18,920 research outputs found
ADAM SMITH'S OPTIMISTIC TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF HISTORY
No full textAdam Smith's four-stage theory provides the framework for his writings on history. The fourth stage is the commercial epoch; the culmination of history in this stage is a key component in the conventional interpretation of Adam Smith as a prophet of commercialism. In two historical case studies Smith shows the capacity of commercial society to regenerate itself. This potent capacity suggests that commercial society is inevitable. At a certain point in time it also overcomes the major obstacles to its permanence. Smith's philosophy of history anticipates the end of history views of Kant and Hegel.Political Economy,
Laimoloima ruiliensis Gustafsson & Adam & Zou 2022, new species
No full textLaimoloima ruiliensis new species (Figs 12–13, 15, 18–19, 21) Type host. Psilopogon asiaticus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) —blue-throated barbet (Megalaimidae). Type locality. Wudiancun, Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Laimoloima ruiliensis can be separated from L. zeylanica and L. tandani by having a proportionately shorter preantennal area (Fig. 15) and from L. rafflesi by the position of mts1 near mts2 rather than near posterior margin of eye. The shape of the male endomere suggests that L. ruiliensis is closer to L. zeylanica than to L. tandani. Furthermore, Laimoloima ruiliensis can be separated from L. zeylanica by the following characters: dorsal anterior plate with rounded posterior margin in L. zeylanica, but with tapering posterior margin in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 15); male tergopleurites III–IV with two tergocentral setae on each side in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 12), but with three tergocentral setae on each side in L. zeylanica; female tergopleurites V–VI each with three tergocentral setae on each side in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 13), but with two setae on each side in L. zeylanica; male genitalia of L. zeylanica are illustrated without much detail by Dalgleish (1967: fig. 4), but the general shape of the endomeres and thickness of their distal sections differ between the two species (Fig. 19). Description. Both sexes. Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 15), frons slightly concave, lateral margins of preantennal area concave. Dorsal preantennal plate tapering to blunt posterior point. Dorsal preantennal suture diffuse in posterior end, and illustrated approximately. Marginal carina broad. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 15. Dorsal postantennal suture present, widened around aperture of pns. Gular plate with extensive rugose area centrally. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 12–13; sternal and subgenital plates lightly sclerotised, and not illustrated. Male. Tergopleurites II–III each with two tergocentral setae on each side; tergopleurites V–VII each with three tergocentral setae on each side. Anterior end of basal apodeme diffuse, and not illustrated; distal section with parallel lateral margins converging distally (Fig. 18). Endomere with lateral extensions at midline dorsally; endomere with moderate, somewhat angular anterior lobes and pointed posterior lobes ventrally (Fig. 19). Endomeral chaetotaxy as in Figs 18–19. Parameres short and broad; pst1–2 as in Fig. 19. Female. Vulval margin with 11–13 long, slender, marginal setae, and 8–11 long, stout, submarginal setae on each side; two macroseta associated with lightly sclerotised subgenital plate on each side, and four short, slender setae on each side in area between subgenital plate and vulval margin. Subvulval plates elongate, widening distally (Fig. 21). Type material. Ex Megalaima asiaticus asiaticus: Holotype ♂, Wudiancun, elev. 903–1080 m, Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China, 9 Jan. 2013, Y. Wu & Y. Zhang, bird J0697, GD-PHTH-00141 (IZGAS). Paratypes: 1♂, 2♀, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00142–00144 (IZGAS). Non-types: 2 nymphs, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00145–00146 (IZGAS). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the type locality. Remarks. The male genitalia are partially obscured by gut content in the holotype, hence illustrations are based on the paratype male; the parts of the genitalia that can be seen in the holotype are identical to those of the paratype.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on page 414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
Laimoloima Gustafsson & Adam & Zou 2022, new genus
No full textLaimoloima new genus Type species: Laimoloima tandani n. sp. Diagnosis. Laimoloima is morphologically closest to Penenirmus. For comparison, refer to figures 4 and 5 in Sychra et al. (2014) to see the diagnostic characters of Penenirmus against those of Laimoloima as enumerated and illustrated in this paper. These two genera can be separated by the following characters: (1) head hyaline margin with marginal sclerotisation in Laimoloima (Fig. 14), but without sclerotisation in Penenirmus; (2) hyaline margin arising laterally near as2 and thus extending lateral to sclerotised part of frons in Laimoloima (Fig. 14), but restricted to median part of frons in Penenirmus; (3) marginal carina clearly interrupted laterally at point where dorsal preantennal suture reaches head margin in Penenirmus, but not interrupted at that point in Laimoloima (Fig. 14); (4) head seta as3 clearly dorsal, situated on hyaline margin in Laimoloima (Fig. 14), but marginal and situated on sclerotised part of head in Penenirmus; (5) head seta as1 clearly dorsal in Laimoloima (Fig. 14), but marginal in Penenirmus; (6) head seta mts1 short in Laimoloima, and in males clearly situated ventrally [in P. rafflesi (Dalgleish, 1967) this seta appears to be situated near the eye, but we have not seen any specimens to confirm this character], but mts1 is a macroseta in Penenirmus; (7) head seta mts2 is a macroseta in Laimoloima but is short in Penenirmus; (8) tergopleurites II–VIII medianly separated in both sexes in Laimoloima (Figs 10–11), but medianly continuous (may be indented anteriorly) in Penenirmus; (9) ventral side of abdomen of both sexes with only one sts on each side in Laimoloima (Figs 10–11), but with multiple sts on each side in Penenirmus; (10) ventral endomere of male genitalia with posterior and anterior lobes in Laimoloima (Fig. 19), but without lobes in Penenirmus. Description. Both sexes. Head rounded, trapezoidal (Fig. 14), preantennal area broad, relatively short, typically with concave frons. Hyaline margin broad, arising laterally near site of as2, and with clear sclerotisation of margin. Marginal carina interrupted medianly but not laterally. Dorsal preantennal suture completely surrounds dorsal anterior plate; in all specimens examined, the suture extends slightly distally posterior to ads, as illustrated in Fig. 14, but it is not clear if this is an artifact of mounting. Ventral carina interrupted medianly, extended anteriorly but does not reach frons. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 14; as1 and as3 clearly dorsal; pas and pos absent (pos may be present in B. rafflesi); avs3 displaced anterior from bend in ventral carina; mts1 clearly ventral at least in males, short seta; mts2–3 macrosetae; s5–7 absent. Dorsal postantennal suture present, with pns situated in suture but s3–4 situated medial to suture. Gular plate present, central part decorated. Thoracic and abdominal segments as in Figs 10–11. Claws of all tarsi of dissimilar size (Figs 10a–c), and segment I of all tarsi with small, flattened hyaline seta on median margin (hs in Figs 10a–c). Leg setae cI-v3, tI-v2, fI-V4, fI-p1, fII-a2, fII-a5, fIII-a2, fIII-a5 absent; fII-d1 and fIII-d1 displaced toward centre of femur; cI-v1, tbI-d1–5, tbI-dm1, tbII-p1–3, tbII-dm3, tbII-v2, tbIII-p1–3 long and spine-like; tbI-v1 very long; tbI-a1 longer than leg seta tbI-a2; long and slender setae here called tbI-v3 (Fig. 10a) present medial to tbI-spn on ventral side; trochanter II–III each with two microsetae near anterior margin (tII-a1–2 and tIII-a1–2, respectively). Tergopleurites II–VIII medianly separated in both sexes. Tergopleurite II extended into postero-lateral hook. Sternal and subgenital plates lightly sclerotised in all specimens examined, and may be absent (not illustrated). Male. Basal apodeme long, tongue-like (Fig. 16), but anterior end diffuse in specimens examined. Parameres fused to basal apodeme, pst1 sensilla, pst2 microsetae, in some species very stout. Endomere elongated, with distinct lobes on both ends: distal lobes pointed, and associated with three setae each side dorsally; proximal lobes on ventral side rounded. Distal endomere elongated. Lateral to endomere are paired elongated plates of unknown derivation, each with three small setae at about mid-length; anteriorly these plates appear to be fused to basal apodeme, but this is not clear in specimens examined. Hyaline section of genitalia distal to endomere poorly visible, but one minute seta visible on the distal margin on each side; lateral extent of this hyaline section is not visible in examined specimens, and only the distal margin is illustrated. Female. Vulval margin with numerous long, slender marginal setae and numerous long, stout submarginal setae; short, slender setae scattered on lightly sclerotised subgenital plate. Host distribution. Piciformes: Megalaimidae. Geographical range. Indo-Malayan region. Etymology. The name Laimoloima is constructed from “ laimós ”, Greek for “throat”, referring to the family name of the host (Megalaimidae), and “ loimós ”, Greek for “pest”. Gender: feminine. Remarks. We include in Laimoloima two new species, described below, and three previously described species. We have not seen any specimens of Docophorus limbatus Piaget, 1885 (as Penenirmus limbatus in Hopkins & Clay 1952: 275) from Psilopogon corvinus (Temminck, 1831), and the original illustration is poor. Piaget (1885: 4) states that the frons has a “coloured border”, which we interpret as referring to the thin band of sclerotisation of the hyaline margin. Therefore, we tentatively include Docophorus limbatus Piaget, 1885 in Laimoloima. Furthermore, Penenirmus rafflesi Dalgleish, 1967 and Penenirmus zeylanica Dalgleish, 1967 are also included in Laimoloima, based on the original descriptions which, as far as it is possible to see, share all the characters of the new genus. In Tendeiro’s (1961) illustrations of Penenirmus guineensis, the frons appears to be sclerotised, the dorsal preantennal suture is present, and as3 is illustrated on the dorsal side. Both, Tendeiro’s (1961) photo of P. bidentatus with a sclerotised hyaline margin and his photo of the male genitalia of P. guineensis suggest a relationship with Laimoloima. However, in the phylogeny of Johnson et al. (2021: fig 1), P. guineensis is embedded in a clade with lice from other African barbets and a woodpecker, sister to a clade of Penenirmus from Passeriformes, and both clades together are sisters to all other Penenirmus sensu lato and Picophilopterus. Nevertheless, as we have not examined any specimens of any African species, we retain P. guineensis and P. bidentatus in Penenirmus until they can be redescribed. In the phylogeny of Johnson et al. (2021), one louse belonging to the Penenirmus -complex from Psilopogon chrysopogon (Temminck, 1824) (Megalaimidae) was placed as sister to a large clade containing several species of Picophilopterus, as well as lice from honeyguides (Indicatoridae), Neotropical barbets (Capitonidae) and two African barbets (Lybiidae). Presumably, the specimen from Psilopogon chrysopogon belongs to Laimoloima, but its morphology is not known to confirm its taxonomic position. Although the phylogeny of Johnson et al. (2021) contains only one species from Asian barbets, its position would indicate that the lice of the Penenirmus -complex from these birds are not closely related to those from African and Neotropical barbets, and that some morphological similarities between species of Laimoloima species and those from African barbets (e.g. the sclerotised central part of the hyaline margin) may be the result of convergent evolution.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on pages 410-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
How Might Adam Smith Pay Professors Today?
No full textAdam Smith’s proposal for paying professors was intended to induce increased faculty knowledge. If students have imperfect information about what they learn, and universities can only imperfectly measure the input of faculty time in student learning, publications may be used to measure faculty knowledge. If professors’ ability to publish is positively related to their ability to produce student learning, which universities can imperfectly measure, publications may be necessary to attract more able professors. Since research signals faculty knowledge, schools that do not value publications per se could require higher publication standards and pay higher wages than schools that value only publications.
Laimoloima tandani Gustafsson & Adam & Zou 2022, new species
No full textLaimoloima tandani new species (Figs 10–11, 14, 16–17, 20) Type host. Psilopogon virens virens (Boddaert, 1783) —great barbet (Megalaimidae). Type locality. Shunhuangshan, Xinning Village, Chaoyuan County, Hunan Province, China. Diagnosis. Sharing the same position of mts1 near mts2 would suggest that Laimoloima tandani, L. ruiliensis, and L. zeylanica are more closely related to each other than to L. rafflesi. Further, the shape of the male endomere of L. tandani (Figs 15–16) is more similar to that of L. zeylanica than to that of L. ruiliensis (Figs 17–18). Laimoloima tandani can be separated from L. zeylanica by the following characters: (1) dorsal anterior plate gently rounded posteriorly in L. zeylanica, but extended posteriorly in L. tandani (Fig. 14), (2) preantennal area proportionately slightly shorter and broader in L. tandani (Fig. 14) than in L. zeylanica, (3) anterior lobes of male endomere of different shapes, and proportionately larger in L. tandani (Fig. 16) than in L. zeylanica, (4) parameres stouter in L. tandani (Figs 15–16) than in L zeylanica, (5) meso- and metasternum each with two setae on each side in L. zeylanica, but each with one seta on each side in L. tandani (Figs 10–11), (6) female tergopleurite II with two tergocentral setae on posterior margin in L. tandani (Fig. 11), but with one seta in L. zeylanica, (7) female tergopleurite VIII with one tergocentral seta in L. tandani (Fig. 11), but with two setae in L. zeylanica. Description. Both sexes. Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 14), frons broad and slightly concave, lateral margins of preantennal head slightly concave. Dorsal anterior plate roughly triangular, longer than wide. Dorsal preantennal suture diffuse posterior to ads, and illustrated approximately. In both specimens examined, the dorsal preantennal suture extends posteriorly from ads; this may be an artifact of mounting but, as it is similar in both specimens, we illustrated it as described. Marginal carina broad. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 14; chaetotaxy of antennae as in Figs 14a–b. Dorsal postantennal suture present, widened around aperture of pns. Gular plate with extensive rugose area centrally. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 10–11; sternal plates lightly sclerotised, and not illustrated. Male. Subgenital plate lightly sclerotised, and not illustrated. Tergopleurites III–VI each with three tergocentral setae on each side; tergopleurite VII with two tergocentral setae on each side. Anterior end of basal apodeme diffuse, and not illustrated; distal section with more or less parallel lateral margins, but bulging lateral margins distally (Fig. 16). Endomere longer than wide, with prominent rounded antero-lateral lobes ventrally and pointed postero-lateral lobes. Endomeral chaetotaxy as in Figs 16–17. Distal endomere asymmetrical in one examined specimen. Parameres short and broad; pst1–2 as in Fig. 17. Female. Subgenital plate weakly sclerotised, and here illustrated approximately (Fig. 20). Vulval margin with 14–19 long, slender setae marginally and 9–11 long, stout setae submarginally on each side; 1–2 macroseta associated with subgenital plate on each side, and 5–7 short, slender setae on each side in area between subgenital plate and vulval margin. Subvulval plates diffuse distally in one examined female, and illustrated approximately. Type material. Ex Psilopogon virens virens: Holotype ♂, Shunhuangshan, Xinning Village, elev. 814–855 m, Chaoyuan County, Hunan Province, China, 31 Aug. 2018, X. Chu & L. Lei, bird J3634, GD-PHTH-00139 (IZGAS). Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00140 (IZGAS). Etymology. The species epithet honours the late Bhup Kishore Tandan (formerly at the University of Lucknow, India). In our opinion, Tandan was one of the greatest phthirapterists of the 20 th century, and his published illustrations and descriptions of, especially, Asian chewing louse taxa should be considered a benchmark to strive toward by all chewing louse taxonomists. Remarks. Since the holotype has one antenna medianly distorted and the other with flagellomeres I–III fused (Fig. 14), we provide illustrations of the female antennae (Figs 14a–b) to depict the chaetotaxy of the antennae of B. tandani accurately, which is indistinguishable from that of males of B. ruiliensis; this suggests that there may be no differences between the antennal chaetotaxy of males of the two species. Also, some head and abdominal setae are broken on both sides of the holotype, hence they are illustrated approximately, based on the length of the same seta in the female.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on pages 412-414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
Picophilopterus blythipici Gustafsson & Adam & Zou 2022, new species
No full textPicophilopterus blythipici new species (Figs. 1–3, 5–6, 9) Type host. Blythipicus pyrrhotis sinensis (Rickett, 1897) —bay woodpecker (Picidae). Type locality. Nanling Reservation, Ruyang County, Guangdong Province, China. Diagnosis. Picophilopterus blythipici is morphologically close to P. pici and P. auritus. However, it can be separated from P. pici by the following characters: temples broader and more rounded, preantennal area more elongated and with more concave lateral margins in P. blythipici (Fig. 3) than in P. pici (Fig. 4); ventral horns of male endomere slender and clearly divided medianly into one horn on each side in P. blythipici (Fig. 6), but broader and joined distally to form a plate-like structure in P. pici (Fig. 8); proximal endomere proportionately longer and broader in P. blythipici (Fig. 6) than in P. pici (Fig. 8); male tergopleurites IV–VI each with two tergocentral setae on each side in P. blythipici (Fig. 1), but with three tergocentral setae on each side in P. pici. Picophilopterus blythipici can be separated from P. auritus by the following characters: preantennal area more elongated and slender in P. blythipici (Fig. 3) than in P. auritus; male tergopleurite II medianly continuous in P. auritus, but medianly interrupted in P. blythipici (Fig. 1); male tergopleurite VII with two tergocentral setae on each side in P. blythipici (Fig. 1), but with one tergocentral seta on each side in P. auritus; female tergopleurite IX+X with one seta on each side in P. blythipici (Fig. 2), but with three setae on each side in P. auritus; horn-like projections of male mesosome positioned more anteriorly in P. blythipici than in P. auritus. Description. Both sexes. Head rounded, trapezoidal (Fig. 3), preantennal area slender with shallow concave lateral margins and deeply concave frons. Marginal carina broad. Dorsal anterior plate longer than wide. Dorsal preantennal suture extended posteriorly along midline posterior to dorsal anterior plate. Preantennal nodi large. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 3. Gular plate with extensive central rugose area. Thorax, abdomen and chaetotaxy as in Figs 1–2. Male. Tergopleurite IX+X sublaterally with 2–3 long setae clustered close together. Subgenital plate reaches distal margin of abdomen, but with distal end diffuse in some males examined. Genitalia as Figs 5–6; basal apodeme slender, widening considerably towards the distal end (Fig. 5); endomere elongated, with dorsal and ventral horns clearly separated (Fig. 6); chaetotaxy as in Figs 5–6; proximal end of endomere tapering and similar to that in P. pici sensu lato (fig. 8), but differs among specimens; distal end of endomere slender; parameres short and stout; pst1–2 as in Fig. 6. Female. Subgenital plate roughly rectangular, with medio-posterior margin bulging distally (Fig. 9); central part of subgenital plate often with faint reticulation; area posterior to subgenital plate wrinkled. Vulval margin gently rounded, with vulval marginal plates present on each side, seemingly unconnected medianly, but in some specimens there are additional sclerotised areas between these plates (not illustrated). Five sets of setae associated with subgenital plate and vulval area: one macroseta on each side situated on subgenital plate; one macroseta on each side situated just posterior to subgenital plate; 6–7 short, slender setae scattered in area between subgenital plate and vulval marginal plates; 4–6 microsetae in convergent rows median to vulval marginal plates; 17–22 (one specimen with 12 on one side) long, slender setae along vulval margin (some may be submarginal). Type material. Ex Blythipicus pyrrhotis sinensis: Holotype ♂, Nanling Reservation, elev. 1200–1225 m, Ruyang County, Guangdong Province, China, 23 Nov. 2012, Nanling Bird Research Team, bird J0150, GD-PHTH- 00123 (IZGAS). Paratypes: 5♂, 1♀, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00124–00136 (IZGAS). Non-types: 2 nymphs, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00137–00138 (IZGAS). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the generic name of the host. Remarks. Dalgleish (1972) included specimens from Blythipicus pyrrhotis pyrrhotis (Hodgson, 1837) from Nepal in Penenirmus pici (Fabricius, 1798) but, using Dalgleish’s (1972) key, our specimens key out to Penenirmus auritus based on abdominal chaetotaxy. Using the key in Emerson & Johnson (1961), our specimens key out to couplet 4, but do not fit either alternative due to differences in female chaetotaxy, and males cannot be accurately identified in this key. As neither Emerson & Johnson (1961) nor Dalgleish (1972) illustrated or described the male genitalia in detail, our comparisons were made with specimens we studied and identified as Picophilopterus pici sensu lato from Picus canus sordidior (see below). Comparisons with P. auritus are based on the redescription of this species by Clay & Hopkins (1960), based on the neotype.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
ADAM SMITH'S VIEW OF HISTORY: CONSISTENT OR PARADOXICAL?
No full textThe conventional interpretation of Adam Smith is that he is a prophet of commercialism. The liberal capitalist reading of Smith is consistent with the view that history culminates in commercial society. The first part of the article develops this optimistic interpretation of Smith's view of history. Smith implies that commercial society is the end of history because 1) it supplies the ends of nature that he identifies; 2) it is inevitable; and 3) it is permanent. The second part of the article shows that Smith has some dark moments in his writings where he seems to reject completely such teleological notions. In this more civic humanist mood he confesses that commercial society does not supply the ends of nature, nor is it inevitable, nor is it permanent. Both views exist in Smith and the commentator is forced to choose between passages in Smith's work in order to support a particular interpretation of the former's view of history.Political Economy,
Phthiraptera Haeckel 1896
No full textPHTHIRAPTERA Haeckel, 1896 Phthiraptera Haeckel 1896: 703.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on page 402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
Ischnocera Kellogg 1896
No full textIschnocera Kellogg, 1896 Ischnocera Kellogg, 1896: 63.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on page 403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689
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