1,033 research outputs found
Data for: Comparison of the Costs and Benefits of the Clean India Mission
No full textThe zip file contains the questionnaire and data set. The strictest licensing has been selected below. We want to know about any use of our data set
The principles of bridges : containing the mathematical demonstrations of the properties of the arches, the thickness of the piers, the force of the water against them, &c. : together with practical observations & directions drawn from the whole
No full textby Charles Hutton ..
Leptopoma calva Hutton 1882
No full textLeptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. C Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Single shell formerly in the collection at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 179) but reported missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60 — NMNZ M.174790). Type locality. listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 140); neotype from ‘South Island, N of Arthur’s Pass, Jacksons, near roadside on Otira–Kumara highway, 200 m (NZMS 260, K33/870283)’ (Marshall & Barker 2007: 60). Previous illustrations of type material. Suter (1915: pl. 35, fig. 1), Marshall & Barker (2007: fig. 4C). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A re-description and illustration of Leptopoma calva by Suter (1913: 179, pl. 35, fig. 1) was based on the type material from Canterbury Museum. Suter (1913: 179) and Dell (1955: 1136) stated that this species was known from the type specimen only. The latter author noted that Suter’s (1913) “description and figure are not highly diagnostic. Unfortunately the type cannot at present be located in the Canterbury Museum, and no topotypes appear to have been collected”. Dell (1955: 1136) identified material of “a moderately common shell in Fiordland” as Murdochia cf. calvum (Hutton), but noted that “until these shells can be critically compared with undoubted specimens of calvum, the identification cannot be certain”. Marshall & Baker (2007) redescribed Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 as part of a taxonomic review of Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897, noting that the shell of this species is distinctive in having a maculate colour pattern, although the latter feature was not mentioned in the descriptions by Hutton (1882p, 1883d) or Suter (1913), and they identified ‘ Murdochia cf. calvum ’ of Dell (1955) as Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007. Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) selected a neotype of calva, NMNZ M. 174790 (pl. 1, fig. C), that “represents the only Cytora species occurring in the vicinity of Greymouth that is accordant with Hutton’s descriptions and Suter’s (1913) crude illustration of the holotype ”. This in itself is not sufficient justification for the designation of a neotype under ICZN Art. 75.3 but, given that previously there had been confusion over the identity of calva, we agree that a neotype was required to stabilise the nomenclature. The neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) was from the Otira-Kumara Highway, c. 45 km SE of Greymouth; they stated that they had “not seen any reliably localised specimens from Greymouth or the immediate vicinity of that town, so we have chosen the neotype from one of the nearest localities where the species is definitely known to occur”. Subsequently, C. calva has been found living in Omotumotu Bush, Greymouth, and on Peter Ridge, and near Point Elizabeth, on the southern and northern outskirts of the town, respectively (F. Brook pers. obs.). Current taxonomy. Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 90), Powell (1979: 85), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall & Barker (2007: 60), Spencer et al., (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Granity and Nelson Lakes southwest to Lake Kaniere (Marshall & Barker, 2007: fig. 8A; NMNZ collection records).Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/442842
"The pleasure of writing is inconceivable": William Hutton (1723-1815) as an Author
No full textWilliam Hutton started life as a child labourer, but rose to become a bookseller, stationer, and wealthy paper merchant. Like many autodidacts, he longed to be an author and published 15 popular books. This article examines Hutton’s remarks on ‘writing’, which reveal his motives, methods, and goals of authorship. It also gauges his impact on the literary marketplace by analysing 65 periodical reviews of his works. Hutton’s books were based on personal experience, and mixed memoir and biography with historical, topographical, and travel writing. They suited the nation’s thirst for entertaining formats and established him as a new kind of writer, who produced lively, unlearned books for a commercial age. Hutton’s breach of polite norms and opinionated style horrified the literary establishment. But they also attracted readers lower down the social scale, who enjoyed irreverent views on political, religious, economic, and social issues. Hutton thus had an impact on two contrasting groups of readers and put Birmingham and northern regions on the national literary map. Together this author and his critics offer a portrait of the evolution of authorship, the spread of knowledge and taste, and the creation of cultural identity in a time of literary change
Rhytida citrina Hutton 1882
No full textRhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, fig. D Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Three syntypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900, Suter 1913: 772), but reported as missing by Powell (1946: 129), and not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. However, the collection at CMNZ does contain a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida citrina, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.9), which is possibly primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R). Type locality. Listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139); designated here as Mt Davy, Rewanui (see neotype designation below). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. R) possibly from type material; Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 14). Remarks. Hutton submitted descriptions of two new species of Rhytida from Greymouth, R. citrina and R. patula, to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by brief descriptions of both taxa in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R) of a radula of citrina was possibly based on CMNZ 2017.17.9 mentioned above. Suter (1913: 772) stated that the type material of R. citrina in the Canterbury Museum consisted of three shells, the largest of which had a maximum diameter of 7.75 mm. This type material was apparently subsequently lost. Powell (1946: 129) stated that he had “not seen the types which Dr. Falla has been unable to locate in the Canterbury collections”, but mentioned the existence of “two of Hutton’s Greymouth specimens [of citrina] in the Canterbury Museum”, which he reported as having major diameters of 8.5 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. These two specimens, both juvenile shells, correspond to lots CMNZ M1416 and M5456 [ex M1416], respectively. Freeman et al. (1997: 30) listed these two lots, and CMNZ M123 [ex ZS 818], as syntypes of R. citrina, but this does not stand scrutiny. The last-mentioned lot is from Buller River, which is not the type locality of citrina. The collector is not stated in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue but was probably Julius von Haast (see Hutton (1884c: 208). The catalogue indicates that lots M1416 and M5456 from Greymouth, along with M1417 from Balclutha, were all identified as citrina and were included in ‘old No. 122’ in Hutton’s collection. Hutton’s original labels for this material have been lost or destroyed. The register does not state who the material from Greymouth was collected by, and there is no indication that these two specimens are primary type material of citrina. The specimens from Balclutha (M1417) were evidently collected by Hutton himself, and were identified as R. patula by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), and R. otagoensis by Powell (1930). Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, 1884c: 208) described citrina and patula as differing from one another in shell and animal colouration, and radula features, but there has been confusion over the identity and distributions of these two taxa. Hutton (1884c: 208) recorded citrina from Greymouth and Buller River, and patula from Greymouth and Balclutha, respectively. Suter (1913: 772) treated them as separate species, but noted that the type material of R. citrina consisted of juvenile shells only, and observed that “it is not easy to separate this species from R. patula by shell characters alone”. Powell (1946: 129) considered that they were separate species with partly overlapping distributions, noting that “from Greymouth to the Buller River two forms occur, a reddish-brown one with a greatly accelerated last whorl, which is definitely patula, and a yellowish-olive one with closely coiled whorls, which is almost certainly the adult of citrina ”. His interpretation of citrina was based mainly on the specimen from Buller River in CMNZ M123, mentioned above. Powell (1946: 129, text fig. C1) described this specimen, which has since been badly damaged, as “an adult or nearly so, of 18.5 mm diameter, with “closely coiled whorls and the yellowish-olive coloration of citrina ”. He recorded R. citrina from Maruia Springs, Rewanui, and Lake Kaniere, in addition to Hutton’s records from Greymouth and Buller River. Parkinson (1979: 10), Powell (1979: 345), Spencer & Willan (1996) and Spencer et al. (2009) all listed R. citrina and R. patula as separate species, though the firstmentioned author noted that citrina was rather poorly known. Conversely, Efford (1998: 11) cast doubt on the putative differences in shell coloration and coiling between R. citrina and R. patula, noting that he was unable to detect these “once allowance is made for age-related changes in shell shape”. He suggested that most previous records of citrina were referable to R. patula, but that some may have been based on R. perampla Powell, 1946. Recent field surveys and preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (F. Brook & M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that there are two species of Rhytida in the vicinity of Greymouth that correspond to Hutton’s citrina and patula, respectively. Given that the whereabouts of the type material of the former is not known, and in order to prevent further confusion over the identity of this species and stabilise the nomenclature, we designate a specimen from Mt Davy, Rewanui, illustrated in pl. 6, fig. D (NMNZ M.329343), as the neotype of Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882. As interpreted here R. citrina is considerably more widely distributed in the northwestern South Island than was previously recognised (below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley & Suter (1893: 631), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 772), Powell (1946: 129, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand, South Island from Cape Farewell south to Greymouth and Poplars Range, Lewis Pass (AIM and NMNZ collection records).Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/442842
A Book Discussion With Author Tom Hutton, M.D.
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Women and the making of Ulysses: a history in ten objects
No full textThis article is devoted to objects that tell the story of women who supported James Joyce and the publication of his landmark novel, Ulysses (1922). They were previously on display in our exhibit, Women and the Making of Ulysses, curated by Dr Clare Hutton, author of Serial Encounters: Ulysses and the Little Review (Oxford University Press, 2019)
Women and the making of Ulysses: a history in ten objects
No full textThis article is devoted to objects that tell the story of women who supported James Joyce and the publication of his landmark novel, Ulysses (1922). They were previously on display in our exhibit, Women and the Making of Ulysses, curated by Dr Clare Hutton, author of Serial Encounters: Ulysses and the Little Review (Oxford University Press, 2019).</p
The Development and Implementation of a Public Health Strategy:Cost and Health System Analysis of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Infants
No full textThe achievements of the health Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality (MDG 4) depend on the massive scaling-up of new and available health interventions. Evidence shows that effective interventions to attain MDG 4 are available; however coverage rates are currently low. The health systems in developing countries lack the necessary capacity to deliver the interventions to those in need. These factors among others are the cause of millions of preventable child deaths every year. Worldwide it is estimated that there are 247 million cases of malaria and at least 1 million deaths related to malaria each year (World Malaria Report 2008). Africa bears the greatest burden of malaria – about 86% of the global burden – leading to over 800,000 deaths per annum. Children under five years of age and pregnant women are the most affected groups. Malaria-endemic countries have lower rates of economic growth. The impact of malaria is manifested through loss of working time when people are ill or taking care of family members, through loss of resources that are used to finance treatment, and through disabilities that result from severe malaria. An episode of malaria results in loss of productivity in adults and prevents children from developing to their full capacity by impairing their cognitive ability, physical development, school attendance and performance. The average growth of income per capita for countries with severe malaria in 1965-1990 was 0.4% per year compared to 2.3% for other countries. In terms of crop harvests, malaria-affected families harvest 40% that of families not affected by malaria. Malaria impacts on long term economic development in terms of impediments on the flow of knowledge, trade, foreign investment, information transfers and tourism as well as limiting the country’s ability to accumulate human capital. All these imply that malaria is responsible for inflicting poverty on people in developing countries through the vicious cycle of ill-health. These human sufferings due to malaria could be averted if access to effective preventive and treatment interventions could be made available to all affected people. The health systems in developing countries have limited capacity to undertake appropriate health actions to improve population health. The main constraints include shortage of financial resources, lack of capacity to institutionalize health interventions into routine health care delivery, severe human resource shortages, dilapidated health facilities and lack of essential medical supplies and equipment. The distribution of health benefits provided by the health system is not fair either, as the rate of health service utilization is lower among the poorer and more vulnerable groups. The aim of this research was to contribute to the understanding of health system issues and costs related to integrating a new strategy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) into the routine district health system, with a focus on providing high quality but practical evidence to inform decision making and to scaling up health services. The methodology involved using a collaborative approach to develop a delivery strategy for IPTi, to implement the strategy and to evaluate the strategy in terms of equity of intervention coverage and population benefit. Researchers worked in partnership with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) to develop an IPTi strategy that could be implemented and managed by routine health services. The Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) materials for IPTi were developed by observation studies and in-depth interviews with communities and health workers. To estimate how much it takes to develop the IPTi strategy and to maintain routine implementation of the strategy, real activities costs were tracked. Also semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants to record time and resources spent on IPTi activities. A detailed health facility survey collected data on staff employed, their availability on the day of the survey, their main tasks and reasons for their colleagues’ absenteeism. Information on supervisory visits from District Health Management Teams (CHMTs) was also collected and health workers’ views solicited on how to improve the services. A time and motion study of nurses in the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) clinics documented staff time use by task. The present study generated important knowledge to enable integration of health interventions into routine delivery by frontline health workers and managed by Council Health Management Teams. Using the collaborative approach, the IPTi strategy was developed to ensure that IPTi behaviour-change communication (BCC) materials were available in health facilities, that health workers were trained to administer and to document doses of IPTi so that the necessary drugs were available in facilities and that systems were in place for stock management and supervision. A brand name (MKINGE in Swahili, which means protect him or her) and two posters were developed as BCC. The posters contained key public health messages and images that explained the IPTi intervention itself, how and when children receive it and safety issues. The strategy was integrated into existing systems as far as possible and was well accepted by health staff. Thus, the collaborative approach effectively translated research findings into a strategy fit for broader health system implementation in Tanzania. The costs of developing and implementing IPTi appeared to be affordable within the budget line of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The estimated financial cost to start-up and run IPTi in the whole of Tanzania in 2005 was US7,885 per district, mainly expenditure on training. There was no incremental financial expenditure needed to deliver the intervention in health facilities as supplies were delivered alongside routine vaccinations and available health workers performed the activities without working overtime. The economic cost was estimated at 23 US cents per IPTi dose delivered. In terms of coverage, IPTi was not influenced by socio-economic status of a child, by ethnicity nor by child gender. However there was disparity in coverage by distance whereby children from households living more than 5 kms from the nearest health facility had lower IPTi coverage than those living nearer (41% vs 58%, p=0.006). Efforts to scale-up health interventions should therefore focus on increasing physical access and to monitoring equity outcomes. Vaccine coverage was more equitable across socioeconomic groups than had been reported from a similar survey in 2004. The evaluation of human resource for health in the study area revealed particular problems with staff shortages, low productivity and staff absenteeism. Only 14% of the recommended number of nurses and 20% of the recommended number of clinical staff had been assigned to the facilities. These available health workers in southern Tanzania are below the national average of 35%. Thus, the health system in the study area is working with less than a quarter of the recommended staff by MoHSW, and combined with staff absenteeism, the available working staff decreases further compared to the recommended staff numbers. The absent health workers were away for seminar sessions (38%), long term training (8%) or on official travels 25% and on leave (20%). Of those health workers present at the reproductive and child health clinic at the time of the survey, average productive working time equaled 57% of their time present at work. In terms of monthly supervision visits by the Council Health Management Teams, only 14% of facilities had received the required number of supervisory visits during the 6 months preceding the survey. The findings of this thesis underline the importance of operational research as a systematic way to establish how new interventions work under routine health system conditions. The lessons described in this thesis have great significance for the future of public health strategies, both existing and new. The generated information on costs and experience with the issues surrounding design of the delivery mechanisms, training, supervision and development of implementation guidelines created a strong institutional framework that could speed up implementation at country level whenever there is a policy recommendation. It is expected that the experience generated and the evidence gathered as part of this thesis can contribute to an improved understanding of the issues that need to be considered and tackled in order to spearhead routine implementation of malaria interventions and potentially other diseases to achieve high health service access and improved quality care that is a foundation for improved population health. This study recommends increased resources for funding operational studies to provide evidence of how proven effective tools to fight diseases of the poor work under real life application through routine health delivery system. Other recommendations of this thesis are related to the need to strengthen supervision of health facilities by CHMTs and by higher levels to supervise the district supervisors. There is also an urgent need to develop and test incentive packages in local settings. These measures are necessary to increase health workers productivity, increase staff moral and retention, curb absenteeism and realize health workers balance between urban and rural health facilities in developing countries. Only by exploring many of the factors highlighted above, and throughout this thesis, can the timely and high scale-up of health interventions be achieved
Specimens of a dictionary of natural signs for the deaf and dumb.
No full text[S.l. : s.n., 1855]. 211 leaves : ill. ; 22 cm.Note tipped in: The manuscript of this book is in the Volta Bureau. Permission to copy it was given to the Volta Bureau in 1898 by George C. Hutton, resident in Paisley, Scotland, son of the author George Hutton.
A photographic reproduction on blue paper of the manuscript copy.
Many blank leaves included in the paging.
On inside cover: Normal Class library, Kendall School, March 1901.Submitted by Jamie Smith ([email protected]) on 2012-06-22T14:52:23Z
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Previous issue date: 1855The Andrew W. Mellon Foundatio
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