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General themes: health care and poor relief in 18th and 19th century Northern Europe
No full textThroughout history governments have had to confront the problem of how to deal with the poorer parts of their population. During the medieval and early modern period this responsibility was largely borne by religious institutions, civic institutions and individual charity. By the eighteenth century, however, the rapid social and economic changes brought about by industrialisation put these systems under intolerable strain, forcing radical new solutions to be sought to address both old and new problems of health care and poor relief.
This volume looks at how northern European governments of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coped with the needs of the poor, whilst balancing any new measures against the perceived negative effects of relief upon the moral wellbeing of the poor and issues of social stability.
Taken together, the essays in this volume chart the varying responses of states, social classes and political theorists towards the great social and economic issue of the age, industrialisation. Its demands and effects undermined the capacity of the old poor relief arrangements to look after those people that the fits and starts of the industrialisation cycle itself turned into paupers. The result was a response that replaced the traditional principle of 'outdoor' relief, with a generally repressive system of 'indoor' relief that lasted until the rise of organised labour forced a more benign approach to the problems of poverty.
Although complete in itself, this volume also forms the third of a four-volume survey of health care and poor relief provision between 1500 and 1900, edited by Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham.
General Themes: Health care and poor relief in 18th and 19th-century northern Europe, Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham; Health care and the construction of citizenship in civil societies in the era of the Enlightenment and industrialisation, Dorothy Porter; Histories of risk and welfare in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, Marco van Leeuwen; The German States: Health care provision and poor relief in enlightenment and 19th-century Prussia, Fritz Dross; Health care provision and poor relief in the electorate and kingdom of Bavaria, Michael Stolberg; Urban charity and the relief of the sick poor in northern Germany, 1750–1850, Mary Lindemann; Russia and Scandinavia: Health care and poor relief in Russia (1700–1856), Hubertus Jahn; Health care provision and poor relief in enlightenment and 19th-century Denmark, Gerda Bonderup; Ideology or pragmatism?: health care provision and poor relief in Norway in the 19th century, Øivind Larsen; Britain: Health care and poor relief in provincial England, Anne Crowther; Medical relief and the new Poor Law in London, David Green; Poor relief and health care in 19th-century Scotland, Rosalind Mitchison; The Netherlands: Dutch approaches to problems of illness and poverty between the Golden Age and the Fin de Siècle, Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra; France: Poor relief and medical assistance in 18th-and 19th-century Paris, Matthew Ramsey; Health care provision and poor relief in 19th-century provincial France, Olivier Faure; Index
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A journey of body and soul: the significance of the hospitals in southern, Catholic Europe for John Howard's views of health care and the creation of the utopian hospital
No full textAbout the book: The poor and the sick-poor have always presented a problem to the governments and churches of Europe. Whose responsibility are they? Are they a wilful burden on the honest working population, or are they a necessary presence for the true Christian to live the true Christian life?
In the 18th and 19th centuries what happened to the poor and the sick-poor in the north and south of Europe was different. In the north there occurred first the Reformation in the 16th century, which changed attitudes to the poor, and then the advent of industrialisation, with its far-reaching effects of pauperisation of people both in town and countryside. In the Catholic south, where industrialisation did not appear so soon, the Catholic Church introduced a programme of reform at all levels but along traditional lines. This included the founding of new orders dedicated to the care of the poor and sick, of new institutions within which to house and care for them. At all times it was taken for granted that it was a necessary aspect of being a Christian that one should give for the care of the needy, and that this was not the duty of the state or of secular institutions. The secularising movement did however reach the southern countries by way both of the Enlightenment and - more drastically - in the form of the Napoleonic invasions. But after the defeat of Napoleon, the Church reasserted its right to administer and control the support of the poor and sick, and this situation continued until 1900 in most areas. Moreover the effects of industrialisation and the concomitant increase in population did make itself felt in the south in the course of the 19th century, which put great stress on the institutions for poor relief and health care for the poor.
All this is still relevant today, since the situations that governments and the Catholic Church found themselves confronted with, and the stark choices they had to make, are being replayed to some extent today. Who is responsible for the poor, who is to blame for their being poor? How should their poverty be relieved, how should the health care of the many be funded? These are still live issues today.
While complete in itself the present volume also forms the fourth and last of a four-volume survey of health care and poor relief in Europe between 1500 and 1900, edited by Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham
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"Like the bees, who neither suck nor generate their honey from one flower": the significance of the peregrinatio academica for Danish medical students of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
No full text[About the book]
Students notoriously vote with their feet, seeking out the best and most innovative teachers of their subject. The most ambitious students have been travelling long distances for their education since universities were first founded in the 13th century, making their own educational pilgrimage or peregrinatio.
This volume deals with the peregrinatio medica from the viewpoint of the travelling students: who went where; how did they travel; what did they find when they arrived; what did they take back with them from their studies. Even a single individual could transform medical studies or practice back home on the periphery by trying to reform teaching and practice the way they had seen it at the best universities. Other contributions look at the universities themselves and how they were actively developed to attract students, and at some of the most successful teachers, such as Boerhaave at Leiden or the Monros at Edinburgh.
The essays show how increasing levels of wealth allowed more and more students to make their pilgrimages, travelling for weeks at a time to sit at the feet of a particular master. In medicine this meant that, over the period c.1500 to 1789, a succession of universities became the medical school of choice for ambitious students: Padua and Bologna in the 1500s, Paris, Leiden and Montpellier in the 1600s, and Leiden, Göttingen and Edinburgh in the 1700s. The arrival of foreign students brought wealth to the university towns and this significant economic benefit meant that the governors of these universities tried to ensure the defence of freedom of religion and freedom of speech, thus providing the best conditions for the promotion of new views and innovation in medicine.
The collection presents a new take on the history of medical education, as well as universities, travel and education more widely in ancien régime Europe
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Between anatomy and religion: The conversions to Catholicism of the two Danish anatomists Nicolaus Steno and Jacob Winslow
No full textThe strange case of the anatomist son of a Danish, Lutheran pastor who studied in Paris where he not only practised anatomy successfully, but became a Catholic. he was converted by the great Catholic preacher Bossuet who had already played a significant part in the conversion of his famous uncle, Nicolaus Steno. The article explores the similarities and differences of the two cases
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Three seventeenth-century manuals on how and where to study medicine
No full textOf the three manuals discussed the two earlier ones read like study guides, while the last reads like a travel guide. The first two are packed with references to works which ought to be consulted, while the last is full of people who should be approached and places to be visited. The earliest manual considered medical astrology an important subject to be studied while the two later manuals do not refer to the subject at all. The first two manuals valued the medical man as a polyhistor while the last considers such activities a distraction for the physician
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The Impact of the European Reformation: Princes, Clergy and people
No full textRecent decades have witnessed the fragmentation of Reformation studies with research increasingly confined within specific geographical, confessional, and chronological boundaries. By bringing together scholars working on a wide variety of topics, this volume provides a broad perspective on the wider inpact of the Reformation
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Martin Luther on the poison of sexual abstinence and the poison of the pox From Galen to Paracelsus
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Health care and poor relief in 18th and 19th Century Southern Europe
No full textIn the 18th and 19th centuries what happened to the poor and the sick-poor in norther and southern Europe differed. In the Catholic south, where industrialisation was slow to make an impact, the Catholic Church introduced a programme of reform at all levels but along traditional lines, such as the founding of new orders dedicated to the care of the poor and sick and new institutions where they could be housed. This volume forms the fourth and last volume of a four-volume survey of health care and poor relief in Europe between 1500-1900 edited by Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham
Tolerance and intolerance in the European Reformation. Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner, 1996
No full textGilmont Jean-François. Tolerance and intolerance in the European Reformation. Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner, 1996. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 31ᵉ année, fasc. 2, 2000. p. 274
Tolerance and intolerance in the European Reformation. Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner, 1996
No full textGilmont Jean-François. Tolerance and intolerance in the European Reformation. Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner, 1996. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 31ᵉ année, fasc. 2, 2000. p. 274
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