2,970 research outputs found
Macnamara_Open_Practices_Disclosure – Supplemental material for How Firm Are the Foundations of Mind-Set Theory? The Claims Appear Stronger Than the Evidence
No full textSupplemental material, Macnamara_Open_Practices_Disclosure for How Firm Are the Foundations of Mind-Set Theory? The Claims Appear Stronger Than the Evidence by Alexander P. Burgoyne, David Z. Hambrick and Brooke N. Macnamara in Psychological Science</p
Advocating a utilitarian profession in a Kantian world? LIS ethical reflection and the challenges of political philosophy
No full textThe over-arching political philosophy of the past 30 years has seen a movement from the Utilitarian principles that had dominated since the mid to late Victorian period to a more Kantian, rights-based approach to justification of public services and professions. Political philosophy has a major impact on the ethical parameters in which professions operate. In publically-funded libraries a change in such philosophy can alter the aims and objectives of the organisation, and even the justification for its very existence. In a sector that grew out of the Utilitarian era, such as public libraries, old arguments for advocacy that have been used historically hold little sway with elected officials and managers inculcated within a rights-based framework. LIS professional education rarely fills such gaps; while many LIS courses contain modules that deal in professional ethics, a key tangential issue is the understanding of political philosophy and the motivations and beliefs of those who fund library services. Conversely many elected officials come to public service with an education that covers the broadest range of political philosophy. In the UK, North America and Europe, for instance, the PPE degree (politics, philosophy, and economics) and its variants are a staple of the ruling classes. Such a background sees them well able to understand and be able to rebut any arguments for justifying services that do not fit into the rights-based approach. LIS professionals’ ethical reflection must become more strategic and be aimed at advocacy that is effective and will be understood by elected officials influenced by rights-based arguments. Utilising the public library service as an example, this paper will identify how many in the profession may have strategically misfired in terms of their advocacy approach, and instead suggest how ethical reflection could be enhanced by presenting the justification of library services within the philosophical context of the day, and how in doing so fill a major gap in the knowledge of many library and information professionals. It will be argued that used in partnership with ethical codes, such a focused ethical reflection can take such static documents and apply them to myriad real scenarios, enabling them to become a living embodiment of active ethical reflection in library and information services
The visceral screen: Between the cinemas of John Cassavetes and David Cronenberg, a Barthesian perspective
No full textThe thesis discusses two directors who are never considered together in academic discourse. Cassavetes’ perceived focus on events led by the dynamics of performance and his looseness of technique opposes the calculated compositions of the Cronenberg film, with its aesthetic of horrific images and its gallery of emotionally detached protagonists. Yet it is between such opposing methods of cinematic expression that the ineffable qualities of film aesthetics can be discovered. Cassavetes’ cinema achieves this by revelling in a surplus of activity that exceeds narrative, while the indescribable characteristics of the Cronenberg oeuvre is achieved through a systematic emptying of the image’s meaning through a simultaneous commitment to paring back emotion and portraying of images that are controversial and inconceivable. Taken together, the thesis identifies these aspects of film as ‘the visceral,’ a facet of the moving image that most certainly exists, but is resolutely, and disturbingly resistant to interpretation.
Roland Barthes’ writings are integral to a theory of the visceral. His re-evaluation of Saussurean semiology as a method of analyzing and undoing ideologically-imposed meanings informs readings of sequences from Cassavetes and Cronenberg’s films. Following Barthes, the thesis suggests that the existence of the visceral is realized as a resistance to ideological interpretations of the image, and so cannot be described. Ultimately, the inability of semiology to fully grasp certain aspects of the filmed image is put forward as a rejoinder to theories of the fiction film as principally a narrative medium
Investigating choking under pressure in novice participants across digital and live platforms
No full textThe phenomenon of individuals underperforming relative to their typical skill level under stressful situations, or performance pressure, is colloquially known as "choking under pressure." This project aims to investigate two major questions: (a) can a performance pressure paradigm that has proven successful in past laboratory investigations be replicated in an online, self-administered (OSA) environment? and (b) are there reliable individual differences in choking, and if so, do they correlate with psychological traits? These questions are investigated in two experiments in the cognitive and psychomotor domains by training novice participants in modular arithmetic (MA) and golf putting tasks, respectively. Performance pressure was manipulated in participants via a combination of monetary incentives and mock recording performances. In both experiments, the pressure manipulations failed to induce expected choking effects, which were based on the following: (a) changes in performance from baseline to pressure trials, (b) whether participants felt increased perceived pressure, and (c) how strongly participants believed the pressure manipulations. Participants from the in-person/golf putting study even saw improvements in performance from baseline to pressure trials. The reliability estimates for difference-based choking measures were low for both OSA/MA and in-person/golf putting, except for response time (RT) for MA. Correlations were found between the choking measure and some individual difference measures, but this should be interpreted with caution. There was also evidence of a speed-accuracy trade-off in MA, as accuracy and RT were negatively correlated.Thesis (M.A.)--Michigan State University. Psychology, 2023Includes bibliographical reference
Mechanisms and implications of retest effects in Raven's advanced progressive matrices
No full textRetest effects are common in higher order cognitive tasks, reflecting the effects of practice. One such task is Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (Raven's), the gold standard for tests of fluid intelligence. This study examines two questions concerning retest effects in Raven's: whether the underlying mechanisms include item memory, strategy learning, or both, and whether learning on Raven's affects its validity as a predictive test. We conducted a two-session, remotely administered study in which participants performed either identical Raven's forms in each session, alternate Raven's forms in each session, or a control task in Session 1 and Raven's in Session 2. Raven's form was fully counterbalanced. At the end of Session 2, participants completed tests of fluid intelligence. Results suggest strategy learning, not item memory, is responsible for retest effects. Additionally, correlations between Raven's and the criterion tasks increased between sessions. The experimental results suggest strategy learning may be responsible for this increase, although transient error across sessions may also play a role.Thesis (M.A.)--Michigan State University. Psychology, 2023Includes bibliographical reference
The Timing of Misinformation Matters : Sleep both increases memory distortion and protects against it
No full textPrior work investigating the effect of sleep on false memory using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm has yielded equivocal results. Here, we sought to clarify the effect of sleep on false memory using the misinformation paradigm. Participants watched a film of a mock robbery, were given post-event misinformation about the film, and completed a recognition test after a 12-hour retention interval that consisted of waking activity or sleep. We manipulated when participants received misinformation; half received misinformation after watching the film and before the retention interval and half received misinformation after the retention interval, before the test. Thus, for participants who slept, half received misinformation prior to sleep and half received it after a sleep period. Most interesting, we found an interaction between sleep condition and timing of misinformation. In the sleep group, participants who received misinformation before the retention interval showed higher false memory than those who received misinformation after the retention interval. Timing of misinformation did not affect false memory in the wake condition. These results suggest that consolidation processes can have opposite effects on false memory. If conflicting information is presented after sleep, consolidation protects memory from distortion possibly by mitigating interference effects. However, the same consolidation processes may increase distortion if conflicting information is presented prior to sleep possibly by integrating related memories that are available at the time of sleep (i.e. the true event and the conflicting information). This work has implications for theories of memory and applied implications for the criminal justice system.Thesis (M.A.)--Michigan State University. Psychology - Master of Arts, 2020Includes bibliographical reference
The impact of visualizations in promoting informed natural resource decisions
No full textThe research in this dissertation was conducted in order to understand the ways in which scientific visualizations can influence the decision process of non-scientists. A wide variety of classical and novel methods were used in order to capture and analyze the decision process. Data were collected from non-scientists through role-play interviews on an interactive whiteboard, as well as a desktop eye-tracking device. These interviews were analyzed through qualitative content analysis, cognitive mapping decision analysis, and computerized network analysis. In the natural resource scenario given to these participants, these numerous techniques show that map style images promote the most complex, informed, and efficient decision strategies when compared to other visualizations or plain text.Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Geological Sciences, 2013Includes bibliographical references (pages 136-143
Why are some people more knowledgeable than others? A longitudinal study of knowledge acquisition
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