1,720,968 research outputs found
Investigation of hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality of the Kakontwe aquifers in Ndola, Zambia
No full textThe study was aimed at investigating the hydrogeochemical processes of the Kakontwe aquifers in Ndola Zambia. The objective of the study was the characterisation the ground-water quality and related hydrogeochemical processes in the study area as well as to as-sess the quality of the groundwater to determine its suitability for industrial and agricul-tural uses. The researcher did not assess domestic water suitability due to limitations in analysis parameters.
The researcher collected groundwater samples for Laboratory analysis in 2017 and 2018. Sixty-Five samples were collected from the 33 locations during the two years for labora-tory analysis for water quality assessment. Classification of the main water types and hy-drogeochemical processes assessment and data interpretation was done using complementary tools such as stoichiometry and bivariate analysis, statistical analysis (hi-erarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis), Gibbs Diagrams and Satu-ration indices.
The average groundwater level recorded was 7.3 mbgl (approximate 1261 masl) with a range from 2.6 mbgl to 16.99 mbgl and correlation showed that the groundwater flows towards the nearby stream. The average ion balance error shows that the samples analysis is generally accepted as was within the acceptable range of below 5%. Major ions concentration in the groundwater for both 2017and 2018 data were recorded in the following order; HCO3- > Ca²+ > CO3-> Mg²+ > SO42- > Cl- > K+ >Na+.
The main water types assessed in the study area were calcium bicarbonate. Chloride was also observed to have a significant influence in the process even though the chloride could not be associated with the predicted weathering process. The Chloride can be predicted to be from external sources causing accumulation in the system. The main hydrogeochem-ical processes that were inferred to be influencing the groundwater chemistry and quality are carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering.
A Langelier Saturation Index estimated indicated the saturated water with calcium car-bonate and scale forming and corrosion could occur in the industrial equipment using the water in the study area. Treatment of the water before using for industrial purposes espe-cially in boilers and heating equipment is therefore advisable. Based on the calculated Kelly’s Ratio, the Kakontwe aquifer water showed lower levels of sodium ions and was classified as Good/Excellent for irrigation purposes. The Wilcox plots showed a Low-Risk classification on the Sodium (Alkali) hazard scale while the values for the salinity hazard showed a Medium Risk further confirming the suitability of the groundwater for irriga-tion use.
The study also demonstrated the value of utilising various assessment tools as comple-mentary techniques to improve the understanding of hydrogeochemical processes, and its influence on progression of groundwater chemistry and quality
Characteristics of fluid electrical conductivity (FEC) profiles associated with a contaminant plume in porous and weathered basement aquifer systems
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Geohydrology))--University of the Free State, 2023The fluid electrical conductivity (FEC) profiling method has been commonly applied to aid in the compilation of site-specific conceptual models and understanding of the subsurface environment. Although research has recently been conducted to help improve the knowledge and understanding of the evolution of FEC profiles under natural and saline contaminated environments within the fractured-rock aquifer system, a research gap still exists for such studies in other aquifer types. The type of aquifer system plays a significant role in determining the migration patterns and behaviour of contaminants. Therefore, it is expected that the evolution of FEC profiles in different aquifer systems will vary, and this needs to be understood. It is against this background that this research aimed to investigate the behaviour of FEC profiles associated with a saline contaminant plume in typical unconfined porous and weathered basement aquifer systems, using laboratory-based aquifer models. This was done to improve the conceptual understanding of contaminant migration within these aquifer systems, which will essentially improve the interpretation of their FEC profiles. To achieve this, two physical models were developed in the laboratory to represent an unconfined porous aquifer system and a weathered basement aquifer system. The performance of the models was evaluated and tested, and subsequently used to investigate the progression of FEC profiles associated with a saline contaminant plume. The outcome of the laboratory tests was also verified in the field. This study also explored the effects that the distance of a source from a monitoring point would have on the shape of FEC profiles. Unlike previous studies which conducted the FEC profiling technique under induced groundwater flow, this study investigated the efficiency of a non-invasive approach of applying the method under natural gradient conditions. From the analysis of profiles obtained within the two simulated aquifer systems conceptual profiles were developed.
Within the unconfined porous aquifer system, FEC profiles recorded from the borehole located closer to the source were notably different from the FEC profiles recorded from a borehole positioned further away from the source, thus it was evident that the distance of a monitoring point from the source influenced the orientation of the plume, and ultimately the resulting FEC profile. This brought to light the phenomenon of “plume orientation”. The orientation of the plume is usually disregarded in groundwater models and assessments, however this research showed that it is an important aspect which can be used to assist with FEC data interpretation and contaminated site characterisation studies. The orientation of the plume was strongly influenced by the magnitude of the forces acting upon it, primarily the gravitational and advection force. Closer to the source, the plume took on a vertical to sub-vertical orientation, whereas as the plume continued to migrate further away from the source it aligned with the flow lines of the system which resulted in a horizontal orientation. From the analysis of the weathered basement aquifer system two distinct signatures were identified and conceptualised: the low FEC profile and the elevated FEC profile. The low FEC profile not only represented a profile captured under natural conditions in the absence of contamination, but also represented a profile that would be observed when the majority of the contaminant has passed the borehole and the system was in the process of re-establishing initial conditions. It had three distinct zones: the weathered zone, transition zone, and the impermeable zone. The elevated FEC conceptual profile was associated with contaminated groundwater conditions within the weathered basement aquifer system. It had two distinct zones: the weathered zone and the impermeable zone
Groundwater
No full textThis book covers aspects of groundwater resource characterisation and management. The inherent heterogeneous and isotropic nature of aquifers coupled with the unpredictable effects of climate change calls for continuous improvement and understanding of hydrogeology site characterisation techniques in theory and application to better understand and manage groundwater. We believe that this book will be useful for various professionals involved in groundwater-related work to improve the theoretical and practical understanding of hydrogeology site characterisation techniques and groundwater resource management skills
Investigation of the groundwater hydrogeochemistry chracteristics in Beaufort West, South Africa
No full textEnglish: This study was conducted to investigate hydrogeochemical processes controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry and their influence on water quality in the Beaufort West town. Beaufort West is located in a dry and arid part of South Africa and thus groundwater is an important source of water for the town. The study further assessed the quality of the groundwater to determine its suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Groundwater sampling was done for three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). Twenty samples were collected for both spring and summer seasons, whereas twelve samples were collected for autumn. Identification of the hydrogeochemical processes controlling the evolution of the groundwater quality and chemistry was done using various complementary tools. These tools are: classification of the main water types, evaluation of water-rock interaction by means of stoichiometry analysis and bivariate correlation plots, inverse geochemical modelling and statistical analysis (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis).
The main water types that were found at the area are calcium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and mixed water. Similar hydrogeochemical processes were found to be occurring in the groundwater system for different seasons. However, certain processes were dominating specific areas, whereas others were happening randomly at different areas. The main hydrogeochemical processes that were inferred to be influencing the groundwater chemistry and quality are ion exchange, reverse ion exchange, silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, gypsum dissolution, and to some extent evaporation. Other processes that took place though were not dominant, are dissolution of halite and sylvite. Anthropogenic sources releasing nitrate and ammonia to the groundwater were also identified to play a role in negatively impacting the groundwater quality.
Assessment of the groundwater quality showed that the water is suitable for irrigation purposes, although some of the water samples should be used only to crops less sensitive to salt load. Furthermore, not all the samples were recommended for drinking water. Only water samples that showed hydrogeochemical characteristics of recent recharge were suitable for drinking. Conversely, all the samples were suitable for use by livestock. The calculated total hardness showed that the water at this area was hard to very hard. The findings of this study indicated the importance of hydrogeochemical processes in changing the water chemistry and quality from good to poor along the flow paths. The study also demonstrated the value of utilising various assessment tools as complementary techniques to improve the understanding of hydrogeochemical processes, and its influence on evolution of groundwater chemistry and quality.Afrikaans: Hierdie studie is uitgevoer om die hidrochemiese prosesse te ondersoek wat die evolusie van chemiese prosesse in grondwater beheer, en om die invloed daarvan op die kwaliteit van water in Beaufort-Wes te ondersoek. Beaufort-Wes is geleë in 'n dor en droë deel van Suid-Afrika en dus is grondwater 'n belangrike bron van water vir die dorp. Die studie is gedoen om die kwaliteit van die grondwater te evalueer om die geskiktheid van die grondwater vir huishoudelike en landbougebruike te bepaal. 'n Grondwatersteekproefneming is oor drie seisoene (lente, somer en herfs) gedoen. Twintig monsters is ingesamel vir beide die lente- en somerseisoene, terwyl twaalf monsters vir die herfsseisoen ingesamel is. Identifisering van die hidrochemiese prosesse wat die evolusie van die gehalte van grondwater en chemie beheer, is gedoen met behulp van verskeie aanvullende instrumente, naamlik klassifikasie van die belangrikste watertipes, evaluering van water:rots-interaksie deur middel van stoïgiometrie-ontleding en tweeveranderlike korrelasie ‘plots’, omgekeerde geochemiese modellering en statistiese ontleding (hiërargiese ‘cluster’-analise en hoofkomponent-analise).
Die hooftipes water wat in die gebied gevind is, is kalsiumbikarbonaat, natriumchloried en gemengde water. Soortgelyke hidrochemiese prosesse is vir die verskillende seisoene in die grondwaterstelsel gevind. Sekere prosesse oorheers spesifieke gebiede, terwyl ander lukraak op verskillende gebiede gebeur. Die belangrikste hidrochemiese prosesse wat uit die grondwaterchemie en gehalte afgelei kon word, is ioonuitruiling, omgekeerde ioonuitruiling, silikaatverwering, karbonaatontbinding, gipsontbinding, en tot 'n mate verdamping. Ander prosesse wat plaasgevind het, al was dit nie dominant nie, is ontbinding van haliet en silvite. Antropogeniese bronne wat nitraat en ammoniak in die grondwater vrystel, is geïdentifiseer as bydraende faktore wat 'n negatiewe impak op die gehalte van grondwater het.
Assessering van die grondwatergehalte het getoon dat die water geskik is vir besproeiingsdoeleindes, hoewel sommige van die watermonsters slegs gebruik behoort te word op gewasse wat minder sensitief is vir soutladings. Nie al die monsters is aanbeveel vir drinkwater nie. Slegs watermonsters wat hidrochemiese eienskappe van onlangse herlaaide water getoon het, is as geskik beskou vir drinkwater. Aan die ander kant, al die monsters was geskik vir gebruik deur vee. Die berekende totale hardheid het getoon dat die water in hierdie gebied hard tot baie hard was. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het aangedui hoe belangrik hidrochemiese prosesse in die verandering van die waterchemie en gehalte van goed na swak langs die vloeipaaie is. Die studie het ook die waarde van die gebruik van verskillende assesseringsinstrumente beklemtoon wat gebruik kan word as aanvullende tegnieke om die begrip van hidrochemiese prosesse te verbeter, en die invloed daarvan op die evolusie van grondwaterchemie en kwaliteit
Evolution of fluid electrical conductivity (FEC) profiles associated with a contaminant plume in a horizontal single-plane fractured rock aquifer system
No full textFluid electrical conductivity (FEC) profiling is a simple and efficient technique used to determine properties such as flow rate, salinity and hydraulic characteristics such as transmissivity. The method is also commonly used to identify and locate high inflow zones intersected by a wellbore, from which groundwater samples can be collected for the purpose of water quality monitoring. Moreover, the identified inflow zones may be targeted for transport and hydraulic tests which may assist in the understanding of groundwater flow and solute mass transport properties of the subsurface. The method primarily involves profiling the FEC with depth in a borehole under either natural or stressed conditions, using a downhole Temperature Level Conductivity probe. Once the FEC tests are conducted and graphs are obtained, observations may be derived from the profiles. Zones where fluid flows into the borehole displays anomalies in the FEC profiles, which may be analysed to infer inflow rate and salinity of the individual fractures. The current challenge with the use of this method is that its application has not yet been studied in a controlled laboratory aquifer environment, in order to understand the typical FEC profile responses in aquifers of different structures and groundwater qualities. Furthermore, no guidelines have been developed to assist in the interpretation of FEC profiles under different hydrogeological conditions. In this study laboratory tests were conducted with the use of a physical model to investigate the evolution of FEC profiles associated with a contaminant plume, in a horizontal single-plane fractured rock aquifer system. To achieve this, two groundwater flow and transport conditions were simulated; one with freshwater flow and the other with saline (contaminated) water. Generally, two distinct profiles associated with a contaminant plume in a borehole drilled in a horizontal single-plane fractured rock aquifer were identified and conceptualised as (1) the conceptual background profile and (2) the conceptual elevated FEC profile. Essentially, within the conceptual background profile three distinct segments (zones) were noted, each which responded differently; the upper segment, transition zone and the lower segment. The conceptual elevated FEC profile was observed when a contaminant associated with increased FEC values reached the monitoring borehole; its anomaly is more or less pronounced (at the fracture position) depending on the stage of the contaminant plume within the system. These profiles were observed under a controlled laboratory environment and were also verified in the field. The profiles which were obtained in the field were comparable to those observed in the laboratory experiment thus increasing the confidence in the accuracy of the laboratory results.National Research Foundation (NRF)Water Research Commission (WRC
Evaluation of the vulnerability of selected aquifer systems in the Eastern Dahomey basin, South Western Nigeria
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the vulnerability of the shallow aquifer systems of the Dahomey Basin and formulate a simple vulnerability method with which data limited areas (which include the shallow unconfined aquifers in the Dahomey Basin) can be predicted. The Dahomey Basin is a transboundary aquifer which extends from Ghana to the western parts of Nigeria. The study covered the eastern section of the basin. The methodological approach involved a source–pathway–receptor vulnerability model. The Dahomey Basin was characterised through the geophysical, hydrological, litho-geochemical and hydrogeochemical approaches. The geology of the basin includes sedimentary rock types of sandstone, shale, limestone, alluvium conglomerate and the formations which are composed of sand, silt, clay, laterite and gravel.
The geophysical study, which mainly aimed to estimate the depth-to-water table, identification of strata and vadose zone thickness, revealed topsoil, sandy clay, dry porous sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, limestone and alluvium as the major lithological units in the basin. Geo-electrical curve types revealed an overlying multilayered rock. The vadose zone characterisation, which is the pathway through which contaminants infiltrate, aimed to determine the lithological properties which dictate the travel time of water. This was achieved by determining the hydraulic conductivity of the vadose lithology in the laboratory. Other important parameters such as grain size, porosity, shapes, textural classification and clay types were examined for their attenuation capacity.
The hydrogeochemical investigation involving the collection and analysis of water samples from the hand-dug wells and shallow boreholes during the rainy and dry season was aimed at monitoring the groundwater quality of the basin. Ca-Mg-Cl water types and Na-K-Cl water types were delineated. Bacteriological examination of the shallow water reveals the presence of E.Coli, Heterotrophic bacteria and Salmonella/ Shigella. Precipitation which is a component of groundwater recharge ranged between 1 200–1 800 mm from the northern end to the southern end of the basin, respectively. Groundwater level were measured, monitored and average water level were delineated for the formations of the Dahomey Basin.
The proposed RTt vulnerability method was applied to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability of the Dahomey Basin. The RTt method is an intrinsic physically based vulnerability method based on the concept of groundwater recharge from rainfall and travel time within the covering lithology over the aquifer. Travel time is the infiltration derived from multiplication of the slope and thickness of the vadose zone divided by fluid velocity. The fluid velocity is derived from the division of hydraulic conductivity by porosity. RTt method application results for the Dahomey Basin were presented on the RTt vulnerability map. The RTt vulnerability map was classified from very low vulnerability (12) to very high vulnerability (100). The RTt vulnerability results for the Dahomey Basin showed 18% of the areas classified as very high vulnerability, 7% of the areas classified as high vulnerability, 64% of the areas classified as moderate vulnerability and 10% of the areas classified as low vulnerability. The compared vulnerability maps of the RTt method and those of the DRASTIC, PI and AVI methods, showed similarities between the RTt method and the AVI and DRASTIC method, respectively. Areas classified as high vulnerability by these methods showed very shallow protective covers, high precipitation and porous aquifer materials, while areas classified as low vulnerability areas include thick protective cover, reduced rainfall, higher slope and higher depth-to-water. The RTt vulnerability map was validated with the hydrochemical tracer using chloride, DO and microbial loads as vulnerability indicators.
This study has formulated an RTt method that can be used to predict the vulnerability of shallow unconfined aquifer systems, a key component in groundwater management. The major advantage of the RTt method is the use of less number of parameter to assess groundwater vulnerability. The method has been applied to investigate the regional aquifer of the Dahomey Basin and can be used to predict the aquifer vulnerability of similar basins across Africa with limited data.Institute For Groundwater Studies (IGS)Eramus Mundus Intra African Carribbean Pacific (Intra-ACP)Academic Society of South Africa (ASSAf)South Africa Geophysical Association (SAGA
Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in shallow unconfined aquifers using concrete-lined large-diameter hand-dug wells
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Geohydrology))--University of the Free State, 2019Large-diameter hand-dug wells are the main source of water supply for drinking, domestic and irrigation uses in many rural areas of sub-Saharan African countries and other developing countries of the world. In many rural areas of developing sub-Saharan African countries, the use of unscreened lining is the most common method of protecting large-diameter hand-dug wells against collapsing and pollution due to the simplicity and affordability of the method. This method prevents horizontal water flow to the well and water flow to the well through the well base, which makes the existing methods inapplicable for estimating hydraulic conductivity in screened hand-dug wells. The method developed involved to derive horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K) from apparent hydraulic conductivity (Ka). To demonstrate the viability of the developed method, field recovery tests were conducted in twelve (12) unscreened concrete-lined and screened lined large-diameter hand-dug wells based on the accessibility of the wells at test site to estimate apparent hydraulic conductivity (Ka) and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K). The geophysical study of the test site was aimed to estimate the aquifer type, depth to water table and identification of strata and vadose zone thickness. The hydrogeochemical studies involved the collection and analysis of water samples from twenty (20) large-diameter hand-dug wells at the test site during rainy and dry seasons and was aimed at monitoring the groundwater quality and groundwater type of the test site. The results showed that the estimated apparent hydraulic conductivity Ka were lower than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity K, which indicated the effect of the unscreened concretelining. A relationship between Ka and K was established to make a correction factor for estimation of K from Ka by a regression analysis which showed a significant strong relationship of 0.00 between Ka and K using a bivariate Pearson correlation coefficient. This study has formulated a method that can be used to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity in unscreened concrete-lined large-diameter hand-dug wells. This will help to estimate the yield potential of the wells and evaluate the amount of water that can be abstracted or pumped from the wells in the rural areas of the developing world where unscreened concrete-lined largediameter hand-dug wells are being used. Further studies are recommended to quantify the amount of energy loss in flow as a result of non-horizontal water flow into the well
Site characterisation of LNAPL-contaminated fractured-rock aquifer
No full textSite characterisation aims to obtain fundamental data needed to describe the subsurface flow pathways and distribution of contaminants. The study describes the application of various geohydrological techniques as complimentary tools to characterise an LNAPL contaminated fractured - rock aquifer on the Beaufort West study area in South Africa. Field investigations were designed to define and determine the properties of the fracture preferential flow paths responsible for LNAPL transportation in a typical Karoo fractured – rock aquifer system. The research places emphasis on the integration of results to maximise the subsurface geological understanding in particular location of fracture features chiefly responsible for facilitating LNAPL migration and distribution. The core and percussion drilling explorations, cross - correlated with borehole geophysics, were valuable for geological subsurface investigations in particular locations of bedding fractures, which are often associated with high hydraulic conductive flow zones. Tracer and pump tests were conducted to determine hydraulic and mass transport parameters respectively. Hydraulically conductive bedding plane fracture flow zones were identified by integrating results from the geological core logs, borehole geophysics and aquifer tests. The chemical characterisation of the study area was conducted by means of organic hydrocarbon, inorganic water analyses and volatile organic carbon measurements in the soil during air percussion drilling. Based on the findings, the hydrogeological structure of the formation was conceptualised as a fractured sandstone aquifer, characterised by bedding plane fracture preferential flow paths at contact areas, with shale and mudstone formations. The study findings demonstrate the merit and value in the application of various geohydrological tools to complement one another for optimised site understanding. The findings and recommendations of the case study are not necessarily confined to LNAPL contaminated fractured - rock aquifers, but may also be applicable to other types of contaminants in fractured - rock aquifer formations.Water Research Commission (WRC
Hydrogeological investigation of the Rietvlei sandstone, Robertson, South Africa
No full textThe study site is located 15 km south west of Robertson and 10 km north west of McGregor. The Klipberg Mountain forms the southern boundary of the site and the Breede River, from which the bulk of irrigation water is currently sourced, makes up the northern border of the study site. Recent drought has necessitated a hydrogeological investigation to determine groundwater potential to augment the current supply, however little is known about the Rietvlei Formation in the area. The investigation comprised of a detailed desktop survey, making use of satellite imagery, geological maps, existing literature and hydrogeological maps. Areas of interest were selected for geophysical survey. This proved challenging due to rugged terrain typical of the Table Mountain Group (TMG), the presence of a high voltage power line over target areas, and the associated low conductivity of the quartzitic sandstone. A successful borehole sited on an electromagnetic survey did however provide the ideal geological setting for further sitings using lineament mapping and geological survey. Drilling followed by Pumping Tests of borehole with blow yields in excess of 15 000 L/hr followed allowing aquifer parameters to be determined. Radial acting flow proved to be the dominant flow regime of the Rietvlei Formation. An average transmissivity of 23.32 m2/day was estimated which matches existing literature, while the average storativity of 4.8 x 10-4 was slightly lower. The groundwater quality varies across the site with exceptional quality found within the only existing borehole, drilled into the Sewefontein Fault with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 13.8 mS/m. This borehole did not show connectivity to other boreholes during the Pumping Tests and comprised Na – HCO3– type water. The boreholes drilled into the Klipberg Mountain have electrical conductivities ranging from 22.9 mS/m to 207 ms/m and are Na – Cl type waters. A number of irrigation classifications deem the groundwater suitable for irrigation, while some boreholes are not suitable according to other classification methods. Regular sampling of both water and soil should be conducted to determine long term affect (if any). Fracture size increased with depth in the direction of the syncline axis. There is also an associated decrease in groundwater quality towards the axis of the syncline and away from the mountains where recharge occurs. Borehole siting in similar conditions where extensive folding and faulting have occurred should take this into consideration to improve probability of intersecting good quality groundwater
A groundwater-surface water interaction study of an alluvial channel aquifer
No full textThe study describes the application complimentary geohydrologic tools to investigate the geohydrological properties of an alluvial channel aquifer and its interaction with the river surface water resources. Primary field investigations were designed to determine the geologic, hydraulic, hydrogeochemical and solute transport properties of the alluvial channel aquifer as an important component of the groundwater‐surface water (GW‐SW) interaction system. The secondary investigations were then aimed at assessing groundwater discharge and recharge mechanisms of the alluvial channel aquifer at a local scale (< 1000 m). A water balance model was developed for the groundwater‐surface system as a tertiary level of investigation. Geological characterisation results show the spatial variation in the physical properties of unconsolidated aquifer materials between boreholes and at different depth. The drawdown derivative diagnostic analysis shows that the alluvial channel aquifer system response during pumping can be described by the following major groundwater flow characteristics; Typical Theis response; transition period from initial Theis response to radial acting flow (RAF); radial acting flow in the gravel‐sand layer and river single impermeable boundary effects. Detailed studies of the hydrogeochemical processes in the alluvial aquifer system have shown that dissolution of silicate weathering, dolomite and calcite minerals, and ion exchanges are the dominant hydrogeochemical processes that controls groundwater quality. Quantitative and qualitative investigations indicate that the alluvial channel aquifer is being recharged through preferential infiltration recharge as facilitated by cavities and holes created by the burrowing animals and dense tree rooting system. Tracer tests under natural gradient were successfully conducted in an alluvial channel aquifer, thus providing some advice on how to conduct tracer breakthrough tests under natural gradients in a typical alluvial channel aquifer. The findings of the study also highlights the value of developing a water balance model as a preliminary requirement before detailed GW‐SW interaction investigations can be conducted. Based on the theoretical conceptualizations and field evidence it is suggested that studies be conducted to determine if alluvial channel aquifers can be further classified based on the nature of the hosting river channel. The classification would split the alluvial channel aquifer into alluvial cover and fractured‐bedrock, or a combination of the two. The applications of the PhD thesis findings are not only limited to the case study site, but have important implications for GW‐SW interaction studies, groundwater resource development and protection in areas where groundwater occurs in alluvial channel deposits
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