324,364 research outputs found
Correction by Focus: Cleft Constructions and the Cross-Linguistic Variation in Phonological Form
No full textGreif M, Skopeteas S. Correction by Focus: Cleft Constructions and the Cross-Linguistic Variation in Phonological Form. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12: 648478.A challenging issue of cross-linguistic variation is that the same syntactic construction may appear in different arrays of contexts depending on language. For instance, cleft constructions appear with contrastive focus in English, but in a larger array of contexts in French. A part of the cross-linguistic variation may be due to prosodic differences, since prosodic possibilities determine the array of focus structures that can be mapped onto one and the same syntactic configuration. In the present study, we compare languages with flexible nuclear-accent placement (English, German), with languages that do not use this prosodic strategy (French, Mandarin Chinese). In a speech production experiment, we examine the prosodic realization of contrastive focus and identify prosodic reflexes of focus in all languages. The presence of different phonetic reflexes of focus suggests that - anything else being equal - the same syntactic constructions should be possible in the same array of contexts. In an acceptability study with written questionnaires, we examined the felicity of cleft constructions in contexts licensing a focus within the cleft clause. This focus structure is orthogonal to the preferred focus structure of cleft constructions and can appear in cases of second-occurrence foci (in contexts of correction). The obtained judgments reveal a distinction between languages with flexible nuclear-accent placement (English, German) and languages with other types of reflexes of focus (French, Chinese): languages of the former type have an advantage in using cleft constructions with a focus within the cleft clause, which shows that the array of contexts of using clefts in English and German is not a proper subset of the array of contexts applying to the same constructions in French and Chinese. The obtained differences can be explained by the role of prosodic devices and corroborate the view that prosodic reflexes of focus have different semantic-pragmatic import: it is easier to establish a focus structure that is orthogonal to the syntax in a language with flexible nuclear-accent placement (English, German); this does not hold for prosodic correlates of focus that reinforce the articulation of prosodic constituents (French) or the articulation of lexical tones (Chinese). Copyright © 2021 Greif and Skopeteas
Contract enforcement and institutions among the Maghribi Traders: Refuting Edwards and Ogilvie
No full textEdwards and Ogilvie (2008) dispute the empirical basis for the view (Greif, e.g., 1989, 1994,2006) that multilateral reputation mechanism mitigated agency problems among the eleventh-century Maghribi traders. They assert that the relations among merchants and agents were law-based. This paper refutes this assertion using quantitative and documentary evidence thereby vindicating the position that the legal system had a marginal role in mitigating agency problems in long-distance trade in this historical era. Edwards and Ogilvie constantly present legal actions in non-trade related legal cases as evidence for a reliance on the legal system for matters pertaining to long-distance trade. Their criticism of Greif’s documentary analysis also fails scrutiny. The claim that merchants' relations with their overseas agents were law-based is wrong. This paper is based on quantitative analyses of the corpuses containing the hundreds of documents on which the literature relies and a careful review of the documents and the literature Edwards and Ogilvie cite. Their assertion is shown to be based on unrepresentative and irrelevant examples, an inaccurate description of the literature, and a consistent misreading of the few sources they consulted. In particular, their examples for the use of the court are mainly taken from mandatory legal procedures associated with sorting out the assets and liabilities of deceased traders’ estates. Such examples do not support the claim that agency relations were law-based. The quantitative analysis reveals that empirical basis for the multilateral reputation view is stronger than originally perceived. This paper also sheds light on the roles of the legal system and reputation mechanism during this period.institutions; contract-enforcement; reputation; Maghribi traders; agency relations
USING THE ISO 27000 FAMILY OF STANDARDS WHEN PERFORMING IINFORMATION SYSTEM AUDITS
No full textPričujoče diplomsko delo predstavlja področji revizije informacijskih sistemov in upravljanja informacijske varnosti po standardu ISO/IEC 27001. Obe področji sta pri tem povezani z relevantno in veljavno slovensko zakonodajo. Glavni namen te naloge je združiti obe področji v enoten in skladen sistem revidiranja informacijske varnosti. Za dosego tega cilja so usklajene zahteve standarda ISO 27001 s standardnim orodjem, tako revizije informacijskih sistemov, kot tudi upravljanja informatike nasploh COBIT 5. V končni fazi pa so izdelana natančna priporočila za revizijo informacijske varnosti, ki jih omogočata standarda ISO/IEC 27002 in ISO/IEC 27007.The present diploma work presents the fields of information systems audit and management of information security according to standard ISO/IEC 27001. Both areas are linked to the relevant and applicable Slovenian legislation. The main purpose of this diploma work is to unite the two areas into a unified and consistent system of information security auditing. This goal was achieved by aligning the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001 standard with the standard tool for not only performing information systems audit but also management of information technology in general COBIT 5. In the final stage detailed recomendations for information security audit that are made possible by the standards ISO/IEC 27002 and ISO/IEC 27007 are formed
Contract Enforcement and Institutions among the Maghribi Traders: Refuting Edwards and Ogilvie
No full textEdwards and Ogilvie (2008) dispute the empirical basis for the view (Greif, e.g., 1989, 1994, 2006) that multilateral reputation mechanism mitigated agency problems among the eleventh-century Maghribi traders. They assert that the relations among merchants and agents were law-based. This paper refutes this assertion using quantitative and documentary evidence thereby vindicating the position that the legal system had a marginal role in mitigating agency problems in long-distance trade in this historical era.** Edwards and Ogilvie constantly present legal actions in non-trade related legal cases as evidence for a reliance on the legal system for matters pertaining to long-distance trade. Their criticism of Greif’s documentary analysis also fails scrutiny. The claim that merchants' relations with their overseas agents were law-based is wrong. This paper is based on quantitative analyses of the corpuses containing the hundreds of documents on which the literature relies and a careful review of the documents and the literature Edwards and Ogilvie cite. Their assertion is shown to be based on unrepresentative and irrelevant examples, an inaccurate description of the literature, and a consistent misreading of the few sources they consulted. In particular, their examples for the use of the court are mainly taken from mandatory legal procedures associated with sorting out the assets and liabilities of deceased traders’ estates. Such examples do not support the claim that agency relations were law-based. The quantitative analysis reveals that empirical basis for the multilateral reputation view is stronger than originally perceived. This paper also sheds light on the roles of the legal system and reputation mechanism during this period.
Understanding of domestic violence among female students in the faculties of education
No full textMagistrsko delo raziskuje razumevanje problematike nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini med študentkami vseh treh pedagoških fakultet. Osrednja pozornost je namenjena opremljenosti z znanjem o nasilju nad ženskami in otroki v družini med študentkami pedagoških študijskih programov in naslavljanju teme nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini v učnih načrtih predmetnikov posameznih pedagoških študijskih programov. Teoretični del naloge obravnava dve tematski področji: nasilje nad ženskami in otroki v družini ter vlogo vzgojno-izobraževalnih institucij v povezavi s tem.
V empiričnem delu so uporabljene mešane metode, saj sem kombinirala kvantitativni in kvalitativni raziskovalni pristop. Opisani so izsledki kvantitativne raziskave, v kateri je sodelovalo 187 študentk vseh treh slovenskih pedagoških fakultet. Podatke sem zbirala z anketnim vprašalnikom, ki je pri študentkah preverjal, kakšna je njihova opremljenost z znanjem o problematiki nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini ter kako dobro so opremljene za odzivanje nanj v pedagoškem kontekstu. Rezultati so pokazali, da se pojavljajo statistično pomembne razlike v stopnji prevzemanja stereotipov o nasilju nad ženskami in otroki v družini med študijskimi programi in univerzami. Prav tako se razlike med študijskimi programi in univerzami pojavljajo v ravni tolerance do pojava nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini. Ugotovila sem še, da študentke pedagoških fakultet v povprečju slabo ocenjujejo obseg nasilja v družini v družbi, pa tudi, da med določenimi študijskimi programi obstaja veliko nesorazmerje med oceno usposobljenosti in njihovo samooceno usposobljenosti za odzivanje na nasilje nad ženskami in otroki v družini v pedagoškem kontekstu.
Kvalitativni del naloge vsebuje analizo učnih načrtov 32 predmetnikov študijskih programov pedagoških fakultet. Analiza je pokazala, da na pedagoških fakultetah primanjkuje vsebin o nasilju nad ženskami in otroki v družini, pri čemer so opazne razlike med univerzami in študijskimi programi. Univerza v Ljubljani študentkam ponuja več vsebin o problematiki nasilja v primerjavi z univerzama na Primorskem in v Mariboru. Pri študijskih programih glede prisotnosti teme nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini močno izstopata (prvo- in drugostopenjski) programa socialne pedagogike, zaskrbljujoča pa je ugotovitev, da je tema nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini pri nekaterih drugih študijskih programih (prvo- in drugostopenjski program razrednega pouka ter inkluzivna pedagogika) popolnoma ali skoraj popolnoma odsotna.
Raziskava predstavlja kritičen pogled na visokošolsko izobraževanje bodočega pedagoškega kadra o tematiki nasilja nad ženskami in otroki v družini in opozarja na pomembnost poznavanja omenjene problematike v polju vzgoje in izobraževanja. S tem prinaša uporabno vrednost za snovalce izobraževalnih politik, saj pokaže, katerih znanj o nasilju nad ženskami in otroki v družini študentkam manjka in bi jih bilo smiselno v večji meri vključiti v učne načrte pedagoških fakultet.The master thesis explores the understanding of the issue of domestic violence against women and children among students of all three faculties of education. It focuses on the knowledge base on violence against women and children in the family among students of the pedagogical study programs and the addressing of the topic of violence against women and children in the family in the curricula of the courses of the individual pedagogical study programs. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with two thematic issues: violence against women and children in the family and the role of educational institutions in this respect.
The empirical part of the study uses mixed methods, combining a quantitative and qualitative research approach. The findings of a quantitative study involving 187 students from all three Slovenian faculties of education are described. I collected data using a questionnaire that tested the student\u27s knowledge of the issue of domestic violence against women and children and how well-equipped they were to respond to it in a pedagogical context. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of adoption of stereotypes about violence against women and children in the family between study programs and universities. There are also differences between study programs and universities in the level of tolerance towards the issue of violence against women and children in the family. I also found that students of faculties of education on average have a poor assessment of the extent of domestic violence in society and that there is a large disparity between the evaluation of their competence and their self-perception of their competence to respond to violence against women and children in the family in a pedagogical context among certain study programs.
The qualitative part of the thesis analyses 32 curricula of the study programs of the faculties of education. The analysis shows that there is a lack of content on violence against women and children in the family in the faculties of education, with significant differences between universities and study programs. University of Ljubljana offers more content on violence to its students than the universities of Primorska and Maribor. In terms of the presence of the topic of violence against women and children in the family, the social pedagogy programs (first- and second-level) stand out, while it is concerning to note that the topic of violence against women and children in the family is completely or almost completely absent in some other study programs (first- and second-level classroom education and inclusive pedagogy).
The research presents a critical view of higher education of the future teaching staff on the topic of violence against women and children in the family and highlights the importance of knowledge of this issue in the field of education. In this way, it provides useful value for educational policy-makers, by showing which knowledge on violence against women and children in the family is lacking among students and therefore should be better incorporated into the curricula of faculties of education
THE INFLUENCE OF ARCHETYPES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTAGONISTS IN HESSE`SNOVELS DEMIAN, STEPPENWOLF AND NARCISSUS AND GOLDMUND
No full textDiplomsko delo opisuje osebnostni razvoj protagonistov v romanih Demian, Narcis in Zlatoust ter Stepni volk, in sicer z vidika teorije razvoja osebnosti Carla Gustava Junga.
Osebnostni razvoj Jung imenuje proces individuacije, ki temelji na polarnih nasprotjih zavestno – nezavedno, dan – noč, moško – žensko. Ob tem nastajajo konflikti, ki jih protagonisti obravnavanih romanov rešujejo s pomočjo pretežno ženskih arhetipov, ti pa so produkt kolektivnega nezavednega. Delo spremlja proces individuacije protagonistov in analizira arhetipe, ki vplivajo na potek njihovega razvoja: anima in velika mati sta najizrazitejša ženska arhetipa, najizrazitejši moški arhetip pa je modri starec.The thesis focuses on personal development of protagonists in the novels Demian, Narcissus and Goldmund, and Steppenwolf from the perspective of Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of the development of personality.
Jung calls the personal development the individuation process based on polar opposites such as conscious – unconscious, day – night, male – female. These opposites cause conflicts which are solved by protagonists of the target novels with the help of mainly female archetypes – these being a product of the collective unconscious. The thesis follows the protagonists’ individuation process and analyses archetypes which influence their personal development. Anima and the great mother are most distinct female archetypes while the wise old man leads among male archetypes
Abstinence crisis in athletes after career termination from the perspective of relational family therapy
No full textZaključek športne kariere velja za posebno tranzicijo v življenju športnikov, v kateri je prisotno tveganje za različne težave in abstinenčne krize. Precej raziskav poroča o tem, da so nekateri športniki doživeli določene tranzicijske težave in negativna čustva po koncu kariere. Športniki, ki doživljajo stiske in težave po koncu kariere, pogosto niso deležni ustrezne socialne podpore oziroma redkeje iščejo strokovno pomoč. Na področju psihologije športa so na voljo različne intervencije in podporni programi. Zaradi celovite obravnave športnikov in kompleksnosti njihovih problemov po koncu kariere je možno predlagati alternativne oblike pomoči. V doktorski disertaciji smo zato želeli raziskati nekatere tranzicijske dejavnike in doživljanje športnikov po koncu kariere z vidika relacijske družinske terapije, ki predstavlja, s celovitejšim in globljim naslavljanjem tranzicijskih problemov, alternativno terapevtsko intervencijo.
Doktorska disertacija z naslovom Abstinenčna kriza pri športnikih po koncu kariere z vidika relacijske družinske terapije je razdeljena na teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej predstavili dosedanje raziskovanje fenomena zaključka športne kariere, kjer smo se osredotočili na teoretske pristope, razloge za konec kariere, njene posledice in dejavnike uspešne tranzicije. Nadaljevali smo z obravnavo izbranih dejavnikov, tj. športna identiteta, odvisnost od vadbe, čustveno procesiranje in abstinenčni simptomi depresije, tesnobe in stresa, ki smo jih raziskali v empiričnem delu. V tretjem delu smo predstavili model relacijske družinske terapije, s poudarkom na relacijskem preobratu v psihoanalizi in temeljnimi mehanizmi modela. V zadnjem delu teoretičnega dela smo predstavili teološki vidik kot integrativni del športa, tako da smo analizirali Sveto pismo z vidika športa in izpostavili hrepenenje v bibličnem kontekstu kot sinonim za tranzicijske spremembe po koncu kariere.
Sledil je empirični del, ki smo ga razdelili na splošni kvantitativni del in posebni kvalitativni del. V kvantitativnem delu nas je zanimala raven in povezanost dejavnikov športne identitete, odvisnosti od vadbe, čustvenega procesiranja in abstinenčnih simptomov depresije, tesnobe in stresa pri športnikih po koncu kariere. V raziskavo se je prostovoljno vključilo 98 športnikov, ki so že končali s športno kariero. Na podlagi analize vprašalnikov smo na vzorcu ugotovili ravni navedenih dejavnikov, ki so dokaj primerljive z ostalimi raziskavami. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da obstaja pri športnikih po koncu kariere statistično pomembna povezanost med ravnijo športne identitete in ravnijo odvisnosti od vadbe, ravnijo čustvenega procesiranja ter ravnijo abstinenčnih simptomov in med ravnijo čustvenega procesiranja ter ravnijo abstinenčnih simptomov, medtem ko statistično pomembna povezanost med ravnijo odvisnosti od vadbe in čustvenim procesiranjem oziroma abstinenčnimi simptomi ne obstaja.
V kvalitativnem delu raziskave smo v okviru procesa relacijske družinske terapije želeli bolje razumeti doživljanje težav in abstinenčnih kriz pri športnikih po koncu kariere. V raziskavo so se vključili trije udeleženci, nekdanji športniki, ki so se soočali s težavami po koncu kariere. Zanimala nas je možnost naslavljanja in reševanja težav z vidika relacijske družinske terapije ter predvsem značilnosti in oblike doživljanja abstinenčne krize ter težav po koncu kariere. Ugotovili smo, da je probleme in doživljanje športnikov po koncu kariere možno naslavljati in reševati z uporabo modela relacijske družinske terapije. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da je doživljanje abstinenčne krize možno vsebinsko razvrstiti na pet glavnih kategorij. Športniki po koncu kariere so tako izrazili težave in krize v povezavi s telesnimi reakcijami (neprijetne organske senzacije, spremembe telesnih funkcij, slabše telesno počutje in telesne poškodbe), čustvenim doživljanjem (temeljni afekti, duševne stiske, čustveno procesiranje in razna druga občutja), športno kariero (slovo od kariere, športna identiteta in športna vadba), odnosi (lastno doživljanje, odnosi v športu, družinski odnosi in socialna mreža) in poklicno-ekonomskim statusom (izobrazba, poklic in finance).
Zaključke raziskave je potrebno razumeti z upoštevanjem omejitev, predvsem v zvezi s sestavo vzorca v prvem delu raziskave in manjšim vzorcem v drugem delu raziskave, prav tako je pri razumevanju doživljanja težav po koncu kariere potrebno upoštevati individualno komponento in specifičnost posameznika.
Doktorska disertacija prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju abstinenčnih kriz in težav športnikov po koncu kariere, z možnostjo uporabe modela relacijske družinske terapije kot obliko podpore športnikov po koncu kariere. Disertacija nadalje prispeva k razvoju stroke in programov, ki se srečuje oziroma so namenjeni športnikom po koncu kariere.Career termination is considered to be a special transition in the lives of athletes, in which there is a risk of various problems and abstinence crises. A lot of research report that some athletes have experienced certain transition problems and negative emotions at the end of their careers. Athletes who experience hardships and problems at the end of their careers often do not receive adequate social support or rarely seek professional help. Various interventions and support programs are available in sport psychology. According to the comprehensive treatment of athletes and the complexity of their problems at the end of their careers, it is possible to suggest alternative forms of support. In the doctoral dissertation, we wanted to explore some transition factors and athletes\u27 experience after career termination from the perspective of relational family therapy, which represents, with more comprehensive and deeper addressing of transition problems, an alternative therapeutic intervention.
The doctoral dissertation entitled Abstinence crisis in athletes after career termination in the light of relational family therapy is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. In the theoretical part, we first presented the previous research on the phenomenon of sport retirement, focusing on theoretical approaches, the reasons for career termination, its consequences, and the factors of a successful transition. We continued to address selected factors, i.e. athletic identity, exercise addiction, emotional processing, and abstinence symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, which we explored in the empirical part. In the third part, we presented a model of relational family therapy, emphasizing the relational shift in psychoanalysis and the basic mechanisms of the model. In the last part of the theoretical part, we presented the theological aspect as an integrative part of sport, by analyzing the Bible from the perspective of sport and highlighting longing in a biblical context as a synonym for post-career transition changes.
Then followed an empirical part, which we divided into a general quantitative part and a special qualitative part. In the quantitative part, we were interested in the level and correlations of athletic identity, exercise addiction, emotional processing, and abstinence symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress among ex-athletes. 98 athletes who have already finished their sports careers voluntarily joined the survey. Based on the analysis of the questionnaires, we determined the levels of these factors in the sample, which are quite comparable to other surveys. We further found that there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of athletic identity and the level of exercise addiction, the level of emotional processing and the level of abstinence symptoms, and between the level of emotional processing and the level of abstinence symptoms, in ex-athletes. There is no statistically significant correlation between the level of exercise addiction and emotional processing or abstincence symptoms in ex-athletes.
In the qualitative part of the research, we wanted to better understand the experience of problems and abstinence crises in ex-athletes using the process of relational family therapy. The study included three participants, former athletes who faced problems after the end of their careers. We were interested in the possibility of addressing and solving problems from the relational family therapy perspective, and especially the characteristics and forms of experiencing an abstinence crisis and problems after career termination. We found that the problems and experiences of ex-athletes can be addressed and solved using the model of relational family therapy. We also found that the experiencing of the abstinence crisis can be divided into five main categories. After the end of their careers, athletes expressed problems and crises in connection with bodily reactions (unpleasant organic sensations, changes in bodily functions, poor physical well-being, and injuries), emotional experiences (basic emotions, mental distress, emotional processing, and various other feelings), sports career (farewell to career, athletic identity, and sports practice), relationships (own experience, relationships in sports, family relationships and social network) and occupational economic status (education, profession, and finance).
The conclusions of the research should be understood by considering the limitations, especially regarding the composition of the sample in the first part of the research and the small sample in the second part of the research.
The doctoral dissertation contributes to a better understanding of abstinence crises and problems of ex-athletes, with the possibility of using the model of relational family therapy as a form of support for ex-athletes. The dissertation further contributes to the development of the discipline and the programs that meet or are intended for ex-athletes
CAVITATION EROSION IN INJECTION COMPONENTS WITH POLIDISPERSED CAVITATION MODEL
No full textPredložena doktorska disertacija se ukvarja z numeričnim modeliranjem erozijskih efektov kot posledico kavitacijskega toka. Tovrstni tokovi se pojavljajo v različnih industrijskih procesih in so še posebej pomembni v industriji, ki proizvaja ali uporablja komponente za dovod in vbrizg goriva pod visokimi tlaki. Zmožnost numeričnih simulacij tovrstnih notranjih tokov s pomočjo računalniške dinamike tekočin (CFD) omogoča učinkovito oblikovanje vbrizgalnih šob in drugih komponent za dovod goriva, kot so tlačilke, skupni vodi, različni ventili. Ustrezno fizikalno modeliranje samega kavitacijskega toka je predpogoj za določitev agresivnosti obravnavanih pogojev in erozijskih posledic kavitacije. Gonilna sila za nastanek erozijske škode so implozije parnih mehurčkov v kavitacijskem toku. Ponavljajoče se implozije parne faze na površini izpostavljenega materiala sčasoma povzročijo površinske poškodbe. Pravilna ocena nastanka in transporta parne faze v obliki mehurčkov je ključnega pomena. Polidisperzni kavitacijski model v komercialnem CFD programu AVL FIRE je bil uporabljen kot osnova predstavljene disertacije. Materialni erozijski model je bil modificiran in prilagojen v okvirje dinamike tekočin ter implementiran v CFD program. Predvideva, da material ne prenese obremenitev nad mejo plastičnosti materiala in ocenjuje agresivnost kavitacijskega toka kot funkcijo števila implozij mehurčkov na enoto površine in velikosti le-teh ob imploziji na površini. Model omogoča numerične simulacije erozijskih efektov, kar ima izredno vrednost pri oblikovanju komponent za dovod in vbrizg goriva. Kombinacija materialnega erozijskega modela z večfaznim modelom za dinamiko tekočin je unikatna in predstavlja jedro disertacije. Prikazanih je več rezultatov, ki kažejo na zmožnost modela za kvantitativno in kvalitativno oceno verjetnosti nastanka erozijskih poškodb materiala. Prikazane so tudi posledice erodirane površine izvrtin vbrizgalne šobe na širjenje curka goriva. To nakazuje na vpliv erozije na pripravo mešanice goriva in samo zgorevanje.This disertation deals with numerical prediction of erosive effects due to cavitation. Such flows appear in many industrial applications and are of special interest within industries producing and using fuel injection components. Ability to predict such internal flows by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows for efficient design of injectors and other fuel delivery components, such as pumps, common rails, throttles. Accurate modeling of cavitating flows is a prerequisite for the prediction of flow aggressiveness and finally its erosive effects. Driving force for the onset of erosion damage are bubble collapses during vapor condensation. Repetitive implosions on the same surface of the exposed material will eventually result in material damage. Prediction of vapor generation and accurate transport of the bubbles is therefore crucial. Polidispersed cavitation model of AVL FIRE was taken as the basis of the disertation work. Material based erosion model was modified to fit into the fluid dynamics framework and implemented into the CFD code. The model assumes that the material cannot withstand hydrodynamic loads above the yield strength and estimates the aggressiveness of the cavitating flow as function of bubble collapses per unit area and the size of the collapses on the surface. It allows for prediction of erosion effects, which has extreme value in the design process of injection components. Combination of material based erosion model with the multiphase two fluid model is unique and it represents the core of the disertation. Several results are presented to demonstrate model\u27s capability to quantitatively and qualitatively predict probability for erosion existence. Finally, the effects of eroded injector surface on spray propagation are outlined, hinting that erosion inside an injector will affect the combustion process
A client\u27s perception of change in group treatment of childhood sexual violence by the relational family therapy
No full textSpolno nasilje v otroštvu je resen družbeni problem, saj naj bi bila spolno zlorabljena vsaka peta deklica, spolno zlorabljenih dečkov pa je nekoliko manj. Spolna zloraba lahko travmatično zaznamuje otroka za vse življenje. Veliko raziskav namreč kaže, da je spolno nasilje v otroštvu in adolescenci velik dejavnik tveganja za psihične, čustvene, kognitivne, vedenjske, fizične in medosebne težave, tako v kratkoročnem, kot v dolgoročnem smislu. Precej raziskav prav tako kaže, da imajo posamezniki, ki so bili v otroštvu žrtve spolnega nasilja, več težav kot posamezniki, ki niso bili žrtve spolnega nasilja. V doktorski disertaciji smo zato želeli raziskati razlike v težavah med posamezniki, ki so bili spolno zlorabljeni v otroštvu, in posamezniki, ki niso bili nikoli zlorabljeni, prav tako pa tudi globlje doživljanje žrtev spolne zlorabe, ki so se vključile v skupinsko terapevtsko obravnavo po modelu relacijske družinske terapije.
Doktorska disertacija z naslovom Klientovo doživljanje spremembe v skupinski obravnavi spolnega nasilja v otroštvu po metodi relacijske družinske terapije je razdeljena na teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej opisali pojav spolnega nasilja v otroštvu, pri čemer smo se osredotočili na opredelitve in definicije spolne zlorabe, na razširjenost spolnih zlorab in na razkrivanje ter obravnavanje spolne zlorabe. V drugem poglavju teoretičnega dela smo predstavili posledice spolnega nasilja v otroštvu, tako da smo opisali dejavnike, ki vplivajo na posledice spolnega nasilja, kratkoročne in dolgoročne posledice, vedenjske odzive žrtev ter vpliv travme na možgane. Nadaljevali smo z izbranimi posledicami spolnega nasilja, in sicer: individualni problemi, agresija, samokontrola in čustveno odzivanje. V četrtem delu smo predstavili model relacijske družinske terapije in spolno nasilje, v zadnjem poglavju teoretičnega dela pa smo obravnavali širši vidik razumevanja spolne zlorabe v Svetem pismu, tako v Novi, kot v Stari zavezi.
Sledil je empirični del, ki je sestavljen iz kvantitativnega in pretežno kvalitativnega dela. V kvantitativnem delu so nas zanimale razlike med spolno zlorabljenimi v otroštvu in nikoli zlorabljenimi posamezniki, in sicer na naslednjih področjih: individualni problemi in moči, izraženost agresije, zmožnost samokontrole in zmožnost čustvenega procesiranja. V raziskavo se je prostovoljno vključilo 707 udeležencev, od katerih je 61,39 % udeležencev doživelo nizko, zmerno ali močno obliko spolne zlorabe, kar je nad povprečjem raziskav. Na podlagi analize vprašalnikov smo ugotovili, da imajo posamezniki, ki so doživeli spolno zlorabo v otroštvu, v primerjavi s posamezniki, ki je niso, v odraslosti statistično pomembno več individualnih problemov in manj moči na področjih: izraženost negativnih afektov, odsotnost inhibicije močnih impulzov, življenjska funkcionalnost in samosprejetost, ne pa tudi na področjih: odprtost samoizražanja, nerazumevanje samega sebe, zloraba substanc in fleksibilnost. Nadalje so rezultati raziskave pokazali, da imajo posamezniki, ki so doživeli spolno zlorabo v otroštvu, statistično pomembno slabšo regulacijo agresije, in sicer na vseh področjih agresije: fizična in verbalna agresija, jeza, sovražnost in skupna raven agresije. Ugotovili smo tudi, da imajo posamezniki, ki so doživeli spolno zlorabo v otroštvu, v primerjavi s posamezniki, ki je niso, statistično pomembno manjšo zmožnost samokontrole na področju tolerance do frustracije, ne pa tudi na področjih: impulzivnost, poenostavljanje, tvegano vedenje, fizična aktivnost in osredotočenost nase. Prav tako so rezultati raziskave na področju zmožnosti čustvenega procesiranja pokazali, da imajo posamezniki, ki so doživeli spolno zlorabo v otroštvu, statistično pomembno slabšo funkcionalnost čustvenega procesiranja na področju čustvene stabilnosti, ne pa tudi na področjih: odprtost izražanja čustev, presojanje in uporaba čustev, skupna raven čustvenega procesiranja.
V pretežno kvalitativnem in deloma kvantitativnem delu raziskave nas je najprej zanimal prispevek relacijske družinske terapije pri zmanjševanju problemov pri žrtvah spolnih zlorab v otroštvu na področju individualnih problemov in moči, agresije, samokontrole in čustvenega procesiranja. Prav tako nas je v okviru terapevtske obravnave zanimalo klientovo doživljanje sprememb v terapiji oziroma klientovo doživljanje poteka terapevtskega procesa in terapevtovega delovanja v okviru skupinske obravnave spolnega nasilja. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih deset udeleženk, ki so bile spolno zlorabljene v otroštvu. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je pri žrtvah spolnih zlorab v otroštvu po procesu skupinske obravnave po modelu relacijske družinske terapije prišlo do statistično pomembnega zmanjšanja individualnih problemov in nemoči na področjih: izražanje negativnih afektov, življenjska funkcionalnost, nerazumevanje samega sebe in samosprejetost, medtem ko pri odsotnosti inhibicije impulzov, odprtosti samoizražanja, fleksibilnosti in zlorabi substanc, statistično pomembnih razlik ni bilo mogoče potrditi. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da je pri žrtvah spolne zlorabe v otroštvu po terapiji prišlo do statistično pomembnega zvišanja regulacije agresije na področjih: jeza, sovraštvo in skupna raven agresije, na pa tudi na področjih fizična agresija in verbalna agresija. Raziskava je pokazala, da je pri žrtvah spolnih zlorab v otroštvu po procesu skupinske obravnave prišlo do statistično pomembnega zvišanja samokontrole na področju toleranca do frustracije, ne pa tudi na področjih: impulzivnost, poenostavljanje, tvegano vedenje, fizična aktivnost in osredotočenost nase. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da je pri žrtvah spolnih zlorab v otroštvu po procesu skupinske terapije prišlo do statistično pomembnega izboljšanja čustvenega procesiranja na področjih: zmožnost presojanja čustev, čustvena stabilnost in čustveno procesiranje skupaj, medtem ko na področju odprtost izražanja čustev ni prišlo do statistično pomembnega izboljšanja. V drugem delu kvalitativne raziskave nas je zanimalo klientovo doživljanje spremembe v okviru skupinske relacijske družinske terapije oziroma klientovo doživljanje poteka terapevtskega procesa in terapevtovega delovanja. Ugotovili smo, da je navedeno mogoče vsebinsko razvrstiti na štiri osrednje kategorije, in sicer na: spremembe pri klientu, spremembe v odnosu z drugimi, pogoji na terapiji in lastnosti terapevta. Spremembe, o katerih so tekom terapevtskega procesa poročale žrtve spolne zlorabe, so se nanašale na področje čustev, ovrednotenja zlorabe, sočutja do sebe oziroma boljšega razumevanja sebe, doživljanja moči, dvojnega zavedanja ter na področje telesnih odzivov. Prav tako so poročale o spremembah v odnosu z drugimi, in sicer na področjih: razmejitev, socialne mreže, partnerskega odnosa in odnosov v družini. Nadalje so se pogoji na terapiji nanašali na: pomen in učinek terapije, možnost spregovoriti, občutek, da nisi sam oziroma pripadnost, zaupanje, varnost, motivacijo, pozitivna pričakovanja, na strukturo in rednost srečanj ter na izpostavljenost na skupini. Kot bistvene lastnosti terapevta so se izkazale: sočutje, strokovnost in osebnost terapevta ter terapevtski stavki, ki so pomagali.
Relacijska družinska terapija se je izkazala za varen prostor, kjer posameznik dobi besede za to, kar se mu je zgodilo, preko različnih mehanizmov pa se travma tudi zregulira in žrtvi povrne upanje v normalno življenje. Skupinska terapija se je kot posebej pomembno izkazala tudi zaradi občutka, da ljudje, ki se jim je zgodila travma spolne zlorabe, vedo, da v tem niso več sami in da z njimi ni nič narobe.
Zaključke raziskave je treba razumeti z upoštevanjem omejitev, prvi del predvsem zaradi nereprezentativnega vzorca, v drugem delu pa ni bilo vključene kontrolne skupine, prav tako pa je pri predelovanju spolne zlorabe potrebno upoštevati tudi individualnost in različnost vsakega posameznika, ki se s posledicami travme sooča vsak na svoj specifični način.
Doktorska disertacija je pomemben doprinos k boljšemu razumevanju žrtev spolnih zlorab in prispeva k razvoju relacijske družinske terapije pri obravnavi žrtev, ki so doživele travmo spolne zlorabe.Childhood sexual violence is a serious social problem, as every fifth girl is said to has been sexually abused, while the number of sexually abused boys is slightly lower. Sexual abuse can traumatize a child for a lifetime. Many studies show that sexual violence in childhood and adolescence is a major risk factor for psychological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, physical and interpersonal problems, both in the short and long term. Many also show, that individuals who were victims of sexual violence in childhood have more problems than individuals who were not victims of sexual violence. In the doctoral dissertation, we therefore wanted to investigate the differences in difficulties between individuals who were sexually abused in childhood and individuals who were not, as well as to understand the profound experiences of victims of sexual abuse who joined group therapeutic treatment according to the Relational Family Therapy model.
The doctoral dissertation entitled A Client\u27s Perception of Change in Group Treatment of Childhood Sexual Violence by the Relational Family Therapy is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. In the theoretical part, we first described the phenomenon of sexual violence in childhood, focusing on the definitions of sexual abuse, on the prevalence of sexual abuse and on disclosure and treatment of sexual abuse. In the second chapter of the theoretical work, we presented the consequences of sexual violence in childhood by describing the factors that affect the outcomes of sexual violence, short-term and long-term consequences, behavioral responses of victims and the impact of trauma on the brain. We continued with selected aspects of sexual violence, namely: individual problems, aggression, self-control and emotional response. In the fourth part we presented a model of Relational Family Therapy in the context of sexual violence, and in the last chapter of the theoretical part, we discussed the broader aspect of understanding sexual abuse in the Bible, both in the New and Old Testament.
This was followed by the empirical part, which consists of quantitative and predominantly qualitative part. In the quantitative part, we were interested in the differences between individuals who were sexually abused in childhood and individuals who were not abused, in the following areas: individual problems and strengths, the expression of aggression, the ability to self-control, and the ability of emotional processing. The 707 participants voluntarily participated in the study, of which 61,39 % experienced a low, moderate, or severe form of sexual abuse, which is above the research average. By analyzing results of the questionnaires, we found that individuals who experienced sexual abuse in childhood, in comparison to individuals who did not, have statistically significantly more individual problems and less strength in the areas of expression of negative emotions, absence of inhibition of strong impulses, life functionality, and self-acceptance, but not in the areas of openness to self-expression, lack of self-understanding, substance abuse, and flexibility. Furthermore, the research results showed that individuals who experienced sexual abuse in childhood have a statistically significantly worse regulation of aggression, namely in all areas of aggression: physical and verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and general aggression level. We also found that individuals who have experienced sexual abuse in childhood, compared to individuals who have not, have a statistically significant lower capacity for self-control in the area of temper but not in areas of impulsivity, simplification, risky behavior, physical activity, and self-focus. Also, the results of the research in the field of emotional processing ability showed that individuals who experienced sexual abuse in childhood have a statistically significantly worse functionality of emotional processing in the area of emotional stability but not in the areas of the openness of expressing emotions, appraisal and use of emotions, overall level of emotional processing.
In the predominantly qualitative and partly quantitative part of the research, we were first interested in the contribution of Relational Family Therapy in reducing problems in victims of sexual abuse in childhood in the area of individual problems and strength, aggression, self-control and emotional processing. We were also interested in the client\u27s experience of changes in therapy, i. e. the client\u27s experiences of the course of the therapeutic process and the therapist\u27s actions within the group treatment of sexual violence. Ten participants who had been sexually abused in childhood joined the research. The research result showed that after the process of group treatment according to the model of Relational Family Therapy, there was a statistically significant reduction of individual problems and helplessness in the areas of expression of negative affects, life functionality, misunderstanding of oneself and self-acceptance among victims of sexual abuse in childhood, while no statistically significant differences in the absence of impulse inhibition, openness to self-expression, flexibility and substance abuse, could be confirmed. Furthermore, we found that in victims of childhood sexual abuse after therapy, there was a statistically significant increase in the regulation of aggression in the areas: of anger, hostility, and general aggression level, as well as in the areas of physical aggression and verbal aggression. The research showed that victims of childhood sexual abuse after the group treatment process experienced a statistically significant increase in self-control in the area of temper but not in the areas of impulsivity, simplification, risky behavior, physical activity and self-focus. We also found that victims of childhood sexual abuse after the process of group therapy experienced a statistically significant improvement in emotional processing in the following areas: appraisal of emotions, emotional stability and emotional processing together, while there was no statistically significant improvement in the area of openness to expressing emotions. In the second part of the qualitative research, we were interested in the client\u27s experience of change within the framework of group Relational Family Therapy and the client\u27s experiences of the course of the therapeutic process and the therapist\u27s actions. This can be classified into four main categories: client\u27s changes, changes in the relationship with others, conditions during the therapy and characteristics of the therapist. The changes reported by the victims of sexual abuse during the therapeutic process related to the: area of emotions, evaluation of the abuse, self-compassion and better self-understanding, experiencing power, double awareness and the area of bodily responses. They also reported changes in their relationship with others, namely in the areas of delimitations, social network, partner relationships and family relationships. Furthermore, the conditions of the therapy related to the meaning and effect of the therapy, the possibility to speak, the feeling that you are not alone and belonging, trust, security, motivation, positive expectations, the structure and regularity of the meetings, and exposure to the group. The therapist\u27s compassion, professionalism, and personality, as well as therapeutic phrases that helped, proved to be essential qualities of the therapist.
Relational Family Therapy has proven to be a safe space where an individual gets words for what happened to him, and through various mechanisms the trauma is also regulated and the victim regains hope for a normal life. Group therapy has also proved particularly important because of the feeling that people who have been traumatized by the trauma of sexual abuse know that they are no longer alone in this and that there is nothing wrong with them.
The conclusions of this study should be understood by taking into account the limitations, the first part mainly due to the non-representative sample, while the second part did not include a control group, and when processing sexual abuse, it is also necessary to take into account the individuality and diversity of each individual who faces the consequences of trauma in its own specific way.
The doctoral thesis is an important contribution to a better understanding of victims of sexual abuse and contributes to the development of Relational Family Therapy treatment of victims who have experienced the trauma of sexual abuse
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
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