7,239 research outputs found
clade as indicated by craniodental morphology: Implications for evolutionary biogeography
No full textHas food price volatility risen?
No full textThe high food prices experienced over recent years have led to the widespread view that food price volatility has increased. However, volatility has generally been lower over the two most recent decades than previously. Variability over the most recent period has been high but, with the important exception of rice, not out of line with historical experience. There is weak evidence that the volatility of grains and vegetable oils prices may be increasing but it is too early to make a definite statement. Important open issues remain with respect to biofuels, climate change and the possible effects of the financialization of agricultural food markets
Anomalies in Economics and Finance
No full textThe term “anomaly” played a crucial role in Thomas Kuhn’s characterization of scientific progress. For Kuhn, an anomaly is a puzzle which challenges an accepted paradigm. Puzzles only achieve anomalous status once an alternative paradigm becomes available which allows explanation of the puzzle. Anomalies were introduced into the finance literature by Michael Jensen but more as resolvable puzzles than Kuhnian anomalies. They entered economics via Richard Thaler who saw behavioural economics as the alternative to the neoclassical paradigm. Both authors use the term anomaly in a deliberately Kuhnian manner. Kuhn formulated his ideas by looking back across the history of physics. By contrast, behavioural economists use Kuhn’s concepts in a forward-looking manner as a marketing tool for their ideas.anomaly, behavioural, effects.
Route of drug administration may influence toxicological levels in the liver
No full textChristopher Bierton, John D Gilbert, Chris Kostakis, Neil E I Langloi
Aristoxenus Elements of rhythm: text, translation, and commentary with a translation and commentary on POxy 2687
No full textAristoxenus of Tarentum makes productive use of Aristotelian concepts and methods in developing his theory of musical rhythm in his treatise Elements of Rhythm. He applies the Aristotelian distinction between form and material and the concept of hypothetical necessity to provide an explanation for why musical rhythm is manifested in the syllables of song, the notes of melody, and the steps of dance. He applies the method of formulating differentiae, as described in Aristotle's Parts of Animals, to codify the formal properties of rhythm.
Aristoxenus' description of the rhythmic foot presents several interpretive challenges. Our text is fragmentary, and we lack Aristoxenus' definitions of several key terms. This study seeks to establish the meanings of these terms on the basis of a close examination of the structure of Aristoxenus' argument. Parallel passages in Aristides Quintilianus' On Music are considered in detail for their consistency or lack thereof with Aristoxenian usage. Parallel passages in POxy 2687 are cited as illustrations for several rhythmic constructions and principles Aristoxenus mentions; because these involve original interpretations of some points in POxy 2687, they are supported by a thorough presentation of POxy 2687 in a separate chapter.
One central conclusion of this study is that Aristoxenus viewed rhythmic feet as musical functions, analogous to the theory of melodic functions he had presented in his Elements of Harmony. Only limited conclusions about the applicability of Aristoxenus' theory to the history of ancient Greek music can be justified. While some of the extant remains of Greek music are in accord with Aristoxenian theory, others contradict it. Much of ancient poetry is more rhythmically complex than what is presented in our text of E.R., but regular poetic forms such as the anapestic dimeter and the stately rhythms of religious hymns may have provided the original starting points for subsequent rhythmic developments Aristoxenus seeks to explain.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references (296-312)by Christopher C. Marchett
Oregon Justice Reinvestment Initiative: return on investment
No full textsubmitted to: Oregon Criminal Justice Commission ; principal investigator: Mauri Matsuda, Ph.D. ; co-investigators: Christopher Campbell, Ph.D., Christopher Dollar, M.S., Mark Leymon, Ph.D., Brian Renauer, Ph.D.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (pages 38-39).Funded by: Oregon Criminal Justice Commission.Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
The e-Learning Assessment Landscape
No full textAssessment is one of the more established areas of e-learning. However, it cannot be described as mature due to the disparate nature of the tools and standards available. As part of our efforts within the FREMA project to create a reference model for assessment we have produced a domain in the shape of a database of resources developed by the community. As a way of presenting and navigating that definition we have also developed concept maps that describe the domain and place the resources in context. In this paper we present the process concept map, describe the method of its creation, its purpose and validation, and also an initial analysis of the resources behind the map in an effort to map the e-Learning Assessment landscape and show where most development effort has been spent
Volterra Centennial Meetings - Invited talks given by Christopher Baker at Arlington & Tempe
No full textJune 1996 saw two meetings to mark the centennial of the mathematical work of Vito Volterra, the first being held at the University of Texas at Arlington (organised by Professors Corduneanu and Kanner) and the second at the State University of Arizona at Tempe. In invited talks at each meeting, the first-named author presented joint work that follows, in chronological sequence, in this technical report. Christopher T H Baker & Arslang Tang 2 GENERALIZED HALANAY INEQUALITIES FOR VOLTERRA FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND DISCRETIZED VERSIONS CHRISTOPHER T.H. BAKER 1 & ARSALANG TANG 2 Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, The Victoria University of Manchester, England Abstract. Halanay's inequality provides a decreasing bound on a function satisfying a delay-differential inequality, subject to certain conditions, and it has been used by Halanay to analyze asymptotic stability of the zero solution of a certain delay-differential equations with fixed lag. The original ineq..
Pannexin-1 and P2X7-Receptor Are Required for Apoptotic Osteocytes in Fatigued Bone to Trigger RANKL Production in Neighboring Bystander Osteocytes
No full textOsteocyte apoptosis is required to induce intracortical bone remodeling after microdamage in animal models, but how apoptotic osteocytes signal neighboring “bystander” cells to initiate the remodeling process is unknown. Apoptosis has been shown to open pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels to release adenosine diphosphate (ATP) as a “find me” signal for phagocytic cells. To address whether apoptotic osteocytes use this signaling mechanism, we adapted the rat ulnar fatigue-loading model to reproducibly introduce microdamage into mouse cortical bone and measured subsequent changes in osteocyte apoptosis, receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclastic bone resorption in wild-type (WT; C57Bl/6) mice and in mice genetically deficient in Panx1 (Panx1KO). Mouse ulnar loading produced linear microcracks comparable in number and location to the rat model. WT mice showed increased osteocyte apoptosis and RANKL expression at microdamage sites at 3 days after loading and increased intracortical remodeling and endocortical tunneling at day 14. With fatigue, Panx1KO mice exhibited levels of microdamage and osteocyte apoptosis identical to WT mice. However, they did not upregulate RANKL in bystander osteocytes or initiate resorption. Panx1 interacts with P2X7R in ATP release; thus, we examined P2X7R-deficient mice and WT mice treated with P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) to test the possible role of ATP as a find-me signal. P2X7RKO mice failed to upregulate RANKL in osteocytes or induce resorption despite normally elevated osteocyte apoptosis after fatigue loading. Similarly, treatment of fatigued C57Bl/6 mice with BBG mimicked behavior of both Panx1 KO and P2X7RKO mice; BBG had no effect on osteocyte apoptosis in fatigued bone but completely prevented increases in bystander osteocyte RANKL expression and attenuated activation of resorption by more than 50%. These results indicate that activation of Panx1 and P2X7R are required for apoptotic osteocytes in fatigued bone to trigger RANKL production in neighboring bystander osteocytes and implicate ATP as an essential signal mediating this process.Peer reviewe
- …
