1,720,975 research outputs found
Scheduling and operation of RES-based virtual power plants with e-mobility: A novel integrated stochastic model
No full textIn the present paper, an Energy Management System is proposed to optimally schedule and operate a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) composed of charging stations for e-vehicles, stationary batteries, and renewable energy sources. The model is capable to optimize the bidding process on the Day-Ahead Market (DAM) through a two-stage stochastic formulation, which considers the uncertainties affecting the evaluation of the energy required for the next day. The stochastic scenarios are generated through a Monte Carlo procedure and clustered by a reduced domain k-means algorithm. To manage in real-time the operation of the VPP, a new Rolling Horizon mixed-integer linear programming model is adopted. The effectiveness of the tools developed is proved by numerical simulations reproducing the different operating conditions of the VPP. The benefits of the approach are confirmed by extensive analyses performed over a 4-month period. An increase of the profits of 23 % compared to a non-optimized strategy and of 6 % with respect to a deterministic optimization is observed
Power Demand Patterns of Public Electric Vehicle Charging: A 2030 Forecast Based on Real-Life Data
Full text linkAs the adoption of electric vehicles accelerates, understanding the impact of public charging on the power grid is crucial. However, today, a notable gap exists in the literature regarding approaches capable of accurately estimating the expected influence of e-mobility power demand on electrical grids, especially at medium and low voltage levels. To fill this gap, in this study, a procedure is proposed to estimate the power demand patterns of public car parks in a 2030 scenario. To this end, data collected from real-life car parks in Italy are used in Monte Carlo simulations, where probabilistic daily power demand curves are created with different maximum charging powers (from 7.4 kW to ultra-fast charging). The results highlight high variability in the power demand depending on the location and type of car park. City center car parks exhibit peak demand during morning hours, linked to commercial activities, while car parks near railway stations and hospitals show demand patterns aligned with transportation and healthcare needs. Business area car parks, in contrast, have a more pronounced demand during work hours on weekdays, with much lower activity during weekends. This study also demonstrates that, in some situations, ultra-fast charging can increase peak power demand from the grid by up to 210%. Given their contribution to the existing literature, the power demand patterns from this research constitute a valuable starting point for future studies aimed at quantitatively assessing the impact of e-mobility on the power system. In addition, they can effectively support decision-makers in optimally designing the e-mobility recharge infrastructure
Participation of Electric Mobility in the Ancillary Service Market: A Numerical Assessment of Expected Performance and Revenues
No full textThe paper is aimed to provide a numerical assessment of the technical performances and economic results that could be achieved by a fleet of electric vehicles participating in the Ancillary Service Market. To this purpose, the discipline currently in place in Italy for UVAM project, started in 2019, is assumed as a reference: This experimental initiative enabled distributed flexibility resources, such as dispersed generation, controllable loads, storage systems and also e-mobility, to participate in an aggregated form in the Ancillary Service Market. In this framework, the present work investigates the possible exploitation of an electric fleet to supply balance reserve to the power system. For the purpose of the analysis, the results obtained by two different numerical approaches are presented. They are aimed to prove the effectiveness of the e-mobility regulation with respect to its capability to meet the minimum technical requirements that are mandatory for the participation in the project, and the relevant economic sustainability
IMPACT OF GREEN MOBILITY ON THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN A 2030 SCENARIO
Full text linkIn this paper, a methodology is proposed to evaluate the impact on the Italian electric power system deriving from the increasing adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). To this purpose, a case study that involves the Lombardy region in a 2030 scenario is analyzed. To accurately estimate travel habits within the region, datasets publicly available were used, complementing them with suitable energetic models of BEVs. Detailed data about the journeys traveled by commuters in the region, distinguished by reason to move and modes of transport, were provided in input to an online routing machine to extract significant information about the vehicle’s instantaneous speed, length, and duration of each trip. This allowed for an accurate assessment of the energy and power requirements of private electric mobility in a 2030 scenario. The quantities in output to the analysis can be effectively used by transmission and distribution network operators to identify the issues that could arise on the grid due to increased demand related to electric vehicles. In addition, these analyses can support the proper design and planning of all the reinforcement actions needed on the electrical grid to improve its capability to supply the energy and power required during the charging processes
An Algorithm for the Ancillary Services Provision by E-Mobility-based Virtually Aggregated Mixed Units
No full textThe present paper deals with the provision of ancillary services to the power system through the scheduling of the charging requests of electric vehicles. The scheduling process is based on a hybridization of the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (h-ABC). The starting of e-cars charging is supposed to be postponed according to predetermined deadlines set by users. With a precautionary approach, charging processes are assumed non-preemptable. To highlight the potential benefits of the approach in a real-life scenario, a techno-economic assessment is performed, taking as reference the rules in place in Italy and using real data from the market
Flexibility Provision by an Aggregate of Electric Boilers in the Italian Regulatory Framework
No full textThe present work provides a numerical evaluation of the flexibility that an aggregate of electric boilers can supply to the power system in the Italian framework. To this purpose, the paper firstly outlines the current national regulations regarding the provision of flexibility by distributed energy resources. Then, considering the Italian discipline as a reference, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the regulating capability of an aggregate of electric boilers. In the analysis, the effects on the users' thermal comfort are also taken into account. To control boilers, enabling the provision of ancillary services, a heuristic based on a Greedy-Indexing algorithm is proposed, while the hot water usage is simulated by real data. The heuristic strategy implemented resulted to be particularly effective, enabling the provision of services without introducing significant detrimental effects on the users' thermal comfort
Residential Users as Flexibility Providers: a Techno-Economic Analysis
No full textThe increasing spreading of generation affected by uncertainty and the gradual phase-out of fossil-based power plants are requesting many countries to open the Ancillary Service Markets (ASMs) to new actors, such as the aggregators. In this framework, this paper presents a study aimed to evaluate the regulating capabilities, from both a technical and an economic point of view, of an aggregate composed of residential users equipped with small-scale renewable power plants and flexible loads (V2Ge-vehicles, electrical water boilers). To this purpose, two numerical models are proposed: the former quantifies the flexibility that can be offered in the ASM, while the latter simulates the operation of the aggregate, assessing the flexibility available and evaluating the possible unwanted effects caused to the users in case of ancillary service activation. Extensive analyses are performed, considering the Italian scenario as a reference
A Nature-Inspired Algorithm to Enable the E-Mobility Participation in the Ancillary Service Market
Full text linkIn the present paper, a tool is proposed to optimally schedule the charging requests of a fleet of carsharing Electric Vehicles (EVs) in an urban area, to enable their participation in the Ancillary Service Market. The centralized scheduler minimizes the imbalance of an EV fleet with respect to the power commitment declared in the Day-Ahead Market, providing also tertiary reserve and power balance control to the grid. The regulation is carried out by optimizing the initial charging time of each vehicle, according to a deadline set by the carsharing operator. To this purpose, a nature-inspired optimization is adopted, implementing innovative hybridizations of the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. The e-mobility usage is simulated through a topology-aware stochastic model based on carsharing usage in Milan (Italy) and the Ancillary Services requests are modeled by real data from the Italian electricity market. The numerical simulations performed confirmed the effectiveness of the approach in identifying a suitable schedule for the charging requests of a large EV fleet (up to 3200 units), with acceptable computational effort. The benefits on the economic sustainability of the E-carsharing fleet given by the participation in the electricity market are also confirmed by an extensive sensitivity analysis
Reactive Power Flows on Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation: Current Trends and Opportunities
No full textIn recent years, the spreading of inverter-based loads and massive growth in penetration of distributed generators have shown great effects on the Reactive Power Flows (RPFs) throughout distribution and transmission systems, leading to voltage quality problems, increased energy losses and inefficiencies in the voltage regulation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to evaluate, on a case study based on a real medium voltage distribution system in Italy, the possible contribution of dispersed generation to RPFs management, especially at the interface between the high and medium voltage systems. Different generation samples are obtained through a Monte Carlo approach, assuming the dispersed generation spreading rates relevant to both the current national situation and a 2030 scenario. The RPF analysis is performed by adopting the voltage control algorithms currently prescribed for small-sized generators by the Italian technical connection rules. Moreover, a regulation based on a scheduled fixed setpoint is investigated in order to evaluate its benefits on the RPFs compensation
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