33 research outputs found
Open Forum Infect Dis
No full textThree hundred sixty-six adult patients in Namibia with second-line virologic failures were evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus drug-resistant (HIVDR) mutations. Less than half (41.5%) harbored 651 HIVDR mutations to standardized second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen. Optimizing adherence, viral load monitoring, and genotyping are critical to prevent emergence of resistance, as well as unnecessary switching to costly third-line ART regimens
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
No full textNamibia is an upper-middle income country in southern Africa, with a population of approximately 2.5 million (1). On March 13, 2020, the first two cases of coronaVirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Namibia were identified among recently arrived international travelers. On March 17, Namibia's president declared a state of emergency, which introduced measures such as closing of all international borders, enactment of regional travel restrictions, closing of schools, suspension of gatherings, and implementation of physical distancing measures across the country. As of October 19, 2020, Namibia had reported 12,326 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and 131 COVID-19-associated deaths. CDC, through its Namibia country office, as part of ongoing assistance from the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) provided technical assistance to the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) for rapid coordination of the national human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program with the national COVID-19 response
Emerg Infect Dis
No full textThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with funding from the US President's Plan for Emergency Relief, implements a virtual model for clinical mentorship, Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO), worldwide to connect multidisciplinary teams of healthcare workers (HCWs) with specialists to build capacity to respond to the HIV epidemic. The emergence of and quick evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic created the need and opportunity for the use of the Project ECHO model to help address the knowledge requirements of HCW responding to COVID-19 while maintaining HCW safety through social distancing. We describe the implementation experiences of Project ECHO in 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention programs as part of their COVID-19 response, in which existing platforms were used to rapidly disseminate relevant, up-to-date COVID-19-related clinical information to a large, multidisciplinary audience of stakeholders within their healthcare systems
Pojęcie i cechy charakterystyczne odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej w prawie polskim
No full textHowever for last 40 years disciplinary liability was generally out of scope of doctrine, recently it is noted constant increase of interest of that part of law. There are many reasons for that, including involving new professional groups and respective strictness and inconsistence of disciplinary provisions. The latter is aggravated by heterogenicity in various corporations and governing by substatutory regulations. Unfortunatelly, an unification of criminal law, being applied mutatis mutandi, is only partial remedy.
In that elaboration author analyzed regulations between various corporations to extract basic and common rules and to denominate differences. The complexity augments fact that not only acts have binding effect, but also delegated regulations. That creates sophisticated network of law and professional knowledge, with additional problem of overlapping lex generalis and lex specialis in uncommon proportion. Above mentioned differences concern not only substantive law but also, if not even wider, procedural one. Interestingly, what author depicts, there is even not identical wording used in description of analogical names or definitions.
Disciplinary liability, as cumulative to the criminal one, tends to protecting rights of accused person, as generally rule ne bis in idem is not in force. It concerns basic rights, like dignity and equality under the law.
It is necessary strict cooperation and open discussion between professionals and legislator, as proper disciplinary liability rules need both protect society and allow to realize freely duties of practitioners
Open Forum Infect Dis
No full textBackgroundIn 2015, Namibia implemented an Acceleration Plan to address the high burden of HIV (13.0% adult prevalence and 216 311 people living with HIV [PLHIV]) and achieve the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020. We provide an update on Namibia\u2019s overall progress toward achieving these targets and estimate the percent reduction in HIV incidence since 2010.MethodsData sources include the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (2013 NDHS), the national electronic patient monitoring system, and laboratory data from the Namibian Institute of Pathology. These sources were used to estimate (1) the percentage of PLHIV who know their HIV status, (2) the percentage of PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART), (3) the percentage of patients on ART with suppressed viral loads, and (4) the percent reduction in HIV incidence.ResultsIn the 2013 NDHS, knowledge of HIV status was higher among HIV-positive women 91.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.4%\u201393.7%) than HIV-positive men 82.5% (95% CI, 78.1%\u201386.1%). At the end of 2016, an estimated 88.3% (95% CI, 86.3%\u201390.1%) of PLHIV knew their status, and 165 939 (76.7%) PLHIV were active on ART. The viral load suppression rate among those on ART was 87%, and it was highest among 6520-year-olds (90%) and lowest among 15\u201319-year-olds (68%). HIV incidence has declined by 21% since 2010.ConclusionsWith 76.7% of PLHIV on ART and 87% of those on ART virally suppressed, Namibia is on track to achieve UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020. Innovative strategies are needed to improve HIV case identification among men and adherence to ART among youth.30211248PMC612896
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug Resistance Patterns Among Adult Patients Failing Second-Line Protease Inhibitor-Containing Regimens in Namibia, 2010–2015
No full textAbstract
Three hundred sixty-six adult patients in Namibia with second-line virologic failures were evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus drug-resistant (HIVDR) mutations. Less than half (41.5%) harbored ≥1 HIVDR mutations to standardized second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen. Optimizing adherence, viral load monitoring, and genotyping are critical to prevent emergence of resistance, as well as unnecessary switching to costly third-line ART regimens.</jats:p
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as monetary obligations
No full textLegal qualification of bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and "private money" in general raises doubts. Although, economically speaking, these goods perform some of the functions of money, they are not considered as such under the Polish civil code. This led some authors to argue that the rules on performance (and breach) of monetary obligations would not be applicable to cryptocurrencies. However, such a conclusion could cause unacceptable results, e.g. allowing for circumvention of the mandatory rules on maximum interest for late payment. The author proposes a solution to this dilemma. Firstly, it is accepted that cryptocurrencies are not "money" in the meaning of the Polish Civil Code. Therefore, the rules governing performance of monetary obligations do not automatically apply to cryptocurrencies. Secondly, cryptocurrencies cannot also be subject to all rules governing non-monetary performance, as this would lead to results inconsistent with the legislative purpose underlying various provisions of law. To ensure effectiveness of such provisions, a hybrid approach should be adopted. In particular, where justified by its ratio legis, the respective provisions governing monetary obligations should be applied to cryptocurrencies mutatis mutandi
Un caso di ius controversum in tema di operis novi nuntiatio
No full textEnThat essay analyses two texts (D. 39.1.23, Iav. 7 ep. and D. 4.7.3.3., Gai. 4 ad ed. prov.) which appear to sharply contrast each other. Both fragments deal with an operis novi nuntiatio notified to a land seller and a building constructed by the land buyer. The contrast concerns the extension of the ban to the purchaser. The paper refuses 1) the attempt to level out the opinions of Iavolenus and Gaius, 2) the thesis that their decisions concerned different cases, 3) the thesis that justifies their contrast in the light of the differences between Italic and provincial jurisdictions. The author believes that question was a case of ius controversum: the words 'quasi' and 'dicitur' could suggest that Gaius was referring an opinion he did not share.DeMit Bezug auf die operis novi nuntiatio finden wir zwei Stellen in den Digesten – Javolen D. 39.1.23 und Gaius D. 4.7.3.3 –, die sich anscheinend widersprechen. Obwohl derselbe Tatbestand in beiden Stellen diskutiert wird (jemand, demgegenüber eine operis novi nuntiatio vorgenommen wurde, hatte den Grundstück verkauft, wo der Käufer dann gebaut hatte), bei Gaius sieht so aus, der Käufer hafte nicht aus dem Inderdikt; bei Javolen hingegen doch. Die ältere und immer noch herrschende Auffassung, die die Widersprüche zu mildern versucht und die Entscheidungen einander anzupassen, ist ebenso wenig überzeugend wie die andere Behauptung, es handele um zwei verschiedene Tatbestände. Auch nicht annehmbar ist die Behauptung, die Widersprüche auf der Basis eines Unterschiedes zwischen Italischem und Provinzialem Recht erklären zu können. Es ist dagegen wahrscheinlich, dass es mit Bezug auf diesen Fall ius controversum gab und, dass Gaius ja der Vollständigkeit halber über die Entscheidung hinsichtlich der actio in factum de alienatione iudicii mutandi causa facta berichtet hat, sie trotzdem nicht zu eigen machen wollte. Sein Bedenken kann man dem «quasi» in Zusammenhang mit «dicitur» entnehmen
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
No full textSub-Saharan Africa bears the greatest global burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; 70% (25.0 million) of all persons living with HIV reside in this region. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) has been shown to reduce the risk for heterosexually acquired HIV among men by approximately 60% in three randomized controlled trials. Further studies found that the protection from HIV acquisition conferred by VMMC was sustained for 6 years following surgery. In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) recommended that 14 countries with generalized HIV epidemics (i.e., where >1% of the population is HIV-positive) and low male circumcision prevalence prioritize scale-up of VMMC for HIV prevention. On December 1, 2011 (World AIDS Day), funding through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was announced to support >4.7 million VMMCs over the next 2 years. This report presents the results of VMMC scale-up in nine countries where national ministries of health and CDC are implementing VMMC services for HIV prevention: Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. During October 2009-September 2012, a total of 1,924,792 VMMCs were performed in 14 countries using PEPFAR funding provided through U.S. government agencies; of this total, 1,020,424 were conducted at approximately 1,600 CDC-supported VMMC sites: 137,096 VMMCs in 2010, 347,724 in 2011, and 535,604 in 2012. Continued program monitoring and quality assurance activities are required to ensure that CDC-supported country programs meet World AIDS Day targets for VMMC
AIDS Educ Prev
No full textVoluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is an HIV prevention intervention that has predominantly targeted adolescent and young men, aged 10-24 years. In 2020, the age eligibility for VMMC shifted from 10 to 15 years of age. This report describes the VMMC client age distribution from 2018 to 2021, at the site, national, and regional levels, among 15 countries in southern and eastern Africa. Overall, in 2018 and 2019, the highest proportion of VMMCs were performed among 10-14-year-olds (45.6% and 41.2%, respectively). In 2020 and 2021, the 15-19-year age group accounted for the highest proportion (37.2% and 50.4%, respectively) of VMMCs performed across all age groups. Similarly, in 2021 at the site level, 68.1% of VMMC sites conducted the majority of circumcisions among men aged 15-24 years. This analysis highlights that adolescent boys and young men are the primary recipients of VMMC receiving an important lifetime reduction in HIV risk.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States/PEPFAR/PEPFARUnited States
