1,721,027 research outputs found
Grounding clinical and cognitive scientists in an interdisciplinary discussion
Full text linkIn most clinical approaches the body receives little attention. In cognitive science, in contrast, the embodied and grounded perspective, which emphasizes the importance of the body, has been intensively explored over the last decade. The present article aims to engage theorists of embodied cognition and clinical experts in a discussion encouraging them to consider the insights that may arise from each other’s approaches. In a review of the cognitive and clinical literature substantial overlap is revealed between cognitive and clinical domains
Gli sport da combattimento e le capacità percettivo cognitive: Una revisione della letteratura
No full textLa presente rassegna ha l’obiettivo di delineare le capacità percettivo-cognitive degli atleti di sport di combattimento
e tracciare linee guida per future ricerche. Nello specifico sono stati esaminati gli studi, fino ad oggi reperiti, sulle
capacità, percettivo-cognitive dei suddetti sport. L’analisi della letteratura è stata riportata in base ai protocolli utilizzati,
così da evidenziare come le capacità variano in funzione dell’esperienza acquisita e delle caratteristiche degli
stimoli presentati. In particolare, gli studi sono stati divisi in paradigmi realistici (video e/o immagini di laboratorio di
azioni di sport), reali (situazioni/scenari molto simili alla realtà) e generici (stimoli luminosi o compiti semplici). In aggiunta
un capitolo a parte tratterà l’allenamento delle capacità percettivo-cognitive. Attraverso una ricerca mediante
la combinazione delle parole chiave (perceptual-cognitive skill, anticipation skill, decision making, TMS, EEG, fMRI,
combat sports, fight sports, karate, boxing, judo, taekwondo, MMA) sono state reperite 15 ricerche. I risultati mettono
in evidenza le migliori capacità percettivo-cognitive degli esperti rispetto ai meno esperti e novizi sia attraverso la
presentazione di stimoli realistici che di quelli reali anche se sono presenti alcune eccezion nei compiti semplici. Per
quanto riguarda gli stimoli generici, i risultati confermano solo in parte le migliori abilità degli esperti rispetto ai meno
esperti.The aim of the review is to outline the perceptual-cognitive skills of combat sports and the future research in this
field. The literature analysis was reported on the basis of the protocol used, in order to highlight how the abilities can
vary according to expertise and stimuli. The research has been divided into: realistic scenarios (videos or pictures
presented in a laboratory setting), real scenarios (situations similar to reality) and generic stimuli (flash stimuli or
other simplistic stimuli). Furthermore, a chapter aside examines the perceptual-cognitive training in combat sport.
Through the combination of specific keywords (perceptual-cognitive skill, anticipation skill, decision making, TMS,
EEG, fMRI, combat sports, fight sports, karate, boxing, judo, taekwondo, MMA) 15 articles were found. The results
show better performance of experts than non-experts and novices in both realistic and real stimuli, except for some
less complex tasks. On general stimuli outcomes, instead, the findings are a bit controversial
ITALIAN VALIDATION OF MOTIVATION OF MARATHONERS SCALES
No full textPurpose
In sport activities, the link between the willingness and motivation is fundamental to reach the aim set.
Several reasons push people to do physical activity, one of them is health, also defined by the term positive addiction(1). For these reasons, since the 70's a lot of people began to run and both social and sport psychologist developed an interest of that phenomenon. One of the most important was developed by Carmack and Martens(2). Finally, Master and colleagues (1993,3) performed an analysis of the researchers that investigated the motivation to run in order to develop the “Motivation of Marathoners Scales (MoMS)” questionnaire that examined the motivation of the marathon runners to run.
Due to its excellent psychometric properties(3) we developed an Italian version of the MoMS (MoMS-it).
Method
Before starting the administration and the data collection we translated the items following the translational procedure (4).
Anonymously, 604 marathon runners (117 female and 487 male; age 47.32 ± 9.79) filled the italian version of the questionnaire.
Cronbach’ alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency of MoMS-it. A series of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (CFA, ECA) were performed. Paired T.test was performed for each factor in order to verify the different expression of each motivation between the gender and or ages of participants using the media value of the sample..
Results
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was .91, as well as they were the consistencies of each scale.
The CFA showed results similar to what Master and colleagues reported(3).
Conclusion
The data analysis showed that the translation of the items we performed produced a reliable Italian form of the MoMS and the results were similar to another recent work(6)
“Short sense of competence questionnaire”: Studio di validazione della versione italiana in un campione di caregiver di persone con demenza
Full text linkIl senso di competenza è un fattore determinante per la buona riuscita delle cure alle persone con demenza. Per
poter agire con interventi efficaci occorrono misure efficienti. Il Short Sense of Competence Questionnaire è
uno strumento adatto ma poco studiato nel contesto italiano. Dopo averlo tradotto e somministrato localmente,
il questionario è studiato assieme a scale per misurare l’affaticamento, il distress, la salute psico-fisica, lo stato
dell’umore e l’auto-efficacia dei caregiver, ed i disturbi neuropsichiatrici delle persone con demenza. Le analisi
hanno confermato i caratteri originari del questionario ed evidenziato l’affidabilità, la consistenza interna e la
validità concorrente. La traduzione effettuata risulta affidabile e adatta ai contesti di prevenzione e intervento
con i caregiver delle persone con demenza.The sense of competence is a key factor in the success of care for people with dementia. In order to act with
effective interventions, efficient measures are needed. The Short Sense of Competence Questionnaire is a
suitable but little studied tool in the Italian context. After having translated and administered it locally, the
questionnaire was studied along with scales to measure fatigue, distress, psycho-physical health, mood and
self-efficacy of caregivers, and neuropsychiatric disorders of people with dementia. The analyses confirmed
the original characteristics of the questionnaire and highlighted the reliability, internal consistency and
concurrent validity. The performed translation is reliable and suitable for the contexts of prevention and
intervention with the caregivers of people with dementia
La modulazione della codifica degli stimoli in funzione della risposta e dell’esperienza: uno studio comportamentale
No full textDurante un incontro pugilistico, i due pugili devono codificare una gran numero di informazioni in modo da prendere la decisione più adeguata per rispondere ai colpi dell’avversario.
In questo studio abbiamo analizzato i meccanismi pre-attentivi alla base delle abilità degli atleti di pugilato nel reagire ai colpi dell’avversario.
Pugili esperti, pugili novizi e persone senza esperienza di pugilato hanno preso parte ad un compito Simon modificato ad–hoc.
Il compito dei partecipanti è stato quello di rispondere alla vista del colore dei guantoni da pugilato (rosso o blu) indossati da un atleta in posizione di attacco premendo dei pulsanti posti ai lati degli stimoli. I risultati hanno suggerito come i processi di simulazione mentale possano avere un ruolo significativo nella pianificazione delle risposte ad eventi critici.
Si sono verificate inoltre variazioni e modulazioni a seconda dell’esperienza/competenza dei soggetti. Le risposte date dai pugili meno esperti e dai non pugili sembrano simulare azioni di difesa (pugno sinistra - mano destra, pugno destra - mano sinistra).
Le risposte dei pugili esperti sembrano invece simulare azioni di contrattacco (pugno destro - mano destra, pugno sinistra - mano sinistra), impiegano un tempo statisticamente più lungo rispetto agli altri due gruppi. I dati sembrano suggerire che al crescere dell’esperienza si utilizzi più tempo per mettere in atto meccanismi di risposta basati sulla funzionalità finale della risposta motoria, che, nel pugilato, è colpire l’avversario dalla parte scoperta da difesa
L'apprendimento per imitazione, modelli generale e specificita'
No full textImitare i gesti altrui è un lavoro complesso, governato da specifici meccanismi cognitivi. Alcuni dei modelli nel corso degli anni hanno ottenuto i risultati più apprezzabili nello spiegare i processi sottostanti all'imitazione. Pochissimi studi sono stati condotti, ma ciò che emerge è che il confronto tra schemi corporei può mettere ulteriore ordine all'interno del piano lungo il quale le teorie imitative possono essere collocate
POS4-14: Do the benefits of cognitive training last forever? A systematic study of the literature
No full textBACKGROUND: Among the psycho-social interventions aimed at tackling age-related cognitive decline, cognitive training is the one showing the best results despite the low knowledge of its temporal aspects.
OBJECTIVE: To fill this gap, we questioned the most recent literature to analyse studies time window, the presence of booster sessions, the training domains, and whether the effects were direct or transferred.
METHODS: In compliance with the PRISMA statement, we conducted a search on the main scientific databases (e.g., PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, etc.).
RESULTS: The search returned 45 eligible studies.
The studies showed that training could maintain cognitive functioning in healthy people or people with MCI, especially in the six months following the intervention. Regarding the additional sessions, they prolonged the benefits when they were offered to either people living with or without MCI. It also emerged that the effect of cognitive training (single or multi-domain) is both direct and transferred and that both improve cognitive functioning. Differently, in people living with dementia, training’s benefits were not maintained long after the end of the treatment: only one study showed positive effects in the follow-up analyses, and another demonstrated the efficacy of booster sessions.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the benefits are more evident in healthy people and people with MCI, future studies should focus more on understanding the individual or the training-related factors impacting the long-term
GENERAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES OF OPEN SKILLS AND CLOSED SPORT ATHLETES. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
No full textIntroduction:
Sport improves low-level general and specific perceptual-cognitive processes (1,2). However, the possibility of improving the high-order percept-cognitive skills such as decision-making is under debate.
Our study aims to fill this gap testing the decision-making processes featuring open-skills sport athletes and closed-skills sport athletes in developmental age.
Given the nature of the task involved, fluid intelligence(3) was monitored as a confounding factor.
Methods:
Participants:
Thirty-five athletes (13 track and field athletes and 22 football players) high-level athletes, aged 11.03 土 1.33 y.o., were recruited.
Tasks:
A perceptual decision task with three levels of uncertainty (i.e., low, medium, and high) where participants had to score as many points as possible was used(4).
Performance (LR) and decision confidence were evaluated. Specifically, the performance was evaluated through an index called Learning Rate, while implicit decision confidence was evaluated through the bet on their decision. Raven-CPM(3) assessed fluid intelligence.
LR: No-difference in Learning Rate between the two groups in each level of uncertainty was found. Moreover, the factor intelligence was not significant.
Confidence: Analysis revealed differences between the groups in the three levels of uncertainties. In particular, football players had higher confidence in their decision than athletic athletes in the three levels. Moreover, the athletic athletes did not show differences across the three conditions as the football players did. No effect of the confounding factor intelligence was found.
Conclusion
Both groups performed the task equally. However, some differences arise from the analysis of implicit confidence in which football players seemed to be able to better evaluate the environment compared to athletic athletes.
In order to better understand this phenomenon, the number of the two groups should be increased and young non-athletes should be recruited.
Bibliography:
1) Voss, M. W., Kramer, A. F., Basak, C., Prakash, R. S., & Roberts, B. (2010). Are expert athletes “expert” in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 812–826.
2) Chaddock, L., Neider, M. B., Voss, M. W., Gaspar, J. G., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Do athletes excel at everyday tasks?. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(10), 1920.
3) Raven, J. C. Coloured Progressive Matrices, Sets A, Ab, B. Dumfries: Grieve and Sons, 1947.
4) Larsen, T. & Coricelli, G. (2017). Transfer of confidence in a novel observational learning task. Society for NeuroEconomics Conference. 6- 8 Octobe
Un contributo alla validazione italiana delle Motivations of Marathoners Scales
No full textIl presente lavoro riporta il risultato del processo di traduzione in Italiano del questionario Motivations of
Marathons Scales (Masters, Ogles, & Jolton, 1993). La traduzione fu preparata seguendo le linee guida
per la traduzione e l’adattamento transculturale di misure psicometriche auto-somministrate e pubblicata
sul web tramite la piattaforma Google Moduli in modo da raccogliere dati anonimi. Al questionario hanno
risposto 1091 atleti. Per poter essere inclusi nello studio ogni partecipante
doveva dichiarare di aver corso almeno una maratona competitiva nella sua carriera.
Nonostante l’impossibilità di valutare l’affidabilità nel tempo delle risposte (i.e., test-retest), i risultati indi-
cano un buon livello di coerenza interna ( = .95) e che la traduzione delle nove scale fattoriali originali ha
prodotto livelli di adeguatezza simili ai valori riportati nel lavoro originario.The present work describes the results of the process of translation we performed over the questionnaire
Motivations of Marathons Scales (Masters et al., 1993). The translation from the original English form to
the Italian version was achieved following the guidelines for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of
psychometric self-administered measures.
Once translated, the questionnaire was published on the web via the Google platform Modules to collect
anonymous data. The respondents declared to be 1030 marathon runners. Notwithstanding the impossibility
to evaluate test-retest reliability, results indicated that the translated form of the questionnaire has good
internal consistency ( = .95) and that the nine original scales showed levels of fitness that correspond to the
ones reported in the original work
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