social presence and speciesism activation. European Journal of Marketing, 59(13), 55-84
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