3,869 research outputs found
Adaptive Gibbs samplers
No full textWe consider various versions of adaptive Gibbs and Metropolis-
within-Gibbs samplers, which update their selection probabilities (and perhaps also their proposal distributions) on the
fly during a run, by learning
as they go in an attempt to optimise the algorithm. We present a cautionary
example of how even a simple-seeming adaptive Gibbs sampler may fail to
converge. We then present various positive results guaranteeing convergence
of adaptive Gibbs samplers under certain conditions
Adaptive Gibbs samplers and related MCMC methods
No full textWe consider various versions of adaptive Gibbs and Metropolis-
within-Gibbs samplers, which update their selection probabilities (and perhaps also their proposal distributions) on the
y during a run, by learning
as they go in an attempt to optimise the algorithm.We present a cautionary
example of how even a simple-seeming adaptive Gibbs sampler may fail to
converge.We then present various positive results guaranteeing convergence
of adaptive Gibbs samplers under certain conditions
Loss without recovery of Gibbsianness during diffusion of continuous spins
No full textWe consider a specific continuous-spin Gibbs distribution µt=0 for a double-well potential that allows for ferromagnetic ordering. We study the time-evolution of this initial measure under independent diffusions.
For ‘high temperature’ initial measures we prove that the time-evoved measure µt is Gibbsian for all t. For ‘low temperature’ initial measures we prove that µt stays Gibbsian for small enough times t, but loses its Gibbsian character for large enough t. In contrast to the analogous situation for discrete-spin Gibbs measures, there is no recovery of the Gibbs property for large t in the presence of a non-vanishing external magnetic field. All of our results hold for any dimension d ≥ 2. This example suggests more generally that time-evolved continuous-spin models tend to be non-Gibbsian more easily than their discrete-spin counterparts.
0
No full textHere is a curious book. Its title-page declares "The Artist's Book of Fables" but its pre-title-page has "Fables, Original and Selected, with a Memoir of the Author." After that title-page, it is identical with "Fables, Original and Selected" as in our copy printed by John Murray in 1833. There is again an AI at the front and an index of engravings and engravers at the back. I found that copy twenty years ago. I had found an inferior copy twenty-two years before that. At that time, I noted Aesopic fables here including "Stone Broth" and "The Mouse and the Oyster."This is a hardbound book (hard cover)James Northcote, R.A
Risks associated with pathogens in composted biosolids - a discussion paper prepared for the Water Authority of Western Australia
No full textInformation available from published epidemiological studies, laboratory studies and field studies was surveyed and it was concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to suggest that the composting process completely removed the risk associated with the unrestricted marketing of biosolids to home gardens. A risk assessment was therefore carried out to develop criteria for acceptable concentrations of pathogens in composted biosolids products. A number of principles were developed for the risk assessment. One of the principles was that the most at risk individuals should be protected and it was decided that these would be young children playing in home gardens. Another principle was that microbial risk assessments should be based on risks of disease, rather than risks of death or risks of infection. The principle adopted for deciding acceptable risk was that the risk of disease transmission through the re-use of composted biosolids products should be less than background transmission rates for that disease from other sources.
The above risk assessment approach was used to develop suggested limits for Salmonella in composted biosolids products. The suggested limit is less than 1 Salmonella in 50 g of biosolids product. A recommendation is that guidelines should also require a maturation period for composted biosolids. Further research on the regrowth potential of Salmonella in composted biosolids products is recommended.
Although there is a high potential risk associated with Giardia and enteric viruses in composted biosolids, it is recommended that guidelines should not require the monitoring of composted biosolids products for Giardia or enteric viruses until methods are further developed.
It is also recommended that an epidemiological study of the effect of the unrestricted marketing of composted biosolids on the spread on enteric disease should be carried out
Turbulent entrainment in a shearless mixing layer at the edge of a cloud
No full textThree-dimensional direct numerical simulations which combine the Eulerian description of temperature, vapor content and velocity with a Lagrangian ensemble of cloud water droplets are used to study the turbulent entrainment and subsequent mixing of clear air with a cloudy air filament. The study is conducted in a shearless mixing layer setup which is adjusted to realistic conditions at a cumulus cloud boundary. The magnitude of turbulent velocity fluctuations in- and outside the cloud can be varied independently. We find that the evolution of the cloud water droplet ensemble depends slightly only on the contrast of turbulent velocity fluctuations in- and outside the cloud filament. The buoyancy feedback on the flow via the evaporating droplets causes a transient amplification of all fluctuations before the turbulence eventually decays. We study the evolution of the probability density functions of droplet size as well as of supersaturation, temperature and vorticity at the droplet positions
Flyleaf of The Village Politicians, signed by author and publisher R.A. Parsons, and printed by Guardian Ltd.
No full textNewIntroduction. Flyleaf of the The Village Politicans by R.A. Parsons and printed by Guardian Ltd.DA vol. 15 no.
Non-Linear Time Series Analysis of Deep Groundwater Levels: An application to the Veluwe
No full textThe objective of this study is to improve the simulation of deep groundwater levels by time se- ries models with pre-defined impulse response functions. This is attempted by adding a conceptual non-linear root zone model to simulate the recharge series to the model and by testing the use of a separate response function for the percolation zone. Three root zone models are developed based on two different recharge mechanisms: preferential flow, percolation, and a combination of the two. The performance of these models is compared to a linear model that is commonly used in time se- ries models to simulate the recharge. The approach is applied to groundwater level measurements in the Veluwe, a largely forested area in the Netherlands characterized by thick unsaturated zones. The effect of groundwater extractions and land reclamations is added to the model to further im- prove the simulation of the groundwater levels. The models are tested on three observations wells with increasing thickness of the unsaturated zone, varying from 7 m to 29 m to 49 m. The results show that model performance is improved by the implementation of a non-linear root zone model, particularly in simulating the peaks and lows in the groundwater levels. The recharge fluxes simulated by the non-linear models show different patterns that are physically more realistic than those simulated by the linear model. It is shown that different recharge series result in simulated groundwater levels that are very similar. This is a clear example of equifinality and it is recommended to introduce new sources of information to validate the modelled processes (e.g., water content measurements of the percolation zone or actual evaporation data). For the shallow well, the models with a single response function are selected as the best. The largest improvements for the deeper groundwater levels are obtained by the addition of a separate response for the percolation zone. For example, the average deviation from the observed ground- water levels decreased 0.18 m to 0.08 m for the deepest observation well by applying the separate response function. The models with an additional response function were better at simulating the estimated time to peak, the time it takes a recharge pulse to cause a peak in the groundwater levels. The time to peak is introduced in this research as a qualitative indicator to validate the modelled processes. The simulated responses indicate that the groundwater levels respond very quickly to water that leaves the root zone, even though the percolation zone is tens of metres thick. For each of the observations wells it is investigated if adding the effect of groundwater extrac- tions or land reclamations of Flevoland to the models improves the simulation of the groundwater levels. For the shallow well it is concluded that either the effect of land reclamations or groundwater extractions needs to be taken into account. Since these two stresses are correlated, it is concluded that only one of these should be taken into account when no further information is available to con- strain the models. For the medium deep well, the additional stresses did not significantly improve model performance and it is concluded that they do not have to be taken into account for this well. For the deep well, model performance is improved by both stresses. The largest improvements are observed when the effect of groundwater extractions is considered in the model. For implemen- tation of these stresses, the entire simulation period should be used for calibration, or constraints have to be implemented to obtain realistic results.Water ResourcesWater ManagementCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Chemicals from renewable biomass: A renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry
No full textThe conversion of sugars, derived from waste polysaccharide biomass, to commodity chemicals by fermentation or catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation or dehydration or combinations thereof are reviewed.Accepted Author ManuscriptBT/Biocatalysi
Lasioglossum (Dialictus) enatum Gibbs 2018, sp. nov.
No full textLasioglossum (Dialictus) enatum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2D162288-635C-4D9C-9887-F1453F3F9EAE Figs 4D, 9–11 Diagnosis Both sexes of Lasioglossum enatum sp. nov. can be recognized by tegula punctate, extended posteriorly to form small angle, mesepisternum punctate and metasoma brown. The shape of the tegula distinguishes it from all other species of L. (Dialictus) from Puerto Rico, except L. monense sp. nov. on Mona Island. The female of L. monense sp. nov. has a pale metasoma and obscure punctation on the supraclypeal area. The male of L. enatum sp. nov. has the mesoscutum and mesepisternum more polished and shiny than in males of L. monense sp. nov. Other members of the L. parvum species complex, to which it belongs, share this character. In the female, the complete absence of punctures on the apical impressed margins distinguishes L. enatum sp. nov. from L. parvum and L. busckiellum, which both have minute setose punctures in this area. In the male, the appressed sternal setae and dark tarsi distinguish L. enatum sp. nov. from L. parvum, which has sternal setae erect and tarsi pale. Etymology The specific epithet enatum is a participle of the Latin enascor, meaning having sprouted or sprung forth. Material examined Holotype PUERTO RICO: ♀, Cabo Rojo, Boqueron, 17°58.994′ N, 67°08.455′ W, Field House, ground bee bowl, 12–16 May 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (JBWM). [Original label: USA, PR Boqueron N17°58.994′ W67°08.455′, Field House, ground bee bowl, 12–16 May 2014, S.G. Prado, #49 // HOLOTYPE Lasioglossum (Dialictus) enatum Gibbs.] Paratypes PUERTO RICO: Aguadilla: 1 ♂, [no locality], Jan. 1899, A. Busck leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, Playa Bajuras, Jul. 1999, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC). – Añasco: 2 ♀♀, [no locality], 3 Jul. 1917, H. Morrison leg. (NMNH). – Arecibo: 1 ♀, [no locality], ex Gundlachia corymbosa, 4 Oct. 1922, G.N. Wolcott leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, [no locality], flowers in field, 19 Dec. 1933, Anderson and Mills leg. (NMNH). – Arroyo: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, [no locality], Feb. 1899, A. Busck leg. (NMNH). – Barceloneta: 1 ♀, [no locality], ex Barbieria pinnata, 21 Feb. 1933, Anderson, Faxon and Mills leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, [no locality], ex rose flower, 15 Nov. 1932, Anderson, Mills and Faxon leg. (NMNH). – Bayamón: 1 ♂, Stanwood Grove, 26 Jun. 1917, H. Morrison leg. (NMNH). – Cabo Rojo: 1 ♀, [no locality], Dec. 1960, R. Cotte leg. (JAGC); 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, Balneario Boqueron, 4 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 1 ♀, Boqueron, Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge, USFWS, 17°58.816′ N, 67°10.231′ W, ground bee bowl, 27 May– 13 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♂, same locality as preceding, net, 3 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, Las Palmas, Field House, 17°58.994′ N, 67°08.455′ W, ground bee bowl, 12–16 May 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (JBWM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 6 Jun. 2014 (NCSU); 1 ♀, El Combate, Rta. 3301, 17°58′46′′ N, 67°11′37′′ W, 5 m, 29 Nov. 2008, Carpenter and Davidson leg. (AMNH). – Cayey: 1 ♀, Bo. Beatriz, 5 Nov. 1992, Snelling and Torres leg. (LACM). – Cidra: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Cayey, 4 mi. NE, 7 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 3 ♀♀, [no locality], ex cockscomb flower, 5 Aug. 1932, Anderson, Faxon and Mills leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, [no locality], ex asparagus flower, 5 Aug. 1932, Anderson, Faxon and Mills leg. (NMNH). – Corozal: 1 ♀, [no locality], 1 Jan. 1920, G.N. Wolcott leg. (NMNH). – Culebra: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Isla Culebra, Punta Flamenco, 7 Nov. 2008, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC). – Guánica: 2 ♂♂, Rta. 333, 17°56′55′′ N, 66°52′36′′ W, 50 m, 27 Nov. 2008, Carpenter and Davidson leg. (AMNH); 1 ♀, Guánica, Oct. 1997, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 1 ♂, Insular Forest, 29 Sep. 1945, J.A. Ramos leg. (NMNH); 3 ♂♂, Playa Tamarindo (Mpio. Guánica), 17.95° N, 66.88° W, 10 ft a.s.l., ex Heliotropium curassavicum, 26 Sep. 1998, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding (LACM). – Guayanilla: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Costa Sur, 8 Jun. 2007, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 6 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 8 Jun. 2007, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 2 ♀♀, Playa Ventana, Oct. 2008, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 1 ♀, Punta Verraco, 14 Nov. 2010, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC). – Humacao: 4 ♀♀, 4 ♂, Playa de Humacao, 11 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC). – Isabela: 1 ♀, [no locality], ex Coriandrum sativum, 7 Apr. 1948, L.F. Martorell leg. (NMNH); 1 ♂, [no locality], Nov. 1981, N. Semiday leg. (FSCA); 1 ♀, [no locality], 2–3 Feb. 1940, R.A. Maldonado leg. (JAGC); 1 ♀, [no locality], 24 Jan. 1971, L.J. Joly T. leg. (JAGC); 2 ♀♀, Punta Rosario, nr. Isabela, 14 Jan. 1963, P.J. Spangler leg. (NMNH). – Lajas: 1 ♀, Cartagena Lagoon, Feb. 1935, [illegible] leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, Laguna Cartagena, 1 mi. S of Llanos, 4 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 8 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Isla Maguey, Parguera, 19 Dec. 1962, P. Spangler leg. (NMNH); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 20 Dec. 1962 (NMNH). – Loíza: 1 ♀, B.[osque] Piñones, #74, 5 Nov. 1985, J. Torres leg. (LACM); 4 ♀♀, Isl. Juan Pérez, #106, 28 Jun. 1986, J. Torres leg. (LACM). – Luquillo: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Balneario de Luquillo, 9 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 1 ♀ 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 10 May 1985 (CUIC); 1 ♀, 4 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 13 May 1985 (CUIC); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 14 May 1985 (CUIC). – Maricao: 1 ♀, 5 ♂♂, Damiani, shade, 18°11.862′ N, 66°56.347′ W, net (9:50–11:50), 18 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU). – Mayagüez: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, [no locality], Jan. 1899, A. Busck leg. (NMNH); 1 ♂, [no locality] (NMNH); 1 ♀, [no locality], 28 Aug. 1970, L.J. Joly T. leg. (JAGC). – Ponce: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Cayo Ratones, May 1999, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 1 ♀, La Rita, near Ponce, Oct. 2010, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 14 May 2008 (JAGC); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, May 2008 (JAGC); 1 ♀, Playa El Tuque, 5 mi. W of Ponce, 4 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 5 May 1985 (CUIC); 1 ♀, Playa Guánica, Jul. 1999, J.A. Genaro leg. (JAGC); 2 ♀♀, Ponce, 7 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC); 9 ♀♀, Vasquez, sun, 18°07.4616′ N, 66°38.2638′ W, Malaise trap, 17 Jun.–15 Jul. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU); 9 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 15 Jul.–12 Aug. 2014 (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 12 Aug.–9 Sep. 2014 (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 9 Sep.–7 Oct. 2014 (NCSU); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, ground bee bowl, 17 Jun.–15 Jul. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU). – Sabana Grande: 2 ♂♂, Susua Forest Reserve, 3 mi. NE of Sabana Grande, 3 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC). – Santa Isabel: 1 ♂, Cohen, 17°59.737′ N, 66°25.451′ W, 12 Mar. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 12 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 24 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 43 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Escalera Sr., 17°57.780′ N, 66°23.298′ W, 25 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A04); 5 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 30 Jan. 2013 (NCSU); 7 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 22 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 23 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 18 ♀♀, Gomez, 17°59.705′ N, 66°25.063′ W, 23 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A01); 10 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 13 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 3 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 2 May 2013 (NCSU); 1 ♀, NW River, 18°0.017′ N, 66°26.115′ W, 26 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 11 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 13 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 9 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 15 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 6 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 24 Apr. 2013 (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A03, CCDB-22788 A10); 7 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 26 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 14 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Portalatin, 17°58.632′ N, 66°23.096′ W, 29 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. [NCSU: CCDB-22788 A02]; 4 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 12 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 23 Apr. 2013 (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A11); 8 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Roriguez, 18°00.017′ N, 66°26.863′ W, 15 Mar. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 9 ♀♀, Roriguez, same collection data as preceding, 26 Apr. 2013 (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A06); 2 ♀♀, SE River, 17°58.547′ N, 66°25.063′ W, 22 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 28 Jan. 2013 (NCSU); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 13 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 15 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 4 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 26 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 2 May 2013 (NCSU); 2 ♀♀, SW River, 17°59.496′ N, 66°26.582′ W, 22 Jan. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 13 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 15 Mar. 2013 (NCSU); 19 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 24 Apr. 2013 (NCSU); 8 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 26 Apr. 2013 (NCSU: CCDB-22788 A05); 1 ♀, Santa Isabel, 4 mi. N, 7 May 1985, G.C. Eickwort leg. (CUIC). – Quebradilla: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, El Tunel, Balneiro, Guajataca, 30 May 2006, J.A. Genaro (JAGC). – Yauco: 6 ♀♀, A7 Church site, 18°01.830′ N, 66°53.042′ W, ground bee bowl, 23 May–20 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 20 Jun.–18 Jul. 2014 (NCSU); 5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Montana, sun, 18°07.996′ N, 66°49.002′ W, net (9:30–10:50 am), 10 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♀, Villa Cecilia, 18°08.371′ N, 66°49.230′ W, net (9:15–10:45 am), 4 Jun. 2014, S.G. Prado leg. (NCSU). US VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix: 2 ♀♀, Southcentral (?), Exp. Sta. Grounds, 13 Jun. 1917, H. Morrison leg. (NMNH). – Southwest: 5 ♀♀, Jackson, 17°42.397′ N, 64°50.022′ W, pepper nets, 19 Mar. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, pumpkin bowls, 19 Mar. 2013, S. Prado leg. (NCSU); 1 ♀, St. John, [no locality], 9 Mar. 1935, (AMNH). – St. Thomas: 2 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂, Charlotte Amalie, 31 May 1917, H. Morrison leg. (NMNH). – Northside: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Swept Magen Bay, 3 Jun. 1917, H. Morrison leg. (NMNH). Other material BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS: Guana Island: 1 ♀, The Flat, Malaise trap, 2–3 Oct. 2007, B.D. Valentine family leg. (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 20 Oct. 2007 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, sweeping, 9 Oct. 2007, B.D. Valentine family leg. (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 10 Oct. 2007 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 22 Oct. 2006 (AMNH); 1 ♀, flowers, 3 Oct. 2009, D. Valentine leg. (AMNH); 2 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 6 Oct. 2009 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 8 Oct. 2009 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 9 Oct. 2009 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 10 Oct. 2009 (AMNH); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 15 Oct. 2009 (AMNH); 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, hotel area, 5 Oct. 1991, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 3 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 7 Oct. 1992 (LACM); 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 11 Oct. 1992 (LACM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 15 Oct. 1991 (LACM); 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 19 Oct. 1991 (LACM); 3 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 21 Oct. 1991 (LACM); 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding, 22 Oct. 1991 (LACM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 26–27 Oct. 1992 (LACM); 2 ♂♂, North Beach, 18°29ʹ N, 64°34ʹ W, 9 Jul. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same locality as preceding, ex Jacquemontia pentantha, 8 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 9 Oct. 1992, (LACM); 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same locality as preceding, 28 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, north side, at night, 4 Oct. 2009, D.M. Dennis and W. Lu leg. (AMNH); 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, plantation area, 18°28.7ʹ N, 64°34.4ʹ W, 27 Jun. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 28 Jun. 1993 (LACM); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, plantation area, 25 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, plantation area, ex Cardiospermum micranthum [sic], 31 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, Quail Dove Ghut, Malaise trap, Nov. 2006, W.-P. Liao leg. (AMNH); 7 ♀♀, White Beach, 18°28.7ʹ N, 64°34.5ʹ W, 28 Jun. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding, 4 Jul. 1993 (LACM); 6 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, same locality as preceding, ex Casine xylocarpum [sic], 29 Jun. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 2 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding, 30 Jun. 1993 (LACM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 2 Jul. 1993 (LACM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding, 4 Jul. 1993 (LACM); 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, White Beach, 18°29ʹ N, 64°34ʹ W, ex Cakile lanceolatum [sic], 5 Jul. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, 9 Jul. 1993, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 18 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂, White Beach, ex Cakile lanceolatum, 10 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 2 ♀♀, same locality as preceding, Malaise trap, dry evergreen forest, 13–17 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 4 ♀, 3 ♂♂, same locality as preceding, ex Cakile lanceolatum, 14 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, ex Ipomoea pes-capri braziliensis [sic], 16 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, same locality as preceding, ex Coccoloba uvifera, 30 Oct. 1992, R.R. Snelling leg. (LACM). – Necker Island: 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, 21 Jul. 1987, S.E. Miller leg. (LACM); 1 ♀, 11 Oct. 2003, B Valentine leg. (AMNH). – Virgin Gorda: 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂, Biras Hill, 22 Jul. 1998, S.E. Miller and C. O’Connell leg. (LACM). Description Female MEASUREMENTS. Head length: 1.16–1.39 mm (x= 1.31 mm, n =11); head width: 1.21–1.45 mm (x= 1.36 mm, n =11); intertegular distance: 0.86–1.11 mm (x= 0.98 mm, n =11). COLOURATION. Head and mesosoma dull metallic golden green with blue reflections, except as follows. Labrum brown. Mandible brown with red apex. Clypeus distal half dark brown. Supraclypeal area bronze. Antenna dark brown, F9–F10 with ventral surface dark reddish brown. Tegula dark reddish brown to honey-coloured. Wing membrane hyaline with dark setae, venation and pterostigma brown. Legs dark brown, except medio- and distitarsi reddish brown. Metasomal terga brown, apical impressed areas reddish brown with yellowish posterior rim. PUBESCENCE. Dull white. Relatively sparse erect setae throughout, without tomentum, except basolateral patches of T2–T3 and basally on T4. T1 with complete fan of appressed setae on anterior surface. T2 without apical fimbriae, T3–T4 with sparse fine seta on apical impressed areas, sparse fimbriae laterally. Scopa well developed on hind leg and metasomal sterna. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Face imbricate, punctation moderately fine, finer on frons, coarse on distal clypeus. Clypeus punctation sparse (i=1–2.5 pd), finer and denser proximally, surface smooth distally (i =2–3 pd), supraclypeal area with punctures moderately dense (i=1–1.5 pd) and lower paraocular area punctation dense (i ≤pd). Upper paraocular area and frons reticulate-punctate (i <0.5 pd). Ocellocular area densely punctate (i≤ pd). Gena lineolate and postgena imbricate. Mesoscutum tessellate-imbricate, punctation fine, dense on lateral and posterior portions (i= 1–1.5 pd), sparser anteriorly and medially (i=1–3 pd); mesoscutellum similar, evenly punctured across surface. Metanotum imbricate. Preëpisternum rugulose. Hypoepimeral area finely, densely punctate (i<0.5 pd). Mesepisternum below scrobe densely punctate (i ≤pd), interspaces imbricate. Metepisternum dorsal ⅓ rugoso-carinulate, ventral portion imbricate. Metapostnotum with irregular rugae-carinulae often reaching to posterior margin, carinulae on lateral portions extending to dorsolateral slope. Propodeum posterior surfaces polished tessellate, distinct punctures on lateral surface (i= 3–5 pd), irregular carinulae on posterior surface. Metasomal terga polished, finely coriarious on T1 anterior surface and apical impressed areas; punctation very fine (i= 1–2 pd), apical impressed areas impunctate. Metasomal sterna coriarious and finely, sparsely punctate (i=2–4 pd). STRUCTURE. Head slightly wider than long (length/width ratio= 0.93–0.98). Eyes weakly convergent below. Clypeus ½ below suborbital tangent. Gena narrower than eye. Hypostomal carinae subparallel. Pronotal dorsolateral angle obtuse. Pronotal ridge rounded, interrupted by sulcus. Tegula long, extended posteriorly into medially directed projection. Submarginal cells three (1rs-m present). Distal hamuli arranged 2-1-2. Inner metatibial spur pectinate, with 2–4 branches, proximal branch much longer than width of rachis. Metapostnotum narrowly rounded onto posterior propodeal surface. Propodeum with lateral carina nearly reaching dorsal margin; oblique carina fine. T2–T4 impressed areas medially about 2/5 longitudinal length of basal area. Male MEASUREMENTS. Head length: 1.21–1.38 mm (x= 1.28 mm, n=10); head width: 1.23–1.36 mm (x= 1.28 mm, n =10); intertegular distance: 0.79–0.94 mm (x= 0.85 mm, n =10). Similar to female except for typical sex associated characters and as follows. COLOURATION. Head and mesosoma dull metallic blue. Ventral surface of F1–F11 reddish brown. Tarsi brown to reddish brown. Metasomal terga dark brown. PUBESCENCE. Face below eye emargination with subappressed tomentum, partially obscuring surface. Metasomal terga without tomentum. Metasomal sterna with sparse, posteriorly directed setae. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Clypeus punctures dense (i<pd), evenly sized. Preëpisternum reticulate-punctate. Mesepisternum smooth, shining; punctures deep and distinct. Propodeum lateral surface densely punctate (i<pd). Metasomal terga with apical impressed areas impunctate. STRUCTURE. Head about as long as wide (length/width ratio =0.96–1.02). Eyes convergent below. Ratio of pedicel, F1 and F2 =12:14:22; F2–F11 approximately 1.1–1.2× as long as wide. Metasomal terga with apical impressed areas medially less than ⅓ length of basal area. T2–T3 depressed anteriorly. TERMINALIA. As illustrated in Fig. 4D. Distribution Puerto Rico (Fig. 11), British and U.S. Virgin Islands. Biology Lasioglossum enatum sp. nov. has been recorded visiting the following flowers: Gundlachia corymbosa (Urb.) Britton ex Boldingh (Asteraceae), Barbieria pinnata (Pers.) Baill. (Fabaceae), Heliotropium curassavicum L. (Boraginaceae), Erythrina crista-galli L. (Fabaceae), Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae), Spermacoce verticillata L. (Rubiaceae), Asparagus sp. (Liliaceae), Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), Cardiospermum microcarpum Kunth (Sapindaceae), Jacquemontia pentanthos (Convolvulaceae), Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. (Brassicaceae), Cassine xylocarpa Vent. (Celastraceae), Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. ssp. brasiliensis (L.) van Ooststr. (Convolvulaceae), Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (Polygonaceae). Snelling (1993) also recorded this species from Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. (Celastraceae) as Lasioglossum sp. 1. DNA barcodes Nine individuals were successfully sequenced (BOLD Process IDs: BOWGF3186-14, BOWGF3193-14, BOWGF3192-14, BOWGF3184-14, BOWGF3183-14, BOWGF3188-14, BOWGF3185-14, NTCOL187-15 and BOWGF3187-14). DNA barcodes are distinct from L. parvum sequences from Cuba (Fig. 1), supporting the morphological characters used to recognize L. enatum sp. nov.Published as part of Gibbs, Jason, 2018, Bees of the genus Lasioglossum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Greater Puerto Rico, West Indies, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 400 on pages 17-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.400, http://zenodo.org/record/116502
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