5,978 research outputs found
Exploring Greek innovation activities: the adoption of generalized linear models
Get PDFIn this paper we examine the innovative performance of Greek firms in terms of the women participation in research and technological development. For this reason we rely on the final results of a research project on women in innovation, technology and science, based on 279 questionnaires selected on a two years time period (2004-2006). Concerning the female participation in innovations a number of variables are used, like the total number of women employees by age, by education level, by firm size and by sector, as well as women in product and in process innovations, their position in the firm (owner, manager) and finally equality in job enrichment, in salary, in education–training and in promotion. Apart of presenting the empirical results relying on the analysis of the data collected by the survey to the Greek enterprises, we use the collecting variables in an econometric formulation using logistic regression and extracting the associated probabilities for implementing innovations. For this reason, first the General Linear Model (GLIM) is introduced and statistical inference and estimation problems are discussed. Then the Logit Model is presented under the theoretical framework of the Generalized Linear Models (GLIM), while some theoretical inside is extended with a number of suggested propositions and theorems.Innovation; Entrepreneurship; Competitiveness; Diversity
Modelling optimal nitrogen oxides abatement in Europe
Get PDFThis study uses new abatement cost curves for nitrogen oxides relying on disaggregated source data to optimise NOX abatement in a European framework. Linear and non-linear damage cost functions are assumed for NOX emissions and their impacts on the empirical results are explored for first time. The paper also provides numerical estimates of the potential benefits from co-operation.Social welfare; Nash abatement costs; NOX emission targets
Mining e-mail content for author identification forensics
No full textWe describe an investigation into e-mail content mining for author identification, or authorship attribution, for the purpose of forensic investigation. We focus our discussion on the ability to discriminate between authors for the case of both aggregated e-mail topics as well as across different email topics. An extended set of e-mail document features including structural characteristics and linguistic patterns were derived and, together with a Support Vector Machine learning algorithm, were used for mining the e-mail content. Experiments using a number of e-mail documents generated by different authors on a set of topics gave promising results for both aggregated and multi-topic author categorisation
Evaluating the direct costs of controlling NOx emissions in Europe
Get PDFThis study summarises the available information on the costs of those nitrogen oxides abatement technologies in operation at present or coming into operation in the near future. Relying on disaggregated source data and using engineering cost functions and various technical and economic assumptions, the least cost curves of nitrogen oxides abatement for all the European countries have been derived and some examples are presented.Denitrification; Abatement costs
The effect of national culture on countries’ innovation efficiency
Get PDFThis paper contributes to the link between social and cultural factors with countries innovation performance. By measuring 25 countries’ innovation efficiency with the use of conditional and unconditional DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) frontiers the paper provides empirical evidence of the effect of culture on countries’ innovation efficiency. Particularly, conditional and unconditional full frontier models are used alongside with bootstrap techniques in order to determine the effect of national culture on countries’ innovation performance. The study illustrates how the recent developments in efficiency analysis and statistical inference can be applied when evaluating such issues. The results reveal that national culture has an impact on countries’ innovation efficiency. Analytically, the results indicate that higher PDI (power distance index), IDV (individualism) and UAI (uncertainty avoidance) values have a negative effect on countries innovation efficiency, whereas masculinity values appear to have a positive effect on countries innovation performance.National culture; Innovation efficiency; Conditional efficiency; Bootstrap procedures
Economic incentives for optimal sulphur abatement in Europe
Get PDFThis paper reviews and develops a theoretical and empirical representation of economic incentives for the implementation of pollution control strategies. A number of alternative available economic instruments may be thought of which, if applied internationally, could encourage implementation of the desired abatement strategies by countries. The paper considers means of pushing the countries to minimize abatement cost with them. A comparison between the pollution targets achieved by the imposition of a uniform charge rate and by differentiated charge rates is discussed and empirical results are provided with associated conclusions. These results are then compared with a simple standards setting in the form of critical loads, in order to see in an empirical way if economic instruments work better than regulations.Economic instruments; optimal abatement; sulphur emissions; acid rain; mathematical programming, Europe
Economic Development and Environmental Degradation: Testing the Existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve At Regional Level
Get PDFThis paper uses a dynamic panel data for 23 OECD and 50 non-OECD countries for the time period 1960-1990 in order to estimate the relationship between economic development (in the form of GDP) and environmental pollution (in the form of sulphur emissions)
Examining the influence of access to improved water and sanitation sources on countries’ economic efficiency
Get PDFThis paper evaluates the effect of access to improved water sources and sanitation on 41 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries’ economic efficiency and growth. For this reason Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), bootstrap techniques and probabilistic approaches are used. The empirical results indicate that SSA countries’ economic efficiency is positively influenced by the access of population both on improved water sources and sanitation. Finally, when the provision of access to improved water sources is provided to more than 50% of the population, the positive effect on countries’ economic efficiency is much greater compared to the effect of providing sustainable access to improved sanitation to the same proportion of population.Water and sanitation; Sub-Saharan African countries; economic efficiency; DEA; nonparametric techniques
Optimal sulphur emissions abatement in Europe
Get PDFThis study presents a mathematical model for determining cost effective emissions' control strategies in Europe, by minimizing sulphur abatement costs subject to different pollution control targets. The purpose is to compare the efficiency of a uniform percentage emissions reduction with a scenario that takes variation in environmental conditions into account. Some alternative criteria for re allocating abatement costs between countries are considered, to see which countries are penalized and which are favoured by the proposed approaches, and which approaches should be "preferred" on efficiency grounds. Underlying the proposed model is the belief that a full cost-benefit analysis of acid rain abatement is infeasible. The model focuses on the costs of abatement and provides an estimation of the gains (or losses) that countries could achieve if they co-operate in their policies rather than act independently.Sulphur emissions; abatement; mathematical programming
Construction of abatement cost curves: The case of F-gases
Get PDFMost of scientific research on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) focuses on CO2 emissions. But non-CO2 gases (mainly F-gases in the form of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) are more potent at trapping heat within the atmosphere. Currently, F-gases constitute a small proportion of GHG emissions but they are extremely high Global Warming Potential gases. At the same time, they are expected to increase massively due to the expansion of some emitting industries, while the atmospheric lifetimes of PFCs and SF6 are very long. This study analyzes the economic and technical assumptions in abatement cost calculation in the case of the F-gases. The important factors for differences among countries in average mitigation costs are discussed and the least cost curve of F-gases control for the EU-27 and for the year 2020 is derived. It seems that it is more cost-effective to start abating SF6 first, and then moving to PFCs and then applying control methods to HFCs.F-gases; control methods; emissions; GWP
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