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Nesticella beccus Grall & Jäger 2016, new species
No full text<i>Nesticella beccus</i> new species <p>Figs 10–13, 26–27, 33–34, 40</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype male; 3 males, 6 females paratypes, <b> LAOS: <i>Bolikhamsay Province:</i></b> east of Lak Sao, hospital cave, 18°13’3, 8.2 <b>"</b> N, 104°44’, 47.3"E, 534 m elevation, inside cave, aphotic zone, P. Jäger leg. by hand, 28.11.2012 (SMF).</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined</b> (6 males, 28 females). <b> LAOS: <i>Bolikhamsay Province:</i></b> 1 male, 2 females, Tham Man Kone, 18°13 <b>'</b> 16,1"N, 104°48 <b>'</b> 45,9"E, 501 m elevation, inside cave, at day, P. Jäger & J. Martens leg. by hand, 0 3.03.2010 (SMF). 1 male, 1 female, Lak Sao, 18°13 <b>'</b> 38.2"N, 104°44 <b>'</b> 47.3"E, 534 m elevation, inside cave and cave entrance, at day, P. Jäger & S. Bayer leg. by hand, 0 9.11.2009 (IZCAS). 1 male, 1 km W of Lak Sao, 18°11 <b>'</b> 49.87"N, 104°57 <b>'</b> 36.36"E, 542 m elevation, small hill and paddy fields, shrubs and trees, at night, P. Jäger & J. Martens leg. by hand, 0 2.03.2010 (SMF). <i>Luang Prabang Province:</i> 1 female, Tham Pha Man (E48-001(16)), 19°55 <b>'</b> 41.1"N, 102°11 <b>'</b> 19.1"E, Steiner leg., 0 1.01.2004 (SMF). 1 female, Tham Long Kout, 19°51 <b>'</b> 50.5"N, 102°16 <b>'</b> 50.8"E, H. Steiner leg. 26.12.2003 (SMF). <i>Huaphan Province:</i> 1 male, 1 female, Tham Houay Long Kou 2 (F 48-125-042), 20°23‘, 05"N, 104°14‘, 21"E, H. Steiner leg., 14.01.2008, Northern Lao-European Cave Project 2008 (MHNG). <i>Khammouan Province:</i> 1 female, 1 subadult female, 2.5 km WNW, Ban Thatot, entrance 17°37.897"N, 105°07.502"E, exit 17°37.994"N, 105°07.195"E, ca. 200 m elevation, entrance area and in front of limestone cave Tham Kamouk, P. Jäger leg. by hand, 30.04.2012 (SMF). 13 females, [1 juvenile], with same data as for preceding specimens, P. Jäger leg. by hand, 24.11.2012 (SMF). <b> THAILAND: <i>Mae Hong Son Province:</i></b> 1 male, Turtle Cave, 18°12'41.6"N, 104°50'26.6"E, S. Jamman leg., 0 3.10.2002 (SMF). <i>Chiang Mai Province:</i> 1 male, 3 females, Doi Chiang Dao, S of Mueang Khong, Tham Ki Mi, 19°21 <b>'</b> 47"N, 98°43 <b>'</b> 22"E, 670 m elevation, cave and entrance, at day, P. Jäger & E. Grall leg. by hand, 25.06.2014 (SMF). 4 females, Doi Chiang Dao, Tham Doi Chiang Dao, 19°23 <b>'</b> 39"N, 98°55 <b>'</b> 40"E, 470 m elevation, in cave, P. Jäger, S. Li & E. Grall leg. by hand, 24.06.2014 (SMF).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species name is derived from the Latin word „ beccus “ meaning beak and refers to the beakshaped paracymbium of the male; apposition.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Males of <i>Nesticella beccus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> similar to those of <i>N. marapu</i> Benjamin, 2004, <i>N. connectens</i> and <i>N. nepalensis</i> (Hubert, 1973) in having a distally divided paracymbium whose dorsal process is beak-shaped, a distinct terminal apophysis and a distinct conductor. <i>N. beccus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> can be distinguished from <i>N. marapu</i> by the fully developed eyes, males by the tegular apophysis less distinct, and females by having a larger receptaculum. <i>N. beccus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> can be distinguished from <i>N. nepalensis</i> by the conductor having one apex whereas the conductor of <i>N. nepalensis</i> has two apices (Fig. 10). Females similar to <i>Nesticella apiculata</i> (Liu & Li, 2013) in having a functional receptaculum with one winding but can be distinguished by the width of the duct of the functional receptaculum, expanded in <i>N. beccus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig. 12).</p> <p> <b>Description. Male (holotype):</b> Total length 2.90; cephalothorax 1.35 long, 1.30 wide; abdomen 1.60 long, 1.10 wide. Eye measurements: AME 0.07; ALE 0.10; PME 0.11; PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.05; AME–ALE 0.04; PME–PME 0.10; PME–PLE 0.04; AME–PME 0.08; ALE–PLE 0.00; clypeus–AME 0.25; clypeus–ALE 0.26. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III; measurements of palp and legs: palp: 1.90 (0.72, 0.25, 0.23, 0.70); I: 8.68 (2.4, 0.65, 2.40, 2.30, 0.93); II: 6.84 (1.90, 0.59, 1.85, 1.70, 0.80); III: 5.22 (1.50, 0.49, 1.25, 1.30, 0.68); IV: 7.42 (2.10, 0.57, 2.00, 1.90, 0.85).</p> <p>Cephalothorax light yellowish. Abdomen anteriorly light greyish, posteriorly grey to dark grey, white spot in front of anal tubercle. Legs proximally pale yellowish, distal parts increasingly reddish-brown (Fig. 26).</p> <p>Palp as in diagnosis. Terminal apophysis apically denticulated. Tegular apophysis present. Paracymbium bifurcate; ventral process subdivided; lateral branch of the ventral process in ventral view t-shaped and divided again. Median branch wide and slightly curved.</p> <p> <b>Description. Female (paratype):</b> Total length 3.25; cephalothorax 1.40 long, 1.30 wide; abdomen 1.85 long, 1.35 wide. Eye measurements: AME 0.06; ALE 0.10; PME 0.10; PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.07; AME–ALE 0.04; PME–PME 0.11; PME–PLE 0.05; AME–PME 0.07; ALE–PLE 0.00; clypeus–AME 0.24; clypeus–ALE 0.22. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III; measurements of palp and legs: palp: 2.15 (0.69, 0.28, 0.38, 0.80); I: 8.61 (2.40, 0.64, 2.40, 2.20, 0.97); II: 6.66 (1.90, 0.58, 1.75, 1.60, 0.83); III: 5.13 (1.50, 0.50, 1.20, 1.23, 0.70); IV: 7.25 (2.20, 0.59, 1.90, 1.70, 0.86).</p> <p>Cephalothorax uniformly yellow. Abdomen grey, anteriorly light grey, posteriorly dark grey thin transversal stripe (Fig. 27). Legs proximally pale yellow, distal parts increasingly reddish-brown. Pa and distal Ti lighter.</p> <p>Epigynum as in diagnosis. Scape short, wide. Functional receptaculum with one winding, winding parallel to longitudinal body axis. Large apical chamber with internal sclerotized structures and with apical glandular pores.</p> <p> <b>Variation Male (n=6).</b> Total length 2.50–3.00; cephalothorax 1.20–1.40 long, 1.10–1.30 wide; abdomen 1.10– 1.60 long, 0.80–1.10 wide. Eye measurements: AME 0.06–0.07; ALE 0.10–0.11; PME 0.09–0.12; PLE 0.10–0.11; AME–AME 0.04–0.07; AME–ALE 0.03–0.05; PME–PME 0.07–0.11; PME–PLE 0.03–0.05; AME–PME 0.03– 0.09; ALE–PLE 0.00; clypeus–AME 0.21–0.29; clypeus–ALE 0.19–0.26. Leg formula for all male spiders: I, IV, II, III; measurements of palp and legs: palp: total length 0.6 6–0.75; Fe 0.60–0.72, Pa 0.21–0.25, Ti 0,20–0,24, Ta 1.71–1.90; I: total length 7.09–8.79; Fe 2.00–2.40, Pa 0.53–0.65, Ti 1.90–2.45, Mt 1.80–2.4, Ta 0.86–1.00; II: total length 5.67–7.11, Fe 1.60–2.20, Pa 0.49–0.59, Ti 1.50–1.90, Mt 1.35–1.70, Ta 0.73–0.86; III: total length 4.56– 5.26, Fe 1.30–1.50, Pa 0.41–0.49, Ti 1.16–1.25, Mt 1.03–1.40, Ta 0.62–0.74; IV: total length 6.02–7.46, Fe 1.80– 2.10, Pa 0.46–0.57, Ti 1.60–2.00, Mt 1.40–1.90, Ta 0.76–0.90.</p> <p> <b>Female (n=28).</b> Total length 2.80–4.00; cephalothorax 1.30–1.60 long, 1.10–1.80 wide; abdomen 1.50–2.45 long, 1.10–2.05 wide. Eye measurements: AME 0.05–0.07; ALE 0.09–0.12; PME 0.08–0.12; PLE 0.09–0.12; AME–AME 0.06–0.09; AME–ALE 0.03–0.06; PME–PME 0.09–0.12; PME–PLE 0.03–0.06; AME–PME 0.05– 0.09; ALE–PLE 0.00–0.02; clypeus–AME 0.17–0.30; clypeus–ALE 0.19–0.29. Leg formula for all female spiders: I, IV, II, III; measurements of palp and legs: palp: total length 1.83–2.43, Fe 0.58–0.78, Pa 0.24–0.29, Ti 0.32–0.44, Ta 0.67–0.92; I: total length 6.92–9.24, Fe 2.00–2.80, Pa 0.56–0.71, Ti 1.80–2.85, Mt 1.65–2.50, Ta 0.81–1.06; II:, total length 5.63–7.86, Fe 1.60–2.30, Pa 0.50–0.64, Ti 1.50–2.10, Mt 1.25–1.95, Ta 0.72–0.91; III: total length 4.24–5.91, Fe 1.25–1.80, Pa 0.44–0.55, Ti 0.94–1.40, Mt 0.93–1.40, Ta 0.65–0.76; IV: total length 5.88–8.53, Fe 1.80–2.50, Pa 0.51–0.64, Ti 1.50–2.30, Mt 1.30–2.15, Ta 0.75–0.95.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> So far <i>Nesticella beccus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> was recorded from seven caves in Laos in Bolikhamsay Prov., Luang Prabang Prov., Huaphan Prov. and Khammouan Prov.. Three localities are known from Thailand, one in Mae Hong Son Prov. and two from Chiang Mai Prov. Additionally one male was found outside of caves.</p>Published as part of <i>Grall, Elena & Jäger, Peter, 2016, Four new species of the spider genus Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1980 from Laos, Thailand and Myanmar and the first description of the male of Nesticella yui Wunderlich & Song, 1995 with a proposed new diagnostic character for the family Nesticidae Simon, 1894 (Arachnida, Araneae) in Zootaxa 4085 (2)</i>, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4085.2.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1053404">http://zenodo.org/record/1053404</a>
Borniella parva Grall & Jäger 2022, spec. nov.
No full textBorniella parva spec. nov. Figs 1–16, 82–85, 98 Type material. MALAYSIA: Sarawak Province: Holotype male (PJ 1227): Mulu Expedition, Camp 1, 4°3’2.88”N, 114°52’1.20”E, ca. 330 m, MDF, leaf litter near waterfall, 24 May 1978, F. Wanless (NHM). Paratypes (4 females): 2 females (PJ 1228–1229) with same data as for holotype (NHM; 1 female: SMF). 2 females (PJ 1204–1205) with same data as for holotype, except: shrub layer, 20 June 1978 (NHM). Additional material examined (14 females). MALAYSIA: Sarawak Province: 9 females with same data as for holotype, but: 1 female (PJ 1221), Tapin river, 4°3’35.25”N, 114°51’47.83”E, ca. 100 m, waterside, vegetation, 5 June 1978 (NHM); 3 females (PJ 1218–1220), 150 m, Plot 2, forest leaf litter (NHM); 5 females (SD 1449, PJ 1222–1226) 2 March 1978, H.W. Vallame (NHM). BRUNEI: Temburong: 2 females, Ulu Temburong National Park, Kuala Belalong Field study Centre, ca. 4°32’49.31”N, 115° 9’20.36”E, 147 m, 1–25 February 2013, O. Machac (SMF). Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin word “parvus” meaning “small” and refers to the small body size of this species; adjective. Diagnosis. Small Sparassidae with TL <4.5 (Figs 82–85). Borniella parva spec. nov. may be recognised by the following combination of characters: Males (Figs 1–3): 1. Single RTA long, reaching distally to retrolateral cymbial bulge, 2. Embolus arising from tegulum at 9-o’clock-position, running roughly a semicircle and 3. Distal TA largest with small tooth ventrally, median TA mid-range in size, triangular in prolateral view, proximal TA smallest, acute triangular, situated close to spermophor winding. Females (Figs 4–7): 1. Posterior part of vulva with spermathecae distinctly wider than anterior part with glandular appendages and 2. Copulatory openings with roughly right-angled rims. Description. Male (holotype): TL 3.3; PL 1.7, PW 1.7, AW 0.95; OL 1.6, OW 1.1. Eye measurements (Fig. 8): AME 0.11; ALE 0.16; PME 0.10; PLE 0.22; AME–AME 0.06; AME–ALE 0.01; PME–PME 0.15; PME–PLE 0.18; AME–PME 0.15; ALE–PLE 0.16; clypeus AME 0.14; clypeus ALE 0.13. PLE on small humps. Measurements of palp and legs: palp: 2.55 (0.75, 0.40, 0.50, 0.90); I: 6.15 (1.65, 0.80, 1.60, 1.50, 0.60); II: 7.85 (2.20, 0.90, 2.10, 1.95, 0.70); III: 6.60 (1.90, 0.80, 1.70, 1.60, 0.60); IV: 6.70 (1.90, 0.70, 1.70, 1.75, 0.65). Leg formula: 2431. Spination: palp: 131, 101, 2110; legs: Fe I 322, Fe II & III 222, Fe IV 231; Pa I–IV 000; Ti I & II 1016, Ti III & IV 2226; Mt I & II 0006, Mt III 2036, Mt IV 3036. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 5 retromarginal teeth, 13–14 denticles in patch close to promarginal teeth and 1 escort seta (Fig. 13). Serrula with 24 denticles. Prolateral claw of leg II with 17 teeth (Fig. 10). Trilobate membrane with narrow median hook, slightly shorter than lateral projections (Fig. 15). Palp as in diagnosis (Figs 1–3). RTA long and tapering, almost straight in ventral view, moderately curved in retrolateral view. Conductor short and slender, arising at 12.30-o’clock-position from tegulum. Retrolateral part of tegulum kidney-shaped. Spermophor running retrolaterally submarginally along tegular margin, with distinct prolaterad U-turn proximally and another retrolaterad U-turn following directly after that. Embolus slender and semicircular. Distal tegular apophysis sail-shaped, connected directly with its prolateral rim to the embolus base. Colouration in ethanol (Figs 82–83): Prosoma yellowish-white, posterior and lateral margins with brown band, medio-anteriorly light brown semi-circular pattern, medially with brown longitudinal stripe along fovea. Sternum yellowish-white. Chelicerae yellow-brown. Coxa I–III medio-dorsally with brown stripe. Palps and legs yellowish-white. Opisthosoma yellowish-white, laterally and posteriorly with brown spots, ventral part white, posteriorly brown. Female (paratype): TL 3.7; PL 1.8, PW 1.7, AW 1.0; OL 1.9, OW 1.2. Eye measurements (Fig. 9): AME 0.10; ALE 0.16; PME 0.09; PLE 0.19; AME–AME 0.10; AME–ALE 0.03; PME–PME 0.15; PME–PLE 0.21; AME–PME 0.15; ALE–PLE 0.19; clypeus AME 0.15; clypeus ALE 0.13. PLE on small humps. Leg formula: 2431; measurements of palp and legs: palp: 2.90 (0.80, 0.50, 0.70, 0.90); I: 5.85 (1.60, 0.70, 1.55, 1.45, 0.55); II: 7.25 (2.10, 0.80, 2.00, 1.75, 0.60); III: 6.20 (1.80, 0.70, 1.65, 1.50, 0.55); IV: 6.45 (1.80, 0.65, 1.70, 1.70, 0.60). Leg formula: 2431. Spination: palp: 131, 101, 2221, 1004; legs: Fe I 322, Fe II & III 222, Fe IV 221; Pa I–IV 000; Ti I & II 1016, Ti III 2006, Ti IV 2226; Mt I & II 0006, Mt III 1016, MT IV 3036. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 6 retromarginal teeth, 14–15 denticles in patch close to promarginal teeth and 1 escort seta (Fig. 14). Serrula with 26 denticles. Palpal claw with 5 long and 2–3 short teeth (Fig. 11). Retrolateral claw of leg III with 13 teeth (Fig. 12). Trilobate membrane with narrow median hook, almost as long as lateral projections (Fig. 16). Copulatory organ as in diagnosis (Figs 4–7). Epigynal field oval, wider than long, without slit sensilla or anterior bands. Internal duct system wider than long. Posterior part of internal duct system wider than anterior part. Fertilization ducts short and slender, arising postero-laterally. Membranous structure covers posterior part of internal duct system. Colouration in ethanol (Figs 84–85): Prosoma yellowish-white, medio-anteriorly with semi-circular light brown pattern, medially with brown longitudinal stripe, posterior and lateral margin brown. Sternum white. Opisthosoma greyish-white with brown spots, posteriorly brown, ventral part greyish-white. Chelicerae yellowish-brown. Coxa I–III medio-dorsally with brown stripe. Palps yellowish-white. Legs yellowish-white; Fe proximally light brown; Pa ventrally light brown. Variation female (n=14). TL 3.25–4.1; PL 1.65–1.9, PW 1.6–1.8, AW 1.0–1.1; OL 1.6–2.3, OW 0.9–1.7. Measurements leg I: total length 5.62–6.20, Fe 1.50–1.70, Pa 0.70–0.80, Ti 1.45–1.60, Mt 1.35–1.50, Ta 0.55–0.60. Spination: palps: Ti 2121; Mt 1014; legs: Fe II & III 322; Ti III 1016, 2026; Mt III 1006, 2006, 2016, 2026, 3026. Distribution. Borneo (Malaysia: Sarawak; Brunei) (Fig. 98: green circles).Published as part of Grall, Elena & Jäger, Peter, 2022, Four new genera of Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873 from Malaysia, Brunei and Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Sparassidae), pp. 1-25 in Zootaxa 5169 (1) on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/691115
Data on sponge silicon stock and fluxes in the Bay of Brest (France)
No full textThe dataset includes 7 spreadsheets with the following contents:
- READ ME
- Standing STOCK living sponges
- Sponge Si consumption FLUX
- Si RESERVOIR in sediments
- Sponge Si FLUXES in sediments
- DIATOM Si fluxes&stocks (Fig.5)
- Calculations for discussionThis Excel file includes the data and tracked calculations of the manuscript entitled "Sponge contribution to the silicon cycle of a diatom-rich shallow bay"This research was supported by:
- the Spanish Ministry grants CTM2015-67221-R and MICIU: #PID2019-108627RB-I00 to Manuel Maldonado
- the grant 12735 – AO2020 of the French National research program EC2CO to Jacques Grall
- the ISblue project, Interdisciplinary graduate school for the blue planet (ANR-17-EURE-0015), co-funded by a grant from the French government under the program "Investissements d'Avenir", and the “Xunta de Galicia” postdoctoral grant IN606B-2019/002 to María López-Acosta.N
Jeanne Grall, Inventaire des archives de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie (an IX-1966). Fonds déposé aux Archives départementales du Calvados. Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 83 F. Caen, Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 2006, 150 p. (Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, t. XXXIX)
No full textBoudon Françoise. Jeanne Grall, Inventaire des archives de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie (an IX-1966). Fonds déposé aux Archives départementales du Calvados. Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 83 F. Caen, Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 2006, 150 p. (Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, t. XXXIX). In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 166, n°4, année 2008. p. 372
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
[Newspaper Clipping: Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin #1]
No full textNewspaper article titled "Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin." The article states that author Richard J. Whalen concluded "that there is circumstantial evidence to support the theory of a second assassin in the shooting of President John F. Kennedy.
Also By The Same Author: AKTiveAuthor, a Citation Graph Approach to Name Disambiguation
No full textThe desire for definitive data and the semantic web drive for inference over heterogeneous data sources requires co-reference resolution to be performed on those data. In particular, name disambiguation is required to allow accurate publication lists, citation counts and impact measures to be determined. This paper describes a graph-based approach to author disambiguation on large-scale citation networks. Using self-citation, co-authorship and document source analyses, AKTiveAuthor clusters papers, achieving precision of 0.997 and recall of 0.818 over a test group of eight surname clusters
John F. Kennedy telegram to Roosevelt
No full textJersey Homesteads (later the Borough of Roosevelt) was established in the 1930s as an agro-industrial cooperative community. It was established specifically for urban Jewish garment workers, many of whom had emigrated from Europe. President John F. Kennedy sent a telegram to the citizens of Roosevelt, New Jersey, apologizing for not being able to attend the memorial dedication in honor of former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. (Jersey Homesteads became Roosevelt in 1945 in honor of the president.) President Kennedy expressed his gratitude to the people of Roosevelt for constructing the memorial, and commented that it will serve as a constant reminder of Roosevelt's good works
Logarithmic variance profiles and the corresponding f-1 spectra of temperature fluctuations in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection
No full textWe report experimental results for the temperature variance 2(z) and the corresponding frequency spectra P(f) in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) in a cylindrical sample of aspect ratioT= D/L = 1:00 (D = 1:12 m is the diameter and L = 1:12 m the height). The measurements were conducted in the Rayleigh-number range 1011 < Ra < 1:35 1014 and Pr ' 0:8. For Ra = 1:35x1014, 2(z) could be described well by a logarithmic dependence on the vertical position z in a range of z 1 < z < z 2 with z 1 ' 70 and z 2 = 0:1L. Here L=(2Nu) is the thickness of a thin thermal sublayer adjacent to the horizontal plate where the heat flux (denoted by the Nusselt number Nu) is carried mostly by thermal diffusion. In the log layer, we found that the temperature spectra had a significant frequency range over which P(f) f with close to 1. As Ra decreased, increased so that the log layer became thinner. At Ra = 2:05 1011, z 2 < z 1 and therefore there was no range for a log layer. Correspondingly, the temperature spectrum near the horizontal plate did not have the f1 scaling form either
Maine author Franklin F. Gould recalls his first glimpse of the outside world
No full textMaine author Franklin F. Gould recalls his first glimpse of the outside world as he relates how, as a young farm boy in the late 1800\u27s, he drove his father\u27s horses on an errand to an icebound river
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