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Convolutional networks for video-based infant movement analysis. Towards objective prognosis of cerebral palsy from infant spontaneous movements
No full textNorsk sammendrag
Cerebral parese (CP) er en samlebetegnelse på motoriske funksjonsforstyrrelser grunnet skade på hjernen tidlig i barnets utvikling. Det er særlig spedbarn med medisinske risikofaktorer, som for eksempel for tidlig fødsel, pustebesvær og infeksjoner, som står i fare for å utvikle CP. CP har innvirkning på barnets holdning og motorikk, men gir også andre utfordringer og komplikasjoner. Som følge av manglende tidlige symptomer blir ofte ikke diagnosen satt før 1-2 års alder. Tidlig gjenkjenning av CP hos spedbarn er viktig for å kunne starte målrettet behandling, forebygge komplikasjoner og redusere bekymring hos foreldre.
Undersøkelse av spedbarnets spontane bevegelser med metoden General Movement Assessment (GMA) kan indikere om et barn har CP allerede før 5 måneders alder. GMA utføres ved observasjon av et spedbarns spontane bevegelser i en video. Ettersom dette avhenger av tilgang til erfarne og trenede observatører er denne undersøkelsen ikke tilgjengelig for alle. Maskinlæringsbasert CP-prediksjon har blitt utforsket som et alternativ til GMA, men foreløpig har man ikke lyktes med å lokalisere de spontane bevegelsene til et spedbarn i en video på en presis måte. Samtidig er man avhengig av menneskelige eksperter for å kunne velge ut relevante egenskaper i spedbarnsbevegelsene og for å utvikle prediksjonsmodeller.
Konvolusjonelle nettverk kan tilpasse seg komplekse oppgaver gjennom automatisk utvelgelse av relevante egenskaper ved bruk av tilpassede nettverksarkitekturer. Formålet med denne avhandlingen var å undersøke presisjonen og beregningseffektiviteten til bildebaserte konvolusjonelle nettverk (ConvNets) for lokalisering av spedbarns spontane bevegelser i videoopptak, og å evaluere nøyaktigheten til grafbaserte konvolusjonelle nettverk (GCNs) for prediksjon av CP.
Resultatene fra dette doktorgradsarbeidet viser at ConvNets er i stand til å lokalisere spedbarnsbevegelser i video like godt som det et menneske gjør samtidig som videoen prosesseres i sanntid. En GCN-basert prediksjonsmodell for CP kan videre oppnå like god nøyaktighet som det kliniske eksperter gjør ved bruk av GMA ved 3 måneders alder. Prediksjonsmodellen har også svært god evne til å forutsi gående eller ikke-gående funksjon hos barn med CP og å skille mellom spedbarn som utvikler ensidig og tosidig lammelse.
Denne avhandlingen viser at konvolusjonelle nettverk kan brukes til videobasert bevegelsesanalyse av spedbarn for nøyaktig automatisk prediksjon av CP. Tidlig og objektiv gjenkjenning av CP hos spedbarn med medisinske risikofaktorer kan inspirere til utvikling av maskinlæringsbasert klinisk beslutningsstøtte og oppmuntre til videre forskning i grenseflaten mellom moderne medisinsk teknologi og klinisk ekspertkunnskap.English summary
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood, with a particularly high prevalence in infants with medical risk factors (i.e., high-risk infants), like preterm birth. CP is caused by injury to the developing brain which affects a child’s movement and posture but also involve associated impairments and complications. The lack of early pathological signs of CP, typically delays the diagnosis until 12 to 24 months of age. However, early detection of CP is necessary to improve function through targeted intervention.
The quality of spontaneous movements of infants has evolved as an accurate marker for CP before 5 months of age. The qualitative General Movement Assessment (GMA) enables early prediction of CP from infant spontaneous movements in a video. However, the dependency on highly experienced human GMA experts questions its scalability. Machine learning-based CP prediction has attempted to replicate the predictive accuracy of GMA, but currently lack precise motion capture of infant spontaneous movements in videos and require human expert involvement in selecting movement features and designing prediction models.
Convolutional networks have ability to adapt to complex tasks through automatic feature extraction with dedicated network architectures. In this thesis, we investigate the localization performance and computational efficiency of imagebased convolutional networks (ConvNets) in video-based motion capture of infant spontaneous movements, and the predictive accuracy of graph-based convolutional networks (GCNs) for prediction of CP.
Results show that video-based motion capture harnessing ConvNets can approach human-level localization performance with real-time processing speeds. Moreover, a prediction model for CP utilizing GCNs can achieve predictive accuracy non-inferior to the clinically recommended human expert-based GMA in high-risk infants at 3 months age. Such a prediction model can also distinguish infants with ambulatory CP from non-ambulatory CP and infants with unilateral CP from bilateral CP.
This thesis demonstrates the potential of convolutional networks in videobased infant movement analysis. The knowledge acquired may pave the way for early, objective detection of CP in high-risk infants, encourage implementation of machine learning-based clinical decision support, and inspire future research to discover fruitful collaborations between contemporary medical technology and clinical expert knowledge
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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