1,721,114 research outputs found
Cognitive and motivational assessment of prospective memory during aging
No full textLa mémoire prospective (MP) est notre capacité à nous souvenir de réaliser des intentions à un moment déterminé dans le futur. La littérature scientifique dans ce domaine fait état d'un effet paradoxal lié au vieillissement, à savoir un effet bénéfique de l'âge en situation naturelle qui contraste avec un effet délétère observé en situation de laboratoire. Certains facteurs motivationnels contribueraient à réduire les effets délétères du vieillissement sur la MP, y compris en situation de laboratoire. La prévalence des oublis de MP constitue une part importante des difficultés mnésiques rencontrées dans la vie quotidienne et suscite l'intérêt des cliniciens et chercheurs, particulièrement au cours du vieillissement, avec ou sans troubles. Toutefois, la MP ne fait pas encore l'objet d'une évaluation systématique dans la pratique clinique courante, notamment en raison de l'absence d'épreuve spécifique et validée en langue française. Cette thèse avait pour objectif de 1) mieux comprendre l'influence de l'importance sociale et de la promesse d'une récompense sur les composantes de la MP event-based au cours du vieillissement à travers une modélisation multinomiale 2) établir une synthèse systématique des outils spécifiquement dédiés à l'évaluation de la MP et 3) procéder à l'adaptation en langue française du Virtual Week auprès d'adultes jeunes et âgés. Nos résultats ont pu mettre en évidence que la manipulation de l'importance améliorait le rappel en MP event-based chez les participants jeunes. De plus, l'importance sociale contribuait à réduire l'effet délétère de l'âge sur la performance en MP. L'analyse multinomiale a permis de préciser que les effets bénéfiques de l'importance de la tâche sur la MP étaient dus à une implication accrue des processus attentionnels préparatoires (la composante prospective) sans que les processus de reconnaissance rétrospectifs (la composante rétrospective) soient influencés par nos manipulations expérimentales. Notre revue systématique de la littérature a permis d'identifier 16 mesures dédiées à l'évaluation de la MP. Les résultats ont également pu mettre en évidence que l'adaptation française du Virtual Week s'avérait sensible à l'effet de l'âge et aux variations de performances entre les tâches event-based et time-based, ainsi que pour les tâches régulières et irrégulières. Ensemble, les travaux de cette thèse contribuent à enrichir notre compréhension des effets de l'importance et du vieillissement sur la MP, tout en proposant aux cliniciens et aux chercheurs de nouvelles opportunités en matière d'évaluationProspective memory (PM) is our ability to remember to carry out intentions at a specific time in the future. Previous research has highlighted an intriguing pattern of age-related deficit in laboratory settings while paradoxically, benefits are observed in naturalistic settings. Some motivational factors would contribute to reducing age-related difference in PM performance in laboratory settings. The prevalence of PM failures accounts for a substantial proportion of memory problems in everyday life and has attracted the interest of both clinicians and researchers. However, PM is still not systematically evaluated in everyday clinical practice due to the lack of measure specifically devoted to the assessment of its capacities. The purpose of this thesis was to provide 1) a better understanding about the influence of social importance and promising a material reward on the components of event-based PM during aging with the use of multinomial modeling 2) an overview of the assessment tools specifically devoted to the assessment of PM and 3) an adapted version the Virtual Week for the assessment of PM abilities among a sample of healthy younger and older French adults for use in daily clinical practice. Our results revealed that social importance and promising a material reward improved event-based PM performance in younger adults. Besides, social importance contributed to reducing the deleterious effect of aging on PM performance. The model-based analyses indicated that the beneficial effects of task importance on PM was due to an increased engagement of preparatory attentional processes (the prospective component) without the retrospective recognition processes (the retrospective component) being influenced by our experimental manipulations. Our systematic review identified a total of 16 measures devoted to the assessment of PM. Results also showed that the Virtual Week was sensitive to the effects of aging and was able to identify variations in PM performance across event-based and time-based tasks, as well as for regular and irregular tasks. Together, these findings contribute to enriching our understanding of the effect of aging on PM, while providing clinicians and researchers with new assessment opportunitie
Benefits of improvisation applied to health professional training : interest of medical improvisation for decision making under time pressure and empathetic communication
No full textL'exercice des professionnels de santé implique d'indispensables compétences de prise de décision, de communication et d'empathie, pour lesquelles il existe néanmoins encore peu de formation dédiées. L'improvisation médicale se développe de manière exponentielle dans les formations en santé, mais reste encore peu étudié. Cette thèse vise à déterminer l'impact de l'improvisation médicale, notamment complétée par des sessions de simulation, sur la prise de décision, la communication, l'empathie. Sur 217 étudiants en santé sollicités, 61 ont été formé à l'improvisation médicale (6 sessions de 3 heures). Nous avons administré des échelles d'auto-évaluation et épreuves informatisées avant et après les sessions d'improvisation et utilisé une échelle d'observation originale. L'improvisation médicale a présenté des bénéfices pour les capacités de métacognition décisionnelles, pour plusieurs dimensions de l'empathie et pour la communication. La simulation a eu un impact positif sur la communication, mais pas sur l'empathie. Cette thèse a permis de développer une formation originale, transdisciplinaire et a ouvert la porte à de nombreuses perspectives pédagogiques et de recherchesHealth professionals' practice involves essential decision-making, communication and empathy skills, for which there is still few dedicated training. Medical improv practice is increasing in health curricula, but is still few studied. This thesis aims to determine the impact of medical improv, complemented by simulation, on decision-making, communication and empathy. We solicited 217 health students and 61 were trained in medical improv (6-3hours sessions). We used self-assessment scales, computer tasks before and after the improv sessions, and used an original observation scale. Medical improv showed benefits for decision metacognition skills, for several dimensions of empathy and for communication. The simulation showed positive impact on communication, but not on empathy. This thesis allowed to develop an original, transdisciplinary training and led to many pedagogical and research perspective
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
IMP’ACT ! L’Improvisation Médicale pour les Professionnels en santé : Apports, Compétences et Transdisciplinarité
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Les biais humains et leurs conséquences au regard du contrôle humain
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