99 research outputs found
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure, abundance and species richness changes in soil by different levels of heavy metal and metalloid concentration.
No full textArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) play major roles in ecosystem functioning such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and plant growth promotion. It is important to know how this ecologically important soil microbial player is affected by soil abiotic factors particularly heavy metal and metalloid (HMM). The objective of this study was to understand the impact of soil HMM concentration on AMF abundance and community structure in the contaminated sites of South Korea. Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of an abandoned smelter and the samples were subjected to three complementary methods such as spore morphology, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for diversity analysis. Spore density was found to be significantly higher in highly contaminated soil compared to less contaminated soil. Spore morphological study revealed that Glomeraceae family was more abundant followed by Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae in the vicinity of the smelter. T-RFLP and DGGE analysis confirmed the dominance of Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices in all the study sites. Claroideoglomus claroideum, Funneliformis caledonium, Rhizophagus clarus and Funneliformis constrictum were found to be sensitive to high concentration of soil HMM. Richness and diversity of Glomeraceae family increased with significant increase in soil arsenic, cadmium and zinc concentrations. Our results revealed that the soil HMM has a vital impact on AMF community structure, especially with Glomeraceae family abundance, richness and diversity
Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar & Jacobus 2021, sp. nov.
No full textSerratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 2–5; Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14) Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) sensu Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 partim (nec Allen & Edmunds, 1963: 18) Type material. Holotype: larva (slide # 623, mounted with Canada balsam), THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—main source of the Klang Phat River, 18.577542°N, 98.527056°E, h ~ 1370 m a.s.l., 18.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. &Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Thai10Sersp [NMNH NASU]. Other material: INDIA: 1 larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Tale Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K. A. Subramanian—Reg. No. 5603/H13 [ZSI]. NEPAL: 1 larva, Nawakot & Sindu Districts, 1/ 2 mi north of Gulbhanjyang (on lower trail), 18.ix.1968, Coll. C Wiens [PERC] (previously reported as Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) by Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). Description. Larva: Body length 5.0– 5.3 mm; caudal filaments 4.5–4.8 mm. Body pale brown (Fig. 2A). Head: With pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, occipital protuberances (Fig. 2B) bearing short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (Fig. 2C, D). The same scattered stout setae cover head surface, they also presented on compound eyes, but they are smaller. Genae moderately developed. Mouthparts: Labrum (Fig. 3C) densely covered with long, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered and hair-like setae; anteromedian emargination shallow. Median part of mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae; basal part of lateral margin with smaller number of middle-sized and short, hair-like setae. Right mandible (Fig. 3A): outer incisor trifurcate, inner incisor bifurcate; prostheca consisting of dorsal process, smaller than on left mandible, and bunch of long and short hair-like setae; row of 10–15 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola; bunch of short, hair-like setae above mola. Left mandible (Fig. 3B): outer incisor trifurcate, inner denticle small; inner incisor with two central denticles and one small lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of process and bunch of relatively long and short hair-like setae; inner surface with distinct denticles near mola. Maxilla with two dentisetae (Fig. 3F), their inner margins serrate. Apex of maxilla with group of long, thin and stout, hair-like setae; apical part of inner margin with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; base of galea-lacinia with group of 4–6 long, stout, pointed, not bifurcated or bifurcated, hair-like setae. Maxillary palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3E), short; segment III elongate, narrowed from middle, rounded apically; segment I somewhat broader than segments II and III; apex of segment III with several fine setae. Superlinguae of hypopharynx with long, stout, hair-like setae on apices, dorsal and ventral surfaces with fine setae, short and hair-like setae, and stout and hair-like setae; apex of lingua convex, with hair-like setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 3D). Labial palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3G); segments I and II subequal in length; surfaces, inner and outer margins of segment I and II covered with long, thin, hair-like setae and less numerous long, stout, hair-like setae. Segment III distinctly elongated (length/width ratio in last larval instar = 2.19–2.45). Glossae rounded; apices of paraglossae and glossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Thorax: Pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E); with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F). Mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads. Protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices. Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio in last larval instar: forefemur 2.04–2.05; middle femur 2.39–2.49; hind femur 2.38–2.57) (Fig. 4A–C). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Dorsal surfaces of all femora covered mainly with short, feathered, usually bifurcate, stout setae (Fig. 4E–H) (most numerous on middle and hind femora), and with scattered short or middle-sized hair-like setae; also, irregular rows of middle-sized, hair-like setae situated along inner margins. Distal tips (distal margins and adjacent areas of dorsal surfaces) of all femora with groups of short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae. Dorsal surface of forefemur with irregular rows of middle-sized and long, hair-like setae along outer and inner margins; with group of 4–5 mainly long, rounded or pointed, stout setae; most of these stout setae located near outer margin (Fig. 4A, D). Outer margin of forefemur with few different-sized hair-like setae and few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and two chalazae bearing long, pointed or rounded, stout setae. Inner margin of forefemur with short, hair-like setae only. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsus with a few thin, long hair-like setae. Inner margin of fore tibia with several short stout setae along margin and group of several elongated setae near distal end, some with serration of one margin. Inner margin of fore tarsus with middle-sized and long, pointed stout setae; their number increases towards claw. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with long hair-like setae (most numerous and forming regular row in basal part), few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and row of 6–9 long, pointed or rounded apically, stout setae; some chalazae forming serration of margins (Fig. 4B, C). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with no stout setae or chalazae. Setation of middle and hind tarsi as those on fore leg. Dorsal surface of middle and hind tibiae of row of few stout setae continue on inner margin of tibiae; setae bluntly pointed of rounded apically; on hind tibia setae more numerous and longer. Inner margin of tibiae also with group of several elongated stout setae (some with one serrated margin) near distal end. Outer margin of middle and hind tibiae with few hair-like setae only; hind tibia additionally bears few long stout setae along margin. Tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J). Abdomen. Pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C). All projections with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B). Dorsal surfaces of terga IV–IX with areas of short, stout setae above projections. Lateral surfaces of paired projections of tergum VIII and adjacent part of posterior margin with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Posterior margin of tergum IX (excluding area between projections) with several spatulate, stout setae with rounded apices. Distinct posterolateral projections on segments IV–IX; lateral margins covered with spatulate, stout setae. Sterna VIII–IX and lateral areas of sterna IV–VII covered with short, stout setae. Gills (Fig. 5D–G). Gill III with elongate posterolateral angle; with well-defined, brown, trilobed pattern; somewhat truncate; and without medial transverse band of weakened membrane (Fig. 5D). Ventral lamellae of gills III–VI bifurcate and multifoliate; medial cleft of gills VI ventral lamella deep. Caudal filaments subequal in length (Fig. 2A). Segments with rows of elongated, rounded apically, stout setae on posterior margins alternate with segments bears rows of long, stout, hair-like setae on posterior margins; all these setae shorter than corresponding segment (Fig. 5H). Adult: Unknown Egg. Chorion smooth, without reticulations (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14; Nepal specimen herein). Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished from larvae of other Serratella Edmunds, 1959 species by the following combination of characters: (i) head with pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, suboccipital protuberances (Fig. 2A, B); (ii) pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E), with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F); (iii) mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads; (iv) two pairs of head protuberances, protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (as in Figs 2C, D, 4F, G); (v) maxilla with short 3-segmented palp (Fig. 3E); third palpal segment elongated; (vi) tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J); (vii) pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C); (viii) all paired projections of terga with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B); (ix) lateral surfaces of the paired projections of tergum VIII and the adjacent part of the posterior margin (excluding area between projections) with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Despite this new species being assigned to Serratella, it should be noted that similar tergum VIII setation is present in Quatica paradinasi (Gonzalez del Tanago & Garcia de Jalon, 1981), but the setae are much shorter (fig. 2 in Studemann & Tomka 1987). Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Dmitry M. Palatov, friend of the first author and specialist in aquatic invertebrates of the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms, who collected this species in Thailand. Distribution. Thailand, India-China border region, and Nepal. Habitats. In Thailand, the new species was collected from a stream that is a main source of the Klang Phat River. The stream is situated in forest, has a high current velocity and rapids, and has sandy and stony bottom (Fig. 20B). In India, the species was collected from a first order stream in Rhododendron and Bamboo forest. The stream has a sandy bottom and rapids in some sections (Fig. 20C). The Nepal specimen is covered with sandy silt, suggesting a similar habitat. Remarks. Initially Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was described as a representative of the subgenus Drunella Needham, 1905 (then part of the genus Ephemerella Walsh 1862) by Allen & Edmunds 1963, based only on description and illustrations of “ Ephemerella sp. ” by Ueno (1955), as the whereabouts of Ueno’s specimen was then—and remains—unknown. Later, a second species, Ephemerella (Acerella) undatella Allen, 1971, was described based on the same specimen (or rather description and illustrations). Subsequently, the name was recognized as an objective junior synonym (Allen 1973). Ephemerella (Drunella) uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was transferred to other genera (Allen 1986; Paclt 1994) before being placed most recently in Serratella Edmunds, 1959 based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological data (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 98). The characters used to analyze the species’ relationships were scored from a single specimen from Nepal and from historical literature (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). During the course of this study, we discovered that the specimen from Nepal differed from the species described by Ueno (1955), especially in regards to the morphology of the maxilla (Ueno 1955: figs 6, 6b); the two also differ considerably in size, with Ueno’s species being larger, even though the Nepal specimen is a mature female with black wingpads. Intraspecific variation in body size and maxillary palp development has been assumed for many ephemerellid species (e.g., Jacobus et al. 2004); however, in this case, the discovery of additional material reveals that the characters in question show little variation between individuals. Thus, we specifically reject the intraspecific variation hypotheses previously implied for S. uenoi and therefore no longer consider the Nepal specimen to be conspecific with Ueno’s species. Therefore, the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) labeled “ uenoi ” by Jacobus & McCafferty (2008) should be considered an erroneous amalgamation, and the species hypothesis that it represents is rejected. In light of this, we restrict the name Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) to the specimen described by Ueno (1955). Very clear illustrations of the species show some differences from other species of the genus Serratella, especially: the apex of the maxilla, the length ratio and shape of segments of the labial palp; the number of head tubercles; the shape of projections on terga (posterolateral and paired); setation of all femora; and presence of anterolateral projections (medially notched) on mesonotum. Modalities of some characters of S. uenoi are unusual for Hyrtanellini, and more typical of some Ephemerellini, viz. representatives of the genera Notacanthella Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Spinorea Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Ephacerella Paclt, 1994, Adoranexa Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, and Cincticostella Allen, 1971. As part of the tribe Ephemerellini, each of the latter five genera have a ventral lamella of gill VI that lacks a deep medial cleft.The original illustration of S. uenoi shows a distinct cleft on the ventral lamella of gill VI (fig. 18 in Ueno 1955), which excludes it from Ephemerellini. Although we find it reasonable to question the generic placement of S. uenoi, we leave it in Serratella until fresh material from the type locality, as precisely indicated by Ueno (1955), can be examined in detail. Serratella fusongensis (Su & You, 1988) (north-east of China) and Serratella longipennis (Zhou, Gui & Su, 1997) (China, east-central mainland) are the only species of Serratella from East and Southeast Asia unknown in the larval stage, and based on biogeography, we consider them unlikely to be conspecific with our new species, which is unknown as alates. Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is the third representative of the genus known from the Indomalayan realm; the two others are S. uenoi, which has a questionable generic position, and S. brevicauda Jacobus, Zhou & McCafferty, 2009, a species whose generic placement was provisional (Jacobus et al. 2009). Thus, it is clear that more data, especially for the male adults, are needed for these species and the genus in the region.Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 454-461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/480830
Internship experiences in museum studies graduate programs
No full textThesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2024An internship is a typical experience for museum studies graduate students (Welsh, 2013). Internships have long been recognized as central to museum studies education that prepares students to enter the professional museum field. However, current field-wide standards may be outdated, underused, written from the perspective of staff, and/or anecdotal. To date, no empirical research has been undertaken that this author could identify to understand the internship experiences of students from their perspectives. To address this gap, an online survey was sent to students enrolled in eight American museum studies programs. The purpose was to understand how museum studies graduate students think about and experience internships in museums and related institutions. Only results from the University of Washington (UW) Museology program were analyzed. Findings revealed that students were most interested in skills development factors, such as applying theory in “the real world.” Most respondents reported that their internship responsibilities helped them fulfill their priorities, but a recurring issue was that internships experiences lacked structure and clarity, leaving students uncertain if they made meaningful contributions through their internship work. Respondents reported largely positive experiences with their internship supervisors, but results also suggested that some supervisors are not providing clear feedback to interns, and that while supervisors largely showed concern for the interns’ learning and career goals, they sometimes fell short of providing clear guidance on the interns’ responsibilities. Further evaluation of UW internships is recommended to determine how well students’ experiences align with the standards set out by the program. For the museum field at large, further research is recommended to capture broad experiences of students throughout the country, which can inform updated internship standards and best practices created by individual museums and field-wide professional organizations
Evaluation of growth performance of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) fed diet with partial replacement of fishmeal by Spirulina platensis (Sp) meal
No full textA partial replacement of fish meal with Spirulina platensis (Sp) meal for the diet of juvenile shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) was analyzed for the growth and survival under laboratory condition. A total of five experimental diets were formulated with partial replacement of fishmeal by Sp meal, Sp-1 (14.3%), Sp-2 (28.6%), Sp-3 (42.8%), Sp-4 (57.14%), and the control diet (Sp meal free diet). The feeding trial was conducted for the period of 60 days. Juveniles fed with Sp meal supplemented diet showed significant (P less than 0.05) improvement of carcass composition (protein ratio and edible flesh). Higher growth and survival were obtained in P. monodon fed with Sp-3 diet, it was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than the Sp meal free diet. The feeding efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival (93.3%) of the shrimp was significantly (P less than 0.05) high in the Sp-3 diet. Survival rate was also higher in diet Sp-3 (42.8% substitution), but lower survival and growth rate observed in Sp-4 (57.14% substitution) and control diets. The Physico-chemical quality of the experimental tank water was better in Sp-3, and Sp-2 diet groups. This study recommended that Sp meal as alternative protein substitute of fish meal in shrimp diet.</jats:p
Probiotic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
No full textThe application of effective probiotics in shrimp aquaculture is an excellent alternative for chemicals and antibiotics to prevent disease control. This study was carried out to evaluate the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus 04 (home made curd isolate) on pathogenic Vibrio in shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles. L. acidophilus showed antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus. The probiotic effect of L. acidophilus was tested by feeding juvenile shrimp (P. monodon) through feed (supplemented with 105 CFU g-1) for 30 days before and after an immersion challenge with V. alginolyticus at 105 CFU mL-1. Shrimp survival was determined after 10 days of challenge. The treatment with L. acidophilus 04 resulted in 20% final mortality as compared to 86.7% in the control group. Results of the study validated L. acidophilus 04 has potential probiotic principles to control pathogenic V. alginolyticus in shrimp aquaculture.Key words: Lactobacillus acidophilus, probiotic, shrimp, vibriosis
QUORUM QUENCHING POTENTIALS OF PROBIOTIC ENTEROCOCCUS DURANS LAB38 AGAINST METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
No full textObjective: he focus of this study was to explore the nuance strategy to combat the virulence factors of the pathogens by probiotic Enterococcus durans LAB38Methods: Probiotic attributes was determined by bile salt tolerance (0.5%) and Artemia gnotobiotic assay. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity of the supernatant and ethyl acetate (EA) extract of LAB38 was evaluated by using the indicator strains, includes Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (mini-Tn5 mutant of ATCC 31532), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Reporter strains, Vibrio harveyi BB170 (luxN mutant), BB886 (luxP mutant) and Escherichia coli pSB401 (pACYC184- derived) were used for bioluminescence-based target specificity analysis. GC-MS analysis of EA extract was performed using standard protocol. Results: LAB38 has shown bile salt tolerance and positive probiotic effect towards Artemia salina. In addition, 100 µg/ml EA extract has significantly reduced the violacein production (37 ± 1.4%) in CV026, biofilm formation in MRSA (94 ± 0.9 %) and PA (22 ± 0.08%). Further, 200 µg/ml of EA extract has shown inhibition against both autoinducer-1 and autoinducer-2 mediated QS system. Bioluminescence inhibition is directly proportional to the time of exposure. GC-MS result revealed that bromine, sulphur containing molecule and azulene derivative were found in the EA extract.Conclusion This is the first report on probiotic Enterococcus durans for quorum quenching activity. Hence, the bacterium could be used for future therapeutics application. Keywords: Autoinducer, Biofilm, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Quorum quenching, Probiotics, CV026.</jats:p
QUORUM QUENCHING POTENTIALS OF PROBIOTIC ENTEROCOCCUS DURANS LAB38 AGAINST METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
No full textObjective: he focus of this study was to explore the nuance strategy to combat the virulence factors of the pathogens by probiotic Enterococcus durans LAB38Methods: Probiotic attributes was determined by bile salt tolerance (0.5%) and Artemia gnotobiotic assay. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity of the supernatant and ethyl acetate (EA) extract of LAB38 was evaluated by using the indicator strains, includes Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (mini-Tn5 mutant of ATCC 31532), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Reporter strains, Vibrio harveyi BB170 (luxN mutant), BB886 (luxP mutant) and Escherichia coli pSB401 (pACYC184- derived) were used for bioluminescence-based target specificity analysis. GC-MS analysis of EA extract was performed using standard protocol. Results: LAB38 has shown bile salt tolerance and positive probiotic effect towards Artemia salina. In addition, 100 µg/ml EA extract has significantly reduced the violacein production (37 ± 1.4%) in CV026, biofilm formation in MRSA (94 ± 0.9 %) and PA (22 ± 0.08%). Further, 200 µg/ml of EA extract has shown inhibition against both autoinducer-1 and autoinducer-2 mediated QS system. Bioluminescence inhibition is directly proportional to the time of exposure. GC-MS result revealed that bromine, sulphur containing molecule and azulene derivative were found in the EA extract.Conclusion This is the first report on probiotic Enterococcus durans for quorum quenching activity. Hence, the bacterium could be used for future therapeutics application. Keywords: Autoinducer, Biofilm, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Quorum quenching, Probiotics, CV026
Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani Martynov & Selvakumar & Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan & Chandra & Palatov & Sinha & Jacobus 2019, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani</i> Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. <p>(Figs 26–52)</p> <p> <b>Larva.</b> Body length 5.1–6.9 mm; caudal filaments length 4.5–6.3 mm. Body yellowish-brown. Body robust (Fig. 26); all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 27–34, 38, 40, 41, 46).</p> <p> <i>Head</i>: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 27). <i>Mouthparts</i> (Figs 32–38): Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 34); anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae and hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 32, 33). Right mandible with row of 6–9 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; outer incisor apex trifurcated, inner incisor (kinetodontium) bifurcated; prostheca apparently consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Left mandible: outer incisor apex with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) with two distinct, central denticles and one small, blunt, lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surface of lingua with hair-like and fine setae, mostly in apical part (Fig. 35). Rows of up to 7 short, pointed, stout setae on surface of lingua near base, subparallel to lateral margins. Maxillary palp (Fig. 36) 3-segmented, with up to 8 long, hair-like setae; segmentation weakly developed; segment III short, bluntly pointed, with few fine setae on apex. Maxilla with two dentisetae with serrated inner margins; apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner margin of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; 6–9 different-sized, feathered, stout setae present on galea- lacinia surface near base (Fig. 37). Glossae rounded (Fig. 38); dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Ventral surface of labium (including mentum and submentum) mostly covered with short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of segment II and outer margin of segment I with several spine-like setae and long, stout hairlike setae; segment III slightly elongate, with length 1.75–1.79× width at base, apex covered with numerous fine setae.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>: Dorsal surface with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles, and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 26, 29). Anterolateral angles with small projections directed forward (Figs 29–31); anterolateral projections of mesothorax rounded and not subparallel to lateral aspect of body, though these projections may appear subparallel after slide-mounting (Figs 26, 28, 29).</p> <p>Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.1–2.3; middle femur 2.0–2.1; hind femur 2.1–2.2); all femora with longitudinal ridges (Figs 39–41). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer and inner margins of forefemur without serration (sometimes only 1 or 2 small chalazae along outer margin) (Figs 39, 45), with only hair-like setae and few stout setae with rounded apexes. Dorsal surface of forefemur covered with hair-like setae; central part of dorsal surface with few chalazae bearing stout setae with rounded apexes (Figs 39, 43); few stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes also located near outer and inner margins. Surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of spine-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsal segments with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hairlike setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration (Figs 40, 41), with apex of each weak protuberance bearing stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes, varying in length (Fig. 46). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration. Chaetotaxy of surface of mid- and hindfemora similar to forefemur, but lacking stout setae. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection; hindfemur with distinct apical projection (Figs 40, 41). Middle tibia: outer margin with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margin with row of elongated, spine-like setae and hair-like setae; surface with hair-like setae only. Hind tibia: Outer and inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spinelike setae. Distal ends of inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Mid- and hind tarsi inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae; outer margins with hair-like setae only.</p> <p>Tarsal claw distinctly hooked, with 3–7 denticles (largest denticle in middle) (Figs 42, 44) and 3 subapical setae.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen:</i> Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Terga II–X with pairs of projections; projections on terga II–IV and X smaller than others; projections on terga V– IX more robust (Figs 47, 48). Paired projections on tergum VII sometimes bifurcated apically (visible in lateral view); paired projections on tergum VIII always bifurcated in this way; lower edge of paired projections on terga V and VI elongated, but without bifurcation notch (Fig. 48). Paired projections on terga II–VII and X pointed dorsally; paired projections on terga VIII and XI blunt. Posterolateral projections present on segments III–IX, poorly developed on segments III–V, most strongly developed on segments VIII and IX (Fig. 47).</p> <p>Dorsal surface and margins of lamellate gills (Figs 49–52) covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill VI somewhat longer than that of gills III–V; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI.</p> <p>Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations.</p> <p> <b>Adults.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The new species is named in honor of our co-author Dr. Kumbakonam G. Sivaramakrishnan, who has contributed significantly to the study of mayflies from the Indian zoogeographical subregion over the course of his career.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The new species can be distinguished easily from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward; (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur without serration along inner and outer margins (occasionally with one or two chalazae on outer margin); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with chalaza bearing few stout setae; (vi) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened; (vii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, their inner margins without serration; (viii) middle femur without apical projection; (ix) paired projections on tergum VIII, and sometimes tergum VII, bifurcated apically; (x) tarsal claw with 3–7 denticles, one of the middle denticles being distinctly larger.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Known only from Nepal (Fig. 153).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Larvae of <i>C. sivaramakrishnani</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> inhabit small rivers in the middle mountain zone (1400– 1800 m a.s.l.) of Annapurna massif, one of the biggest spurs of the Great Himalayan Range within Central Nepal (Figs 149, 150). Larvae inhabit the rhithral zone of mountain rivers and streams that are 3–12 m wide, with stony bottoms, high current velocities and almost no anthropogenic pollution. Water temperatures during the collecting of material ranged from 9–12°C. Larvae were collected from the undersides of stones and pebbles in places with current velocities ranging from 0.3–0.8 m /s.</p> <p> <b>Type material. NEPAL</b>: <b>Holotype:</b> larva, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi River (near Jhinu village), 28.409494 N, 83.826894 E, h ~ 1550 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 10Cinsiv/3</i>. <b>Paratypes:</b> 12 larvae (one larva in slide number 652), same data as holotype—IN <i>Nepa 10 Cinsiv /1–2</i>; 2 larvae (one in slide number 646), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi Khola River (1 km below New Bridge village), 28.393611 N, 83.825833 E, h ~ 1400 m a.s.l., 31-I-2014, V.V. Marinskiy—IN <i>Nepa 6Cinsiv</i>; 9 larvae, Bagmati zone, Kathmandu District, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, western source of the Budhanil (Bhoti) Khola River (1 km Northwards of the Phedigaun village), 27.798611 N, 85.373611 E, h ~ 1600 m a.s.l., 20-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 8Cinsiv/1–3</i>; 6 larvae (one larva in slide number 651), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Chomrong Khola River (near Chomrong village), 28.407739 N, 83.816450 E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 9Cinsiv/1–2</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2)</i> on pages 154-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2622700">http://zenodo.org/record/2622700</a>
- …
