3,762 research outputs found
Legitimate Expectations in the Common Law World
No full textThe recognition and enforcement of legitimate expectations by courts has been a striking feature of English law since R v North and East Devon Health Authority; ex parte Coughlan [2001] 3 QB 213. Although the substantive form of legitimate expectation adopted in Coughlan was quickly accepted by English courts and received a generally favourable response from public law scholars, the doctrine of that case has largely been rejected in other common law jurisdictions. The central principles of Coughlan have been rejected by courts in common law jurisdictions outside the UK for a range of reasons, such as incompatibility with local constitutional doctrine, or because they mark an undesirable drift towards merits review. The sceptical and critical reception to Coughlan outside England is a striking contrast to the reception the case received within the UK. This book provides a detailed scholarly analysis of these issues and considers the doctrine of legitimate expectations both in England and elsewhere in the common law world
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Predictors of Stunting, Wasting and Underweight among Tanzanian Children Born to HIV-Infected Women.
No full textChildren born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, socioeconomic and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks of age for 24 months. Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant's birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight. A total of 2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight was 8.7, 7.2 and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birth weight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted. Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women
Ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb- An overview of the injury and treatment
No full textRecent diarrhoeal illness and risk of lower respiratory infections in children under the age of 5 years.
No full textBACKGROUND: Children in low-income settings suffering from frequent diarrhoea episodes are also at a high risk of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). We explored whether this is due to common risk factors for both conditions or whether diarrhoea can increase the risk of ALRI directly. METHODS: We used a dynamic time-to-event analysis of data from two large child studies in low-income settings in Ghana and Brazil, with the cumulative diarrhoea prevalence over 2 weeks as the exposure and severe ALRI as outcome. The analysis was adjusted for baseline risk of ALRI and diarrhoea, seasonality and age. RESULTS: The child population from Ghana had a much higher risk of diarrhoea, malnutrition and death than the children in Brazil. In the data from Ghana, every additional day of diarrhoea within 2 weeks increased the risk of ALRI by a factor of 1.08 (95% CI 1.00-1.15). In addition, we found a roughly linear relationship between the number of diarrhoea days over the last 28 days and the risk of ALRI. In the Ghana data, 26% of ALRI episodes may be due to recent exposure to diarrhoea. The Brazilian data gave no evidence for an association between diarrhoea and ALRI. CONCLUSION: Diarrhoea may contribute substantially to the burden of ALRI in malnourished child populations
A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms
No full textWe describe a genetic variation map for the chicken genome containing 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This map is based on a comparison of the sequences of three domestic chicken breeds (a broiler, a layer and a Chinese silkie) with that of their wild ancestor, red jungle fowl. Subsequent experiments indicate that at least 90% of the variant sites are true SNPs, and at least 70% are common SNPs that segregate in many domestic breeds. Mean nucleotide diversity is about five SNPs per kilobase for almost every possible comparison between red jungle fowl and domestic lines, between two different domestic lines, and within domestic lines--in contrast to the notion that domestic animals are highly inbred relative to their wild ancestors. In fact, most of the SNPs originated before domestication, and there is little evidence of selective sweeps for adaptive alleles on length scales greater than 100 kilobases
A study of the strategic environment of an R&D section within a larger organisation
No full textThis work addresses the problem of how an R&D section should decide on a strategy to guide its work when there is no strategic direction supplied from above by the company. The work includes a participant observer case study carried out over five years in a single R&D section, an analysis of research papers on the subject of management of section level R&D, and a review of textbooks on strategy, management and organisational behaviour.
From the case study it was concluded that the company itself formed the strategic environment which the strategy of the R&D section had to address, and that the section’s strategic environment was chaotic in the mathematical sense. From the review of management textbooks it was concluded that standard theories do not give usable guidelines for the manager in this situation. A theory was developed that R&D strategy can be thought about in four distinctly different ways. Publications concentrate on two of these, while the case study and surveys of practising managers revealed that the other two were more pertinent in practice.
The analysis of research papers was carried out using a newly developed technique, which showed that this body of literature is in a pre-paradigm state. The new technique was also used to show that the four different ways of thinking about R&D are present in the papers. The new literature analysis technique and the theory that R&D strategy can be thought about in four different way were tested by means of questionnaires filled in by authors of papers and by groups of R&D practitioners
Antenatal Screening for Down Syndrome Using Serum Placental Growth Factor with the Combined, Quadruple, Serum Integrated and Integrated Tests
No full textPMCID: PMC3463523This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Comparison of bachelor's and master's degree gerontology programs: alumni characteristics, employment, and employer assessment... an earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual meeting of the association for gerontology in higher education, Philadelphia, PA, March 1996
No full textIn this study, graduates of bachelor's and master's degree programs in gerontology completed the Standardized Survey Instrument for Graduates of Gerontology Programs developed by the Association for Gerontology in Higher Education. In addition, employers were surveyed about the level of gerontological knowledge, skills, and work performance of these graduates. Findings suggest differences between master's and bachelor's degree graduates with regard to sources used to obtain positions, types of employment found, and job duties. Employers reported that the majority of the graduates had high levels of gerontology knowledge and skills and exhibited high performance levels in working for or with older adults
Response to "Concerns regarding the use of 3D-DXA" (Letter)
No full textWe thank the Editor for the opportunity to respond to the Letter to the Editor: “Concerns regarding the use of 3D-DXA” in relation to our recent publication, Harding et al., Bone, 136, 2020, 115,362.
The Letter author writes “It is my understanding that it is not possible to measure the cortical parameters from a two-dimensional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) image.”
This is correct. Technically, all so-called ‘measures’ from indirect densitometry are estimates, but more to the writer's point, it is typically not possible to parse out cortical from trabecular bone from a standard areal BMD exam. The 3D-DXA modelling software was built from a database of Quantitative Computed Tomographic scans of the proximal femur, to develop a statistical shape and density model; technical details of the modelling algorithm have been published previously.Full Tex
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Legitimate expectations in the common law world /
No full text"The recognition and enforcement of legitimate expectations by courts has been a striking feature of English law since R v North and East Devon Health Authority; ex parte Coughlan [2001] 3 QB 213. Although the substantive form of legitimate expectation adopted in Coughlan was quickly accepted by English courts and received a generally favourable response from public law scholars, the doctrine of that case has largely been rejected in other common law jurisdictions. The central principles of Coughlan have been rejected by courts in common law jurisdictions outside the UK for a range of reasons, such as incompatibility with local constitutional doctrine, or because they mark an undesirable drift towards merits review. The sceptical and critical reception to Coughlan outside England is a striking contrast to the reception the case received within the UK. This book provides a detailed scholarly analysis of these issues and considers the doctrine of legitimate expectations both in England and elsewhere in the common law world."--Bloomsbury Publishing
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