351 research outputs found
History of Dialysis in the UK: c.1950-1980
No full textAnnotated and edited transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 26 February 2008. Introduction by Professor John Pickstone.First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2009.©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2009.All volumes are freely available online at:www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/Annotated and edited transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 26 February 2008. Introduction by Professor John Pickstone.Annotated and edited transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 26 February 2008. Introduction by Professor John Pickstone.Annotated and edited transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 26 February 2008. Introduction by Professor John Pickstone.Annotated and edited transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 26 February 2008. Introduction by Professor John Pickstone.Dialysis, the first technological substitution for organ function, is significant not only for the numbers of patients who have benefited. It contributed to the emergence of the field of medical ethics and the development of the nurse specialist, and transformed the relationship between physicians and patients by allowing patients to control their treatment. This seminar drew on participants’ recollections of dialysis from the early, practically experimental days after the Second World War, when resources for research were scant, until the 1980s when it had become an established treatment. Pioneers from the first UK dialysis units recalled the creation of the specialty of nephrology amid discouragement from renal physicians and the MRC, which felt that the artificial kidney was a gadget that would not last. International and interdisciplinary collaborations, and interactions between with industry and clinics in developing and utilising the specialist technology were emphasized. Patients, carers, nurses, technicians and doctors reminisced about their experiences of home dialysis, its complications and impact on family life, as well as the physical effects of surviving on long-term dialysis before transplantation became routine. The meeting was suggested and chaired by Dr John Turney and witnesses include Dr Rosemarie Baillod, Professor Christopher Blagg, Professor Stewart Cameron, Mr Eric Collins, Professor Robin Eady, Mrs Diana Garratt, Professor David Kerr, Professor Sir Netar Mallick, Dr Frank Marsh, Dr Jean Northover, Dr Chisholm Ogg, Dr Margaret Platts, Dr Stanley Rosen and Professor Stanley Shaldon. Two appendices contain reminiscences from Professor Kenneth Lowe and Sir Graham Bull. Crowther S M, Reynolds L A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2009) History of dialysis in the UK: c. 1950–2000, Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 37. London: The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. ISBN 978 085484 1226The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183
T cell immunity to lymphoma following treatment with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody
No full textIn this study we demonstrate that treatment with anti-CD40 mAb eradicates a range of mouse lymphomas (BCL1, A31, A20, and EL4), but only when used against i.v. tumor doses in excess of 107 cells. Only partial protection was seen against smaller tumor loads. We saw no evidence that anti-CD40 mAb changed the phenotype of the lymphomas or inhibited their growth in the initial period following treatment, but it did result in a rapid expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ cells that was able to clear the neoplastic disease and provide long-term protection against tumor rechallenge. The CTL responses were blocked by mAb against a range of coreceptors and cytokines, including CD8, B7-1, B7-2, LFA-1, and IFN-{gamma}, but not CD4 or CTLA-4, indicating the presence of a conventional cellular Th1 response. Furthermore, we found evidence of cross-recognition between lymphomas (BCL1 and A20) as measured by cytotoxicity and IFN-{gamma} responses in vitro and using tumor rechallenge experiments, suggesting common target Ags. Finally, although anti-CD40 was shown to stimulate NK cell killing, we could find no role for these cells in controlling tumor growth. These data underline the ability of anti-CD40 mAb to potentiate CTL responses and the potency of cellular immunity in eradicating large quantities of syngeneic tumor.<br/
Realistic ionizing fluxes for young stellar populations from 0.05 to 2 ZÔ
No full textWe present a new grid of ionizing fluxes for O and Wolf–Rayet (W–R) stars for use with evolutionary synthesis codes and single-star H ii region analyses. A total of 230 expanding, non-LTE, line-blanketed model atmospheres have been calculated for five metallicities (0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 1 and 2 Z⊙) using the wm-basic code of Pauldrach, Hoffmann & Lennon for O stars and the cmfgen code of Hillier & Miller for W–R stars. The stellar wind parameters are scaled with metallicity for both O and W–R stars. We compare the ionizing fluxes of the new models with the CoStar models of Schaerer & de Koter and the pure helium W–R models of Schmutz, Leitherer & Gruenwald. We find significant differences, particularly above 54 eV, where the emergent flux is determined by the wind density as a function of metallicity. The new models have lower ionizing fluxes in the He i continuum with important implications for nebular line ratios. We incorporate the new models into the evolutionary synthesis code starburst99 and compare the ionizing outputs for an instantaneous burst and continuous star formation with the work of Schaerer & Vacca (SV98), and Leitherer et al. The changes in the output ionizing fluxes as a function of age are dramatic. We find that, in contrast to previous studies, nebular He ii λ4686 will be at, or just below, the detection limit in low metallicity starbursts during the W–R phase. The new models have lower fluxes in the He i continuum for Z≥ 0.4 Z⊙ and ages ≤7 Myr because of the increased line blanketing. We test the accuracy of the new model atmosphere grid by constructing photoionization models for simple H ii regions, and assessing the impact of the new ionizing fluxes on important nebular diagnostic line ratios. For the case of an H ii region where the ionizing flux is given by the WM-basic dwarf O star grid, we show that He iλ5786/Hβ decreases between 1 and 2 Z⊙ in a similar manner to observations. We find that this decline is caused by the increased effect of line blanketing above solar metallicity. We therefore suggest that a lowering of the upper mass limit at high abundances is not required to explain the diminishing strength of He iλ5786/Hβ , as has been suggested in the past. For an H ii region where the ionizing flux is provided by an instantaneous burst of total mass 106 M⊙ , we plot the softness parameter η' against the abundance indicator R23 for ages of 1–5 Myr. The new models are coincident with the observational data of Bresolin et al., particularly during the W–R phase, unlike the previous models of SV98 which generally over-predict the hardness of the ionizing radiation
Global vulnerability to near-Earth object impact
No full textA clear appreciation of the consequences resulting from an asteroid impact is required in order to understand the near Earth object (NEO) hazard. Three main processes require modelling to analyse the entire impact event. These are the atmospheric entry phase, land impact events and ocean impact events. A range of impact generated effects (IGEs) are produced by different impact scenarios. It is these IGEs that present the threat to human populations world wide, and the infrastructure they utilise. A software system for analysing the NEO threat has been developed, entitled NEOimpactor, to examine the social and economic consequences from land and ocean impacts. Existing mathematical models for the three principal impact processes have been integrated into one complete system, which has the capability to model the various effects of a terrestrial asteroid impact and, critically, predict the consequences for the global population and infrastructure. Analysis of multiple impact simulations provides a robust method for the provision of an integrated, global vulnerability assessment of the NEO hazard. The primary graphical outputs from NEOimpactor are in the form of ‘relative consequence’ maps, and these have been designed to be comprehensible to a non-specialist audience. By the use of a series of multiple-impact simulations, the system has identified the five countries most at risk from the impact hazard, as well as indicating the various factors influencing vulnerability
Loyal Order of Moose
No full textLoyal Order of Moose, ca. 1943: group picture of the Royal Order of Moose at the Hedley Lodge. Back Row L to R: Unidentified, Jack Hardman, Fred Lundberg, Jake Banman, Earl Collin, Charlie Lofroth, Rheum (Sherman) Broderick, Bill Lowe, Jack Bottaro, Bill Beale. Middle Row L to R: unknown, Jack Fletcher, Lou Portman, Dick Lowe, Jack Moffat, Lawrence Spooner, Eddie Brent, Reg French, Frank Byrce, Charlie Luxon. Front Row L to R: Tony Calderoni, Steve Graham, Ed Green, Freeman Crowther, Bill Knowles, Al McInnis (McGinnis?), Dave Oxley, Joe Bush, Ron McCord
Eradication of lymphoma by CD8 T cells following anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody therapy is critically dependent on CD27 costimulation
No full textGrowing evidence points to the potential of agonistic anti-CD40 mAb as adjuvants for vaccination against cancer. These appear to act by maturing DC and allowing them to prime CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While it is well established that optimal T-cell priming requires co-stimulation via B7:CD28, recent studies emphasize the contribution of TNF receptors to this process. To understand how anti-CD40 mAb triggers effective anti-tumor immunity we investigated the role of TNFR superfamily members CD27 and 4-1BB in the generation of this immunity and showed that, while partially dependent on 4-1BB:4-1BBL engagement, it is completely reliant on CD27:CD70 interactions. Importantly, blocking CD70, and to some extent 4-1BBL, during anti-CD40 treatment, prevented accumulation of tumor reactive T cells and subsequent tumor protection. However, it did not influence changes in DC number, phenotype, nor the activity of CTL once immunity was established. We conclude that CD27:CD70 and 4-1BB:4-1BBL interactions are needed for DC-driven accumulation of anti-tumor CTL following anti-CD40 mAb treatment. Finally, in support of the critical role for CD70:CD27, we show for the first time that agonistic anti-CD27 mAb given without a DC maturation signal completely protect tumor-bearing mice and provides a highly potent reagent for boosting anti-tumor T cell immunity
Loyal Order of the Moose, Hedley Lodge
No full textLoyal Order of the Moose, Hedley Lodge, No 1663, September 1943: Same as #273. Back Row L to R: Unidentified, Jack Hardman, Fred Lundberg, Jake Banman, Earl Collin, Charlie Lofroth, Rheum (Sherman) Broderick, Bill Lowe, Jack Bottaro, Bill Beale. Middle Row L to R: unknown, Jack Fletcher, Lou Portman, Dick Lowe, Jack Moffat, Lawrence Spooner, Eddie Brent, Reg French, Frank Byrce, Charlie Luxon. Front Row L to R: Tony Calderoni, Steve Graham, Ed Green, Freeman Crowther, Bill Knowles, Al McInnis (McGinnis?), Dave Oxley, Joe Bush, Ron McCord
Erratum: Functional role of T-cell receptor nanoclusters in signal initiation and antigen discrimination
No full textIMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION: Correction for "Functional role of T-cell receptor nanoclusters in signal initiation and antigen discrimination," by Sophie V. Pageon, Thibault Tabarin, Yui Yamamoto, Yuanqing Ma, John S. Bridgeman, André Cohnen, Carola Benzing, Yijun Gao, Michael D. Crowther, Katie Tungatt, Garry Dolton, Andrew K. Sewell, David A. Price, Oreste Acuto, Robert G. Parton, J. Justin Gooding, Jérémie Rossy, Jamie Rossjohn, and Katharina Gaus, which appeared in issue 37, September 13, 2016, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (113:E5454-5463; first published August 29, 2016; 10.1073/pnas.1607436113). The authors note that Philip R. Nicovich should be added to the author list between Yuanqing Ma and John S. Bridgeman. Philip R. Nicovich should be credited with contributing new reagents/analytic tools. The corrected author line, affiliation line, and author contributions appear below. The online version has been corrected
History of Dialysis in the UK: c. 1950–1980
No full textDialysis, the first technological substitution for organ function, is significant not only for the numbers of patients who have benefited. It contributed to the emergence of the field of medical ethics and the development of the nurse specialist, and transformed the relationship between physicians and patients by allowing patients to control their treatment.
This seminar drew on participants’ recollections of dialysis from the early, practically experimental days after the Second World War, when resources for research were scant, until the 1980s when it had become an established treatment. Pioneers from the first UK dialysis units recalled the creation of the specialty of nephrology amid discouragement from renal physicians and the MRC, which felt that the artificial kidney was a gadget that would not last.
International and interdisciplinary collaborations, and interactions between with industry and clinics in developing and utilising the specialist technology were emphasized. Patients, carers, nurses, technicians and doctors reminisced about their experiences of home dialysis, its complications and impact on family life, as well as the physical effects of surviving on long-term dialysis before transplantation became routine.
The meeting was suggested and chaired by Dr John Turney and witnesses include Dr Rosemarie Baillod, Professor Christopher Blagg, Professor Stewart Cameron, Mr Eric Collins, Professor Robin Eady, Mrs Diana Garratt, Professor David Kerr, Professor Sir Netar Mallick, Dr Frank Marsh, Dr Jean Northover, Dr Chisholm Ogg, Dr Margaret Platts, Dr Stanley Rosen and Professor Stanley Shaldon. Two appendices contain reminiscences from Professor Kenneth Lowe and Sir Graham Bull
Defining Video Space Art within Video Installations in the Context of Spaces and Spectators
No full textThis thesis is to introduce and examine Video Space Art as a form of Video Art. Being primarily practice-based research, it offers a theoretical and conceptual framework to find a better understanding for my artistic practices. The thesis studies the classification of Video Art. It contains an extended discussion of the place of Video Space Art in the context of Video Installation. Furthermore, the distinctions are made from Video Sculpture by theorizing space and spectator. The thesis develops the language of Video Installation. It proposes that the two main elements of Video Space Art are space and spectator. It provides a conceptual discussion of real and virtual space and the role of the spectator in Video Art are established. It then explores the languages in developed media of pictorial art, sculpture, architecture and landscape architecture. Because Video Installation is a hybrid medium, the languages found in these media are applied to deepen its meanings. Video Space Art is defined as a space-time experience that includes people as participants.
The thesis applies these theories to artworks to distinguish Video Space Art from Video Sculpture. Nam Jun Paik's Magnet TV (1965), Eagle Eye (1996) and TV Clock (1963-81), Shigeko Kubota's Three Mountains (1976-79), and Bill Viola's Heaven and Earth (1992), The Crossing (1996) and Passage(1987), Dan Graham's Present Continuous Past(s)(1974), Bruce Nauman's Live-Taped Video Corridor(1969-70), David Hall's Progressive Recession (1975), and Peter Campus' Negative Crossing (1974) are among the artworks explored. The extended discussion of the concepts and concerns behind these artworks are followed by the classification of these artworks into Video Space Art and Video Sculpture. In addition to these artworks, the analyses of the elements of Video Space Art are applied to my own practical works: Two (1999), It Takes me 15 Minutes to go to School (2000), and Love Potion in my Heart (2004). (The appendix to this thesis contains the documentation of my works in DVD ROM format).
The theoretical analysis presented in this thesis sheds light on the classification of Video Installation. A survey conducted identifies the works of Video Space Art. By defining Video Space Art, as distinct from Video Sculpture I have refined aspects of the theoretical base and extended the understanding of my own practical work
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