374 research outputs found
Effect of Ramping-Up Rate on Film Thickness for Spin-On Processing
No full textSpin-on processing is used in many industries to deposit very thin coatings on flat substrates, including silicon wafers, flat-panel displays, and precision optical components. A liquid precursor solution is first dispensed onto the surface of the substrate; this fluid then spreads out very evenly over the surface due to large rotational forces caused by spinning of the substrate. When looking for an optimum coating procedure process engineers can adjust many variables including the peak spin speed, the ramping rate to reach that speed, the spinning time, as well as allowing for dynamic solution dispense before ramping up, though most protocols focus on the peak spin speed as the primary controlling variable. Engineers often construct spin-speed versus thickness correlations that enable predictable adjustment of spin-speed to achieve a desired thickness. Yet, rather little attention has been paid to the importance of the acceleration rate used to reach the desired peak speed. We show here that ramping rate is also important in helping establish the final coating thickness. We present a numerical model of the fluid flow on a spinning wafer when the spin-speed is ramping linearly up to a desired peak speed and then held constant. It is shown that the coating may “set” into its final thickness before the spin-speed reaches its peak value. In these cases then the peak spin-speed parameter is no longer the primary variable that defines the final coating thickness. This also impacts the interpretation of critical exponents found when fitting spin-speed vs. thickness data. We perform parallel experimental measurements for different ramping-up times and confirm the results from the numerical model. Both experimental and theoretical results support use of the simplified model put forth by Meyerhofer over 25 years ago (J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 3993-3997).This is the Author's accepted manuscript of an article published in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-005-4973-6Peer reviewe
Forecasting banknotes
No full textA central bank’s liquidity forecast is important in ensuring that it supplies the banking system’s need for central bank money. Banknote (or currency in circulation) demand is the largest and for some central banks the most variable component of the liquidity forecast. Accurate forecasting of banknotes is essential in ensuring an accurate liquidity forecast and in turn effective monetary policy implementation. This Handbook discusses these issues and outlines a structural time series state space (STSSS) model which is now used by central banks including the Bank of England and ECB to forecast banknotes (currency in circulation).Forecasting banknotes
Scalar soliton quantization with generic moduli
No full textThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credArticle funded by SCOAP3. CP is
a Royal Society Research Fellow and partly supported by the U.S. Department of Energy
under grants DOE-SC0010008, DOE-ARRA-SC0003883 and DOE-DE-SC0007897. ABR
is supported by the Mitchell Family Foundation. We would like to thank the Mitchell
Institute at Texas A&M and the NHETC at Rutgers University respectively for hospitality
during the course of this work. We would also like to acknowledge the Aspen Center
for Physics and NSF grant 1066293 for a stimulating research environment which led to
questions addressed in this paper
Inflation Targeting: The British Experience
No full textThis lecture describes the United Kingdom's experience with inflation targeting. It provides a historical perspective to the introduction of inflation targeting, discusses the concept of inflation targets, and compares an inflation targeting regime with money supply and exchange rate targeting regimes. It is noteworthy that inflation targeting is based on the assumption that low inflation is the proper objective of monetary policy. A significant portion of the lecture covers the issue of the measurement of inflation. It discusses whether asset prices should be taken into account in the inflation measure and looks in particular at the experience of Japan in the late 1980s. It also considers sources of imperfection in traditional measures. It concludes that monetary policy will have to be conducted by reference to estimated price indexes that fall short of the conceptual ideal but does not regard this as seriously undermining an inflation targeting regime. The lecture goes on to discuss the issues of (1) having a target band for inflation or not, (2) the difficulty in forecasting inflation, and (3) the time horizon over which monetary policy should aim. The lecture highlights the important role that openness and transparency play in achieving credibility in monetary policy. It highlights the five devices that are now in use in the United Kingdom, and notes some of the benefits emerging from the open and transparent nature of the United Kingdom approach. It concludes by warning that inflation targeting does not promise to make monetary policy easy but does have the positive virtue of directing attention to many technical issues that need to be resolved in conducting monetary policy.Inflation, Targeting, British
Revisiting soliton contributions to perturbative amplitudes
No full textOpen Access funded by SCOAP3. CP is
a Royal Society Research Fellow and partly supported by the U.S. Department of Energy
under grants DOE-SC0010008, DOE-ARRA-SC0003883 and DOE-DE-SC0007897. ABR
is supported by the Mitchell Family Foundation. We would like to thank the Mitchell
Institute at Texas A&M and the NHETC at Rutgers University respectively for hospitality
during the course of this work. We would also like to acknowledge the Aspen Center for
Physics and NSF grant 1066293 for a stimulating research environment
DeNicola, Dan, April 9, 2021 [Interview]
No full textDan DeNicola was interviewed by Michael Birkner on August 7, 2019, about his years as provost of Gettysburg College under President Katherine Will.Will, Katherine H.; Haaland, Gordon A.; Sunderman, F. William; Kelly, Michael; Good, Rhonda; Amott, Theresa; Lawson, Patti; North, Jane; Portmess, Lisa; Walters, Kerry; Supinski, Sheila; Blavitt, Jeffrey; Yuengling, Jacob; Taylor, Larry; Widger, Charles; Weaver, James; Riggs, Janet M.; Mingolelli, Jennie; Burton, Charles; McMillan, Lex; Amster, Matthew; Valeriani, Richard; Gondwe, Derrick K.; Chiteji, Frank; Sims, JohnKatherine H. Will Year
Author Obliged to Submit Paper before 4 July: Policies in an Enterprise Specification
No full textAbstract Specifying policies doesn't occur in splendid isolation but as part of refining an enterprise specification. The roles, the tasks, and the business processes of an ODP community provide the basic alphabet over which we write our policies. We illustrate this through exploring a conference programme committee case study. We discuss how we might formulate policies and show how policies are refined alongside the refinement of the overall system specification, developing notions of sufficiency and necessity. Policy delegation is also discussed and we categorise different forms of delegating an obligation
A new record for the anchialine shrimp Ligur uveae (Borradaile, 1899) (Decapoda, Hippolytidae) in the Philippines with notes on its morphology, behaviour and ecology
No full textINTRODUCTION
Ligur uveae is generally considered an anchialine species (found in land-locked, generally supralittoral saltwater pools) with the type locality given simply as "Uvea, Loyalty Islands" by Borradaile (1899). The species is widely distributed geographically, although locally evidently confined to a very restricted habitat. Its known range extends from the western Indian Ocean to Polynesia: Aldabra, western Indian Ocean (Borradaile, 1917; Gordon, 1936); Halmahera, northern Moluccas, Indonesia (Holthuis, 1947; 1963); Uvea, Loyalty Islands (Borradaile, 1899; Gordon, 1936); Sayawa Islet near Uvea (Monod, 1968); Vatulele Island, Fiji Archipelago (Gordon, 1936; Derrick, 1957; Marden, 1958; Reed & Hames, 1967); Vanua Vatu and Vanua Levu Islands, Fiji Archipelago (Gordon, 1936; Derrick, 1957); Fangafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Ellice Islands (Holthuis, 1973). The species is also thought to occur at the islet of Yanuca, near Beqa off the south coast of Viti Levu, Fiji (Clunie, pers. comm.). So far as can be ascertained from these published records and unpublished information, L. uveae is a typical member of the anchialine community. This is supported by the habitat of the present material collected from a small and well sunlit salt-water pool separated from the sea by a sand bar some 40 m wide.
The Philippines specimens are found apparently exclusively on Tiniguiban, a small islet about one hectare in size lying about 500 m off the island of Guimaras near its southern end. Guimaras Island itself is separated from the larger provincial island of Panay in the central Philippines to the northwest, by about 20 km of open water (fig. 1). Local inhabitants of Igang, the nearby barrio (village) on Guimaras Island, and also those living i
Recommended from our members
Summary of experimental talks
No full textThis final talk of the meeting briefly discussed a number of experimental topics that the author found particularly interesting in the area of High Energy Physics. It also includes some critical comments about the future direction of their discipline
This Is Hardcore: Why the Court Should Have Granted a Writ of Mandamus Compelling Mandatory Condom Use to Decrease Transmission of HIV and STDs in the Adult Film Industry
No full textThe article discusses the U.S. adult film industry as of September 2012, focusing on a call for the courts to issue a writ of mandamus requiring the industry to force film participants to use condoms to prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually-transmitted diseases. The author argues that the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health abused its discretion as a government agency by failing to protect the health of adult film industry participants such as actor Derrick Burts
- …
