114,120 research outputs found
The complete works of John Gower /
No full textLife of Gower: v. 4, p. [vii]-xxx.Frontispieces are facsimiles of portions of different manuscripts.[v. 1] French works.-- [v. 2] English works (Confessio amantis, prol. -lib. v. 1970).-- [v. 3] English works (Confessio amantis, lib. V. 1971-lib. VIII; and in praise of peace).-- [v. 4] Latin works.Microform.Microform.Mode of access: Internet
Gegeneophis tejaswini Kotharambath, Wilkinson, Oommen & Gower, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textGegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2; Tables 1–2) Gegeneophis sp. “sample 40 ”: Gower et al. (2011: 702, 705, fig. 2, tables 1, 2, 5) Holotype. BNHS 5420 (Fig. 1), adult female, collected from the village of Bedoor, near Kakkadav Bridge, near Cheemeni, Hosdurg Taluk, Kasaragod District, Kerala, India (12 ˚ 16 ' 06'' N, 75 ˚ 17 ' 14 '' E, c. 50 m a.s.l.) by R. Kotharambath, Hareesh K., C. B. Binu and M. Wilkinson on 0 7 July 2010. Paratopotypes (n = 7). ZSI 2532 (male) collected by R. Kotharambath, O.V. Oommen, Hareesh K. and Narayan P. on 10 April 2008; ZSI 2533 (male) collected by R. Kotharambath, Hareesh K. and Krishnan K. on 10 August 2008; BNHS 5421 (female) collected by R. Kotharambath, Hareesh K. and Sreerag K. on 0 4 September 2009; ZSI 2534 (male), BNHS 5422 (female), BNHS 5423 (male), and ZSI 2535 (male) collected by R. Kotharambath, Hareesh K., C. B. Binu and M. Wilkinson on 0 7 July 2010; all collected at the same locality as the holotype. Diagnosis. Indotyphlids are the only teresomatan (non-rhinatrematid, non-ichthyophiid) caecilians in peninsular India (Wilkinson et al. 2011). The new species is clearly a teresomatan by virtue of having distinct primary and secondary AGs and a tentacle lying between eye and naris, and it is identified as a Gegeneophis on the basis that this is the only genus of indotyphlid in which the eye is under bone (Wilkinson et al. 2011). Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. is an attenuate Gegeneophis with many primary annuli and relatively few SAGs. Differs from G. seshachari Ravichandran, Gower & Wilkinson, 2003, G. pareshi Giri, Gower, Gaikwad & Wilkinson, 2011 and G. primus Kotharambath, Gower, Oommen & Wilkinson, 2012 in having SAGs. Differs from G. carnosus, G. ramaswamii Taylor, 1964, G. madhavai Bhatta & Srinivasa, 2004, and G. orientalis Agarwal, Wilkinson, Mohapatra, Dutta, Giri & Gower, 2013 in having more than 120 (versus fewer than 116) primary annuli. Differs from G. danieli Giri, Wilkinson & Gower, 2003 and G. goaensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth & Kulkarni, 2007 in having many fewer SAGs ( 60). Differs from G. mhadeiensis in having more primary annuli (125–131 versus 117–122) and more primary annuli anterior to the first SAG (98–111 versus 88–93); eye much less visible (generally invisible versus clearly visible); more pink (less brown) body colour in larger specimens. Differs from G. krishni in usually having more SAGs (18-28 versus 11–18, see remarks) and in having more SAGs that are ventrally complete (5-7 versus 0–3); smaller ratios of head length to head widths (LH/WH 1.5, see remarks) and of total length to head width (usually 48, see remarks). Description of holotype. Some meristic and morphometric data are given in Table 2. Condition good; c. 7 mm ventral incision into coelom c. 50 mm anterior to vent; mouth preserved slightly open causing a transverse crease dorsally in front of NG 1; stratum corneum missing in a few small patches; some scale pockets opened on dorsum posteriorly. Overall shape fairly cylindrical, slightly dorsoventrally compressed and uniform throughout. In dorsal view head neither notably U- or V-shaped, its sides straight and converging substantially from back of head to distinct bulges of TPs, converging more substantially in front of TAs to blunt snout tip. In ventral view lower jaw and upper lip a little more rounded than snout, upper jaws visible anterior to CMs. In lateral view upper lip slightly concave. Eyes faintly visible as tiny dark spots (c. half size of nares, TAs). TAs below imaginary lines between nares and CMs; approximately halfway between lips and imaginary lines between eyes and nares. In lateral view, CMs very slightly closer to bottom than to top of head, nares approximately equidistant from top and front of snout, slightly further from bottom. In dorsal view nares barely visible, very slightly inset, not visible in ventral view. TAs approximately same size as nares, marginally visible in ventral but not in dorsal view; TPs visible in dorsal and ventral views. Midventral crease from NG 1 to close to tip of lower jaw. No diastema between vomerine and palatine teeth. OMs monocusped; PMs smaller, more numerous, probably monocusped; elements of inner tooth rows small, number of cusps not ascertained; palate moderately concave; tongue unattached anteriorly, with two paramedian grooves posteriorly, narial plugs weakly developed; choanae subcircular, interchoanal distance a little more than twice width of each choana. C 2 but not C 1 slightly more massive than head and anterior body. C 1 approximately same length as first PA, much shorter than (approximately half length of) C 2. NG 1 faint except laterally, widely incomplete ventrally, narrowly incomplete dorsally. NG 2 conspicuous, complete ventrally, perhaps narrowly incomplete dorsally. NG 3 fainter than NG 2, clearer than NG 1, very faint ventrally where possibly widely incomplete. All NGs orthoplicate, with no obvious curvature. Single TGs very faintly indicated on both collars, that on C 2 longer. AGs well marked laterally, fainter but mostly complete or nearly so middorsally and midventrally, more conspicuous posteriorly; no substantial regional variation in lengths of PAs. Each AG with single row of pale enlarged granular glands posterior to narrow dark band. First SAG dorsolateral on 108 th PA, none on 109 th PA, dorsally complete on 110 th PA, ventrally complete on 119 th to 125 th PAs. Posteriorly two to three rows of scales dorsally in pockets about 0.75 times as deep as length of PA. Small terminal cap, approximately same length as one and a half adjacent PAs. Posteriormost AG marginally behind level of centre of vent. No AGs unambiguously posterior to vent. Terminus bluntly rounded, slightly more so than head; no terminal keel. Disc fairly well circumscribed, subcircular, slightly wider than long, with 10 (five posterior, five anterior) slightly irregular denticulations, those posterior longer than those anterior; vent more or less circular. Body grey in preservative, paler anteriorly, darker posteriorly, slightly paler ventrally. Some irregular pale markings. Faintly indicated, slightly darker longitudinal middorsal stripe apparent under microscope. Head whitish, paler than adjacent body, mostly lacking pigment anterior to bulges corresponding to the Mm. depressor mandibulares, some very small flecks of pigment middorsally, laterally to level of TAs, and under back of lower jaw; whitish lip lines and broad paler spots surrounding tentacles and (narrower around) nares, tip of snout separately pale. AGs mostly inconspicuous, slightly darker than body except posteriorly where relatively paler (whitish). Small pale patch at TT. Disc pale, with small darker streaks along midline of some denticulations. Immediately anterior to disc, row of granular glands along AG not complete across midline such that pale area of disc appears to extend anteriorly about the length of half the closest PA. Variation and additional information from paratypes. See Table 2 for meristic and morphometric data. Generally good to fair condition, some (ZSI 2532, 2533) somewhat brown, dehydrated. External morphology of paratypes mostly very similar to holotype. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the small sample size, multiple regressions of head length and of head width at CM on total length reveal no significant differences between the sexes (t-test, p = 0.852 and 0.112 respectively). None of type series has papillae (= anal glands of Taylor, 1968: 18) on the disc. Teeth examined in greater detail in ZSI 2532. Teeth in upper jaw strongly recurved, IMs and anterior OMs moderately recurved, posterior OMs slightly more recurved. Anteriormost PMs longest, OMs shorter but thicker with anterolateral elements stoutest. IMs closely spaced at midline, approximately half size of posteriormost OMs. VPs more uniform, anteriormost two or three slightly larger. Tips of crowns of VPs visible in lateral view. Among paratypes, ZSI 2534 and possibly BNHS 5423 lack TGs on C 1. Where clearly detectable, NG 3 widely incomplete midventrally with possible exception of ZSI 2532 (where it bends notably posteromedially) and BNHS 5421 (offset). As in holotype, AGs mostly clearly marked throughout; PAGs faint on venter but clear laterally and dorsally, except in ZSI 2535 where faintly marked except close to terminus. Posteriormost AG approximately level with centre of vent. All specimens more or less grey throughout, paler on head and slightly darker at tail end. Head whitish with little pigmentation in all paratypes, more notable but still diffuse (and paler than collars) pigmentation in slightly dehydrated ZSI 2532 and ZSI 2533. In ZSI 2535 body darker than other paratypes, with uneven dark and pale patches distributed throughout body. Eyes barely visible in ZSI 2532, 2533, BNHS 5422, 5423, not visible in BNHS 5421, ZSI 2534, 7472. Denticulations around vent unpigmented with possible exception of BNHS 5422. Observations were made of BNHS 5421 in anaesthesia (MS 222) before fixation. Head unpigmented, whitish at anterior, becoming pale pinkish towards collars. Body pink anteriorly, darkening posteriorly to purple, slightly paler grey on terminus. Body slightly darker above than below, more so posteriorly (including terminus) with weak, darker, broad middorsal stripe. Body surface spotted with glands throughout, AGs bordered with whitish colour, more conspicuous towards tail end. Eye faintly visible upon close observation. Disc around vent whitish. In smaller specimens anterior half of body pale pink, reducing intensity posteriorly, posteriormost quarter almost greyish. A photograph of the species in life is shown in Fig. 2. TABLE 1. Details of fieldwork conducted within 25 km radius from the holotype locality (Bedoor) of Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. All localities are in Kasaragod district of Kerala state. Locality Coordinates Elevation Distance to Date of General habitat Caecilian taxa found Person hours (m) Bedoor (km) fieldwork (number of specimens) digging/no. of persons Bedoor N 12.275069, c. 50 0 10 /04/ 2008 Mixed (coconut, Gegeneophis tejaswini (1) 8 / 3 E 75.292987 arecanut and banana) 10 /08/ 2008 plantation and home Gegeneophis tejaswini (2) 3 / 1 04/09/ 2009 gardens Gegeneophis tejaswini (3) 7 / 2 Taxonomic remarks. The new species is differentiated readily (using annulation characters) from all other described species of Gegeneophis except G. kr i s h n i and G. mhadeiensis, for which differences in annulation are generally not (or barely) absolute, in part because of outliers. For example, whereas the new species usually has more SAGs than G. krishni, this is not strictly true for one specimen of the latter species (BNHS 4176) which has a tiny isolated SAG on the 104 th PA but otherwise has its anteriormost SAG on 110 th PA. Similarly, whereas total length/LH = 48.4–60.3 (mean 53.93) in G. kr i s h n i versus 33.3–47.8 (mean 42.3) in most of the new species, this ignores one seemingly abnormal outlier, a specimen of the new species (ZSI 2535) for which this ratio is 56. LH/ WH in the new species is 1.18–1.44 (mean 1.34) versus 1.57–1.69 (mean 1.63) in G. krishni. Whereas overlap in ranges of morphometric variables is expected to increase with larger samples, we suspect that interspecific differences in the numbers of PAs and (relative and/or absolute) position of anteriormost SAGs, and ratios of head and body dimensions will be significantly different when larger samples are available. We are also impressed by the difference between G. tejaswini sp. nov. and G. k r i s h n i in the number of ventrally complete SAGs, although substantially greater, possibly overlapping, variation in this feature should not be unexpected also when larger samples are examined. Molecular data (Gower et al., 2011) provide additional evidence that these three nominal species are distinct. This is particularly the case for the superficially similar G. mhadeiensis and G. tejaswini sp. nov. which are not each other’s closest relatives (Gower et al., 2011: fig. 2) and which differ by more than 9.5 % in 883 aligned sites of mitochondrial 12 S and 16 S (Gower et al., 2011: table 5). The molecular difference between G. tejaswini sp. nov. and the other superficially most similar (in terms of annulation) species G. k r i s h n i are less extreme and they are much more closely related (Gower et al., 2011: fig. 2), but they are nonetheless separated by a large uncorrected pdistance of 6.1 % (Gower et al. 2011). Molecular data have yet to be published for G. pareshi and G. orientalis but these two species are easily distinguished from G. tejaswini sp. nov. in that the latter has, for example, SAGs (absent in G. pareshi) and more than 120 PAs (<110 in G. orientalis). Gower et al. (2011: tables 1, 2) mistakenly reported their G. tejaswini sp. nov. voucher specimen as “ UK MW 3421 ” – it should have been UK MW 3417, which is now paratype ZSI 2532. Etymology: The specific epithet is in reference to the type locality, which lies close to (less than 1 km north of) the Tejaswini (= Thejaswini) river. The origin of the river’s name is the Sanskrit word tejas, meaning spiritually splendorous radiance. The Tejaswini river is associated historically with agricultural communities rising up against feudalism and British imperialism. For nomenclatural purposes the specific epithet is considered to be a noun in apposition. Suggested common name: Tejaswini Geg (English). Distribution and Natural History: Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. is known only from the type locality. Animals were found during four field visits conducted 2008–2010, between April and September, but none was found in June 2014 when the ground was dry before the monsoon. All the specimens were dug from soil in mixed (including coconut, arecanut, banana) home gardens bordering commercial rubber (to the north and west) and arecanut (to the south) plantations and the disturbed Kamballur Reserve Forest (to the east). Specimens were mostly dug from around the bases of trees, on sloping, partly terraced ground among housing (Fig. 3). Below the slope and away from housing lies a flat area with more intensive agriculture and regular drainage channels though no specimens were found here in the small amount of digging carried out (only in June 2014). Three poorly preserved specimens of G. tejaswini sp. nov. were neither included in the type series nor yet deposited in a permanent collection. These are smaller than any of the types, with total lengths of approximately 85–95 mm (fresh lengths approximately 95–105 mm). They were collected from the type locality on 10 August 2008 and 0 4 September 2009. One was found approximately 0.5 m from an adult female and is shown in Fig. 2. Conservation Status: Given that Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. is known only from a small series of specimens from a single locality, and that very little is known of its general ecology and nothing of its reproductive biology, we expect that it is likely to qualify for ‘Data Deficient’ status under IUCN criteria. The species is able to tolerate some agricultural habitats close to human habitation, which are extensive in this region, and it has been recorded at the type locality on four separate occasions between April 2008 and July 2010, such that we are hopeful it might qualify for a Least Concern categorization if additional localities are discovered. Clearly it is not very abundant in the region given that 39 person hours of digging in localities less than 20 km from the type locality failed to yield additional specimens (Table 1).Published as part of Kotharambath, Ramachandran, Wilkinson, Mark, Oommen, Oommen V. & Gower, David J., 2015, A new species of Indian caecilian highlights challenges for species delimitation within Gegeneophis Peters, 1879 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) in Zootaxa 3948 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/24212
Gegeneophis primus Kotharambath, Gower, Oommen & Wilkinson, 2012, sp.nov.
No full textGegeneophis primus sp.nov. (Figs. 1–3; Table 1) Gegeneophis carnosus (Beddome, 1870): Gower et al. (2011: 702, 705, fig. 2, tables 1, 2, 5 (in part)) Holotype. BNHS 5536, adult female, collected from Sugandhagiri Cardamom Estate, near Vythiri, Pozhuthana Gramapanchayath, Vythiri Taluk, Wayanad District, Kerala (N 11 ° 33 ’ E 076°00’, 850 m a.s.l.) by R. Kotharambath on 21 August, 2011. Paratopotypes (n = 7). BNHS 5537, 5538 collected by O. V. Oommen and R. Kotharambath on 0 8 October, 2010, BNHS 5539, 5540, ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/851, 852, 853 collected by R. Kotharambath on 21 August, 2011. Diagnosis. A Gegeneophis differing from G. seshachari Ravichandran, Gower & Wilkinson, 2003 and G. pareshi Giri, Gower, Gaikwad & Wilkinson, 2011 in lacking an extensive terminal shield that includes (extends anterior to) the vent, and in having less than 120 primary annuli, and from all other nominal species of Gegeneophis in lacking scales and secondary annular grooves. Description of holotype. Meristic and morphometric data in Table 1. Condition good; c. 5 mm and 7 mm long ventral incisions into coelom c. 47 mm and 62 mm anterior to terminus. Overall shape fairly cylindrical and uniform throughout, slightly dorsoventrally compressed. Head more V- than U-shaped in dorsal view, sides converge sharply with straight edges from NG 1 to level of TAs, and more sharply in front of TAs to slightly blunt snout tip. In ventral view, lower jaw and margin of mouth on upper jaw more rounded than snout, visibility of upper jaws gradually increasing from CM to snout. In lateral view, margins of mouth slightly to down-curved anterior to CM. Eyes not visible. TAs on pronounced TPs, subcircular, on lower edges of imaginary lines between nares and CMs; TAs visible in lateral and ventral (barely) views, only TPs visible in dorsal view. Nares somewhat oval, slightly smaller than TAs, barely visible in ventral and dorsal views, clearly visible laterally slightly closer to bottom, approximately equidistant from top and front of snout. In lateral view, CMs closer to bottom than top of head. Midventral crease extends from NG 2 to near mouth. Most teeth present. No diastemata between vomerine and palatine teeth. Choanae subcircular, separated by one and half times width of single choana. Tongue not covering IMs, unattached anteriorly; narial plugs visible, encircled by subcircular grooves. Nuchal region more massive than head, scarcely more massive than adjacent annular region; C 2 slightly less than one and half length of C 1 (about length of one anterior annulus); NG 1 faint, feebly complete midventrally, incomplete middorsally; NG 2 conspicuous, complete ventrally and dorsally, slightly less conspicuous laterally; NG 3 conspicuous dorsolaterally, inconspicuous and incomplete ventrally. Single distinct dorsal TG on C 2. SAGs absent; PAGs well marked ventro- and dorsolaterally, faint but complete or nearly so midventrally, few middorsally complete preceding NG 3, becoming narrowly incomplete until posterior fourth where complete or nearly so. Single row of enlarged granular glands posterior to narrow dark band of each AG. AGs most prominent just anterior to vent. Whitish granular glands denser and more conspicuous posteriorly. No scales or scale pockets. Two AGs interrupted by vent; no AGs behind vent. End of body bulges very slightly just anterior to vent, then tapers abruptly from level of AG at anterior edge of vent forming bluntly rounded tip (blunter than snout). Vent transverse, almost at terminus, slightly elevated; disc around vent small but distinct, notably glandular; six denticulations anterior, six posterior, those posterior longer. No terminal keel. No anal papillae. In preservative, body grey, paler anteriorly, slightly darker posteriorly, darkest along last ten annuli, paler ventrally (paler than anterior dorsum) except at a few annuli anterior to vent. Mid-ventral bluish dark line extends from middle of NG 3 to vent. Head paler than adjacent body, less pigmented ventrally than dorsally, whitish lip lines and broad paler spots surrounding TAs and nares. Snout tip and skin above m. depressor mandibulae (above and behind CMs) whitish. Tip of terminus not obviously pale. Disc around vent pale. AGs more or less conspicuous, slightly darker than body. Variation and additional information from paratopotypes. Some meristic and morphometric data for the paratopotypes are given in Table 1. All paratopotypes are very similar to the holotype with little variation in head shape; eyes not visible, their presence under bone confirmed by dissection in BNHS 5538; nuchal region more massive in longer specimens, with similar pattern of grooves; L/W c. 28–37; L/H c. 27–32; bulging very slightly at posterior end, along last four or five annuli. As in holotype, SAGs, scales and scale pockets absent and posteriormost two AGs interrupted by vent, first one at the level of anterior end of disc, second (last small AG) at the level of vent. AGs a little more faintly marked in BNHS 5537 and BNHS 5538. Vent more or less transverse in all paratypes; disc around vent subcircular; denticulations lightly pigmented. Glands in skin on disc surrounding vent in all males and females, very obvious in some (e.g. BNHS 5537) less conspicuous in others (e.g.. BNHS 5539), very inconspicuous in ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 853. No anal papillae. Colour similar to that of holotype, except in BNHS 5537 and BNHS 5538 where slightly artefactually faded, lateral differentiation of dorsal and ventral shades not gradual, surface above m.depressor mandibulae and lateral aspects of collars very pale in all paratypes, head slightly darker in some. In all paratypes, posteriormost ten or so annuli distinctly and progressively darker than anterior; in ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 853 dorsal surface of posterior end less darker than in other specimens. Small whitish irregular patches along posterior body half in BNHS 5537 (few) and ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 851 (numerous). In BNHS 5540 a whitish spot at tip of posterior end. Midventral bluish line present in all paratypes, faint in BNHS 5537 and BNHS 5538. Mouth examined in detail for paratypes with mouth preserved open (ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 851, 852). All teeth except anterolateral dentary teeth strongly recurved. Anterolateral premaxillary-maxillary teeth longest, slightly shorter than corresponding three anterolateral dentary teeth, which are stoutest of all teeth. Teeth of inner rows much smaller than those of outer rows. Vomeropalatine teeth relatively uniform, one or two extend further posterior than last premaxillary-maxillary teeth on each side, posteriormost teeth slightly smaller. In all specimens number of premaxillary-maxillary very similar to number of vomeropalatine teeth. Anteriormost two dentary teeth small, almost vertical, next three much larger, moderately recurved, posteriormost three or four strongly recurved, gradually reducing in size, the last as small as IMs. IMs small, strongly recurved. Teeth of outer rows monocuspid, those of inner rows unclear. Tips of crowns of vomeropalatine teeth not visible in lateral view. Upper tooth rows extend to level of CM; last dentary at the level of the second or third premaxillary-maxillary tooth from the posterior end. Tongue with free edge anterolaterally; colour varies considerably, very pale (e.g. BNHS 5537, 5538), pale pinkish (e.g. BNHS 5539, 5540, ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 853) or dark pinkish (ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 851), narial plugs elongate and surrounded (except posteriorly) by well-defined grooves. We suspect that the considerable variation in tongue colour is due to different amounts of blood present in the tongues of preserved specimens rather than to any differences in lingual pigmentation. Length of tongue anterior to narial plugs much less than behind and about half width of each plug. In ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 852 narial plugs are very large and protruding, almost touching dentary teeth. Choanae generally separated by one and to one quarter or half width of each choana. There is no evidence of sexual size dimorphism, though this might be re-evaluated when larger samples become available. Neither total length divided by head length (ST-NG 1) nor head length divided by head width at CM differ notably between males and females (Table 1), and regressions of head length and of head width at CM on total length are not significantly different between the sexes (t-test, p = 0.855 and 0.825, respectively; analysis performed with SPSS software). Colour in life. Observations were made of BNHS 5536 in anaesthesia before fixation. Head unpigmented, whitish anteriorly becoming pinkish towards collars. Body moderately and fairly uniformly pink, darkening to purple at posterior end, slightly paler grey on terminus. Body slightly darker above than below, more so posteriorly. Body surface spotted with glands throughout, AGs bordered with pale white colour (of granular glands), more conspicuous towards tail end. Disc around vent whitish. See Fig. 1. Referred material. DU 1206, also from Sugandhagiri, was identified by Gower et al. (2011) as Gegeneophis carnosus, but examination of a photograph of this specimen indicates that it has approximately 111 primary annuli but no SAGs, and so is here re-identified as G. p r i m u s. It is considered referred rather than type material because we have no detailed data for it and have not compared it directly with the types. Etymology. The specific epithet is in reference to the presence of only primary annuli and for nomenclatural purposes is considered to be a noun in apposition. Suggested common name. Malabar Cardamom Geg (English). Historically, Malabar has been applied to various different but overlapping parts of southwest peninsular India but is currently used as a term for the northernmost six districts of Kerala state. The other part of the suggested common name refers to the discovery of this species in an estate that grows cardamom. Distribution, natural history and conservation. The holotype and paratopotypes were collected during two consecutive monsoons from within a hilly, largely terraced cardamom/coffee estate that is contiguous with evergreen forests. Specimens were dug out (<30 cm deep) from moist soil along the often shrub-covered banks of a stream under dense canopy cover. This locality is part of the 868 hectares Sugandhagiri Cardamom Estate, a major portion of which was recently distributed to tribal families long associated with the estate maintenance. The region receives around 3,000 mm of annual rainfall (IMD Data, 2010). The wider distribution, natural history and habitat preferences/tolerances of this species remain to be determined. The population of G. p r i m u s at the type locality is likely not under immediate threat as long as the current habitat is maintained. Until additional data are generated we propose that the conservation status of this species should be Data Deficient (DD) under IUCN Red List criteria.Published as part of Kotharambath, Ramachandran, Gower, David J., Oommen, Oommen V. & Wilkinson, Mark, 2012, A third species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) lacking secondary annular grooves, pp. 26-34 in Zootaxa 3272 on pages 27-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21210
Window glass and the Gower house (15lv178): An application of Donald Ball's dating formula.
No full textFor archaeologists, the value of window glass is related primarily to its
potential to provide dates for a site. This makes window glass particularly
valuable at Gower House because the earliest records of Gower House, including
documentation of its construction were destroyed in a fire in 1831
(Berryman 1997). While many dates have been proposed for the construction
of Gower House, none have proven definitive. Thus, the objective of this
study is to determine construction date, and to explore other characteristics of
window glass that may provide additional information about the Gower
House
Turing instability for a Leslie–Gower model
No full textThe aim of this paper is to investigate a reaction-diffusion Leslie–Gower predator–prey model, incorporating the intraguild predation and both self and cross-diffusion. The longtime behaviour of the solutions is analysed, proving the existence of an absorbing set. The existence of patterns is investigated by looking for conditions guaranteeing that an equilibrium, stable in the absence of diffusion, becomes unstable when diffusion is allowed
A third species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) lacking secondary annular grooves
No full textKotharambath, Ramachandran, Gower, David J., Oommen, Oommen V., Wilkinson, Mark (2012): A third species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) lacking secondary annular grooves. Zootaxa 3272: 26-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21210
A new species of Indian caecilian highlights challenges for species delimitation within Gegeneophis Peters, 1879 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae)
No full textKotharambath, Ramachandran, Wilkinson, Mark, Oommen, Oommen V., Gower, David J. (2015): A new species of Indian caecilian highlights challenges for species delimitation within Gegeneophis Peters, 1879 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae). Zootaxa 3948 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.
- …
