1,720,978 research outputs found
An improved method for the determination of chlorpyrifos in palm oil matrices using gas chromatography
No full textWater footprint: part 1 - production of oil palm seedlings in peninsular Malaysia
No full textThe oil palm nursery is the first link in the palm oil supply chain where oil palm seedlings are produced for the cultivation of palms in plantations. The water footprint for this study focuses on the volume of water required for the production of oil palm seedlings in Malaysia, which include direct and indirect water consumption. This study was carried out at 21 nurseries in Peninsular Malaysia for the duration of four years. In this study, the water footprint is expressed as water volume per unit of the product, i.e. m3 t-1 fresh fruit bunch (FFB). This article outlines the components of water footprint which are associated with the production of oil palm seedlings. The methodology used to calculate water footprint for the production of oil palm seedlings was based on water footprint network. The results showed that the direct blue water footprint was 1.57E-01 m3 t-1 FFB, contributed by irrigation water using sprinklers and also the water used for pesticides application. The total indirect blue water footprint contributed by all the inputs such as diesel, electricity and polybags was 1.46E-04 m3 t-1 FFB. Green and grey water footprint was found to be 3.10E-01 and 1.83E-03 m3 t-1 FFB, respectively. From the analysis, it was found that the water footprint for the production of oil palm seedlings were 1.57E-01, 3.10E-01 and 1.83E-03 m3 t-1 FFB for the blue, green and grey components, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the volume of polluted water (grey water footprint) associated with the production of oil palm seedlings was very minimal
The fate of diuron in soil in a Malaysian oil palm plantation
No full textA field study on the leaching and persistence of herbicide diuron in an oil palm agro ecosystem was conducted in an oil palm plantation in Sepang, Selangor. Two treatments, namely the recommended and double the recommended dosage of diuron were applied in the field trial. Diuron was sprayed using a knapsack sprayer (18 litres) at the rate of 0.3 kg ha-1 (recommended dosage) and 0.6 kg ha-1 (double the recommended dosage). Soil samples were collected at different depths, viz. 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm at the following intervals: -1 day (before treatment), 0 day (day of treatment, 6 hr later), 1 day, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment. Diuron residue was detected in the soil sampled at all depths, for both the dosages applied from day 0 to 60 days after treatment (DAT), with the exception of day 90 where it was only detected at the 0-10 cm depth when the plot was sprayed at double the recommended dosage. The calculated half-life of diuron when applied at both dosages was also determined and results showed that the half-life of diuron in soil when applied at the recommended and double the recommended dosage was in the range of 22.35 - 49.5 days and 18.73 - 57.75 days, respectively
Optimization of the sweep co-distillation clean-up method for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in palm oil
No full textThe optimum conditions were developed for the quantitative recovery of organochlorine pesticide residues in palm oil using a commercial sweep co-distillation apparatus. Under the optimum conditions (245oC distillation temperature, 250 ml min-1 nitrogen flow rate, 45 min sweep time) and using a trap packed with sodium sulphate and partially deactivated Florisil, the recoveries of 14 organochlorine pesticide residues at ppm and ppb levels in a spiked oil matrix were >80%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 5.6% - 9.9%. However, the recovery for endrin ketone was below 80% with a coefficient of variation of 8.5%. The cleaned-up extracts were quantified by gas chromatography using a micro-electron capture detector with a fused silica capillary column containing a non-polar bonded phase
A rapid and cost effective ultrasonic solvent extraction method for determination of ?-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin residues in soil
No full textAn effective, simple, and cost effective ultrasonic solvent extraction procedure was developed for the determination of ?-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin residues in soil by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Several extraction parameters were optimised with regard to the solvent type, solvent volume and duration of sonication. Under the optimum conditions, recovery studies were performed at five fortification levels (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 ?g g-1). The recovery level ranged from 93.99% to 101.49% and 90.59% to 99.50% for ?-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin respectively. The relative standard deviation values were less than 4% in all cases. The sensitivitiy of the method was acceptable with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0025 ?g g-1 and 0.01 ?g g-1 for ?-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied successfully for residue determination of both ?-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin in soil samples from an oil palm plantation in Labu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Downward movement of chlorpyrifos in the soil of an oil palm plantation in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
No full textA study on the leaching of chlorpyrifos in an oil palm agro ecosystem was conducted in an oil palm plantation in Sepang, Selangor. The insecticide chlorpyrifos was sprayed using a knapsack sprayer at the recommended and double the recommended dosage. Soil samples were collected at different depths, viz. 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm at the following intervals: -1 day (before treatment), 0 day (day of treatment, 6 hr later), 1 day, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days after treatment. Recovery of chlorpyrifos from the soil spiked with chlorpyrifos at 4-50 ?g kg-1 ranged from 88%-99% with the coefficients of variation ranging from 2.0% to 7.5%. Chlorpyrifos residue was detected at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths when applied at the recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively. The residue was only detected in the soil for up to five and seven days after treatment, respectively, when applied at the recommended and double the recommended dosages.</div
Determination of ?-cyhalothrin in palm and palm kernel oils using tandem solid-phase extraction cartridges
No full textThis article outlines a new method based on low-temperature fat precipitation extraction with acetonitrile and graphitised carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA) solid-phase extraction clean-up for the extraction of ?-cyhalothrin residue in both crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). Determination of ?-cyhalothrin was then carried out using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Analyses for ?-cyhalothrin in palm oil and palm kernel oil samples spiked with different levels of ?-cyhalothrin (0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ?g g-1) were performed. Mean recoveries for six replicates ranged from 82% to 98% for CPO and from 86% to 94% for CPKO, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 10% in most cases. The limit of detection for ?-cyhalothrin in both CPO and CPKO was 0.05 ?g g-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ?-cyhalothrin in CPO samples obtained from local palm oil mills throughout Malaysia. No ?-cyhalothrin was found in the 30 samples analysed
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