1,720,998 research outputs found
Zbirka zadataka iz analitičke kemije
No full textZbirka zadataka iz analitičke kemije pripremljena je u skladu s nastavnim programom kolegija „Analitička kemija“ koji se izvodi na Fakultetu biotehnologije i razvoja lijekova Sveučilišta u Rijeci. Namijenjena je studentima (studenticama) prve godine preddiplomskog studija Biotehnologija i istraživanje lijekova i drugih srodnih studija.
Sadržaj Zbirke zadataka prilagođen je izvođenju auditornih vježbi seminarske nastave u okviru nastavnog programa kolegija. Zbirka sadrži teorijski dio, riješene zadatke i zadatke za vježbu s rješenjima.
Zadaci u Zbirci, podijeljeni u šest poglavlja, prikupljeni su i odabrani iz međunarodno provjerenih izvora i osobne arhive s ciljem veće uspješnosti studenata u rješavanju zadataka auditornih vježbi
Zbirka zadataka iz analitičke kemije
No full textZbirka zadataka iz analitičke kemije pripremljena je u skladu s nastavnim programom kolegija „Analitička kemija“ koji se izvodi na Fakultetu biotehnologije i razvoja lijekova Sveučilišta u Rijeci. Namijenjena je studentima (studenticama) prve godine preddiplomskog studija Biotehnologija i istraživanje lijekova i drugih srodnih studija.
Sadržaj Zbirke zadataka prilagođen je izvođenju auditornih vježbi seminarske nastave u okviru nastavnog programa kolegija. Zbirka sadrži teorijski dio, riješene zadatke i zadatke za vježbu s rješenjima.
Zadaci u Zbirci, podijeljeni u šest poglavlja, prikupljeni su i odabrani iz međunarodno provjerenih izvora i osobne arhive s ciljem veće uspješnosti studenata u rješavanju zadataka auditornih vježbi
Ozone therapy
No full textTerapija ozonom (ozonoterapija) je terapija koja se već dugo proučava i primjenjuje. Ozon je bezbojni plin oštra mirisa, alotropske modifikacije kisika (O3) koji prirodno nastaje u atmosferi (stratosferi i troposferi). U medicini, terapija ozonom koristi se u svrhu dezinfekcije i liječenja stanja, dezinficirajući područje oko njega i poboljšavajući na taj način unos kisika i imunosni sustav. Svojim snažnim oksidacijskim djelovanjem dokazano ima koristan učinak u svrhu dezinfekcije i liječenja raznih patoloških stanja jer poboljšava unos kisika. Primjenjuje se u liječenju dermatoloških, zaraznih i nerodegenerativnih bolesti, bolesti krvožilnog sustava, u liječenju nekih vrsta raka i ortopediji. Osim primjene u medicini, ozon se primjenjuje u prehrambenoj industriji, zaštiti okoliša (sanitacija prostora, obrada otpada i otpadnih voda).
Usprkos mnogobrojnoj primjeni, s ozonom treba biti na oprezu zbog njegove toksičnosti. Svrha ovoga rada bila je prikazati karakteristike ozona, njegovu primjenu, rezultate terapija u kojima je njegova učinkovitost potencijalna te opisati mehanizam njegova terapeutskog djelovanja.Ozone therapy is a therapy that has been studied and used for a long time. Ozone is a colourless gas with a pungent odour, an allotropic modification of oxygen (O3) that occurs naturally in the atmosphere (stratosphere and troposphere). In medicine, ozone therapy is used to disinfect and treat diseases, disinfecting the environment to improve oxygen uptake and the immune system. With its strong oxidizing effect, it has been proven to have a beneficial effect for the purpose of disinfection and treatment of various pathological conditions as it improves oxygen uptake. It is used in the treatment of dermatological, infectious and non-degenerative diseases, diseases of the vascular system, in the treatment of some cancers and in orthopaedics. In addition to medical applications, ozone is also used in the food industry and in environmental protection (hygiene, waste and wastewater treatment).
Despite its many uses, caution should be exercised with ozone because of its toxicity. The purpose of this work was to present the properties of ozone, its application, the results of therapies in which its effectiveness is possible and to describe the mechanism of its therapeutic action
The role of calpain in diabetes and diabetic complications
No full textKalpaini su klasa koju čine 15 članova kalcijem aktiviranih nelizosomalnih neutralnih proteaza koje utječu na širok raspon staničnih funkcija. Kalpaini su obično lokalizirani u citosolu i unutar mitohondrija. Pretjerana aktivacija kalpaina povezana je s brojnim bolestima mozga, očiju, srca, pluća, gušterače, bubrega, krvožilnog sustava i skeletnih mišića. Stoga kalpain može poslužiti kao potencijalni terapeutski cilj u mnogim bolestima. Obzirom da se kalpaini povezuju s kroničnim komplikacijama šećerne bolesti (DM), kao što su dijabetička kardiomiopatija, dijabetička nefropatija i dijabetička retinopatija, ovaj pregled sadržava dosadašnja saznanja
temeljena na literaturnim podacima o strukturi, aktivaciji i biološkim funkcijama kalpaina, te učinku prekomjerne aktivacije kalpaina u patogenezi neurodegenerativnih bolesti, bolesti krvožilnog sustava, autoimunih bolesti i upali.Calpains are a class of 15 calcium-activated, non-lysosomal, neutral proteases that influence a variety of cellular functions. Calpains are normally localised in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excessive activation of calpain is associated with numerous diseases of the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, circulatory system and skeletal muscles. Therefore, calpain can serve as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases.Considering that calpains are associated with chronic complications of diabetes (DM) such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy, this review presents the current state of knowledge based on literature data on the structure, activation and biological functions of calpain, as well as the effects of excessive calpain activation on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, diseases of the circulatory
system, autoimmune diseases and inflammation
Utjecaj alternativne i konvencionalne terapije na promjenu sastava masnih kiselina u jetri dijabetičnih štakora
No full textŠećernu bolest (diabetes mellitus, DM) karakterizira poremećaj metabolizma ugljikohidrata, masti i proteina, a uzrokovana je smanjenim lučenjem ili smanjenom osjetljivošću tkiva na inzulin. Dijabetes tipa 1 (T1D) se odnosi na 5-10% svih slučajeva dijabetesa i obično se javlja u ranijoj životnoj dobi dok je tip 2 (T2D) prisutan u većini slučajeva i to u kasnijoj životnoj dobi. T1D je upalna autoimuna bolest u kojoj -stanice gušterače selektivno uništavaju stanice imunološkog sustava (hipoinsulinemija i hiperglikemija). T2D je povezana s pretilošću i metaboličkim sindromom. Inzulin je nadomjestna konvencionalna terapija u liječenju T1D, ali zbog nuspojava ove terapije je porastao interes za alternativnu fitoterapiju. U terapiji T2D koristi se više vrsta lijekova koji pokrivaju različite mehanizame djelovanja. Obećavajuće rezultate su pokazali bioaktivni fenolni spojevi koji mogu djelovati antioksidacijski, protuupalno, hipoglikemično i hipokolesterolemično. Prednosti mediteranskog stila života (maslina i njeni proizvodi) su poznate stoljećima i korištene u sprječavanje i liječenje različitih metaboličkih sindroma.
U ovom istraživanju sam pratila sastav masnih kiselina u jetri dijabetičnih (T1D) i dijabetičnih/pretilih (T2D) štakora te učinak polifenola lišća masline na sastav masnih kiselina jetre u dijabetičnih (T1D) štakora. T1D je izazvan injiciranjem (i.p.) streptozotocina (SZT), a pretilost/T2D je izazvana visoko-masnom hranom (HFD). Dijabetički štakori (T1D) su tretirani ekstraktom lišća masline (512, 768 i 1024 mg/kg) te inzulinom. Sastav masnih kiselina (FAME) određen je u homogenatu jetre korištenjem plinske kromatografije. Statistička analiza provedena je Mann-Whitney U-testom i Kruskal-Walis testom primjenom programa Statistica.
Značajne razlike masnih kiselina i omjera su pronađene u dijabetičnih štakora (T1D) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (16:1, 18:2, 20:2, 20:4, 20:5, 24:0, 22:6, n-6, n-3, n-6/n-3, desaturaza delta-5 (D5D), 16:1/16:0, 16:1/18:1, 20:4/22:6, 18:2/20:4). Terapija ekstraktom polifenola maslinova lišća značajno mijenja razine 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:2, 20:3, 20:4, 24:0, n-3 jednostruko-nezasićenih (MUFA) masnih kiselina, omjera 18:2/20:4, 16:1/16:0, 16:0/18:0, 16:1/18:1 i n-6/n-3 te stearoil-CoA desaturaze 1 (SCD1) i elongaze 6 (Elovl6) u jetri dijabetičnih štakora. Terapija inzulinom značajno mijenja razinu 16:0, 16:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, 20:3, 24:0, 22:5, n-6 i n-3 masnih kiselina, omjera 18:2/20:4, 16:1/16:0, 16:0/18:0, 16:1/18:1 i n-6/n-3 te Elovl6 i D5D u jetri dijabetičnih štakora. Zabilježena je značajna razlika u razini 16:1, 18:3, 20:4, 24:0, 22:5, 22:6, n-6, n-3 i višestruko-nezasićenih (PUFA) masnih kiselina, omjera 16:1/16:0, 16:1/18:1, 20:4/22:6, n-6/n-3 i PUFA/SFA te desaturaza delta-6 (D6D) u jetri dijabetičnih štakora sa T1D i T2D.
Iz navedenog se može zaključiti da dijabetes tipa 1 i 2 mijenjaju metabolizam masnih kiselina u jetri štakora. Pronađene su značajne razlike u metabolizma masnih kiselina u tipu 1 i 2 dijabetesa. U odnosu na terapiju inzulinom, terapija polifenolima lišća masline značajno mijenja razinu n-6 i MUFA te ključne enzime u metabolizmu masnih kiselina, SCD1 i D6D.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by a disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, caused by decreased secretion or reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) refers to 5-10% of all cases of diabetes and usually occurs at an earlier age, while type 2 (T2D) is present in most cases in later life. T1D is an inflammatory autoimmune disease in which β-cells pancreas destroys the immune system cells (hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia). T2D is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Insulin is a replacement therapy for T1D, but due to the side effects associated with insulin therapy, there is an increasing interest in alternative therapy especially phytotherapy. In T2D therapy, several types of drugs are used with different mechanisms of action. Bioactive phenolic compounds are a wide-beneficial therapy that can act as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic. The benefits of the Mediterranean lifestyle (olives and its products) have been known a long time and used in prevention and treatment of various metabolic disorders including diabetes. In this study, the effect of treatment with olive leaf polyphenols on the profile of hepatic fatty acids in diabetic/obese rats was studied. T1D was induced intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (SZT, i.p.), and obesity/T2D was caused by consumption of high-fat (HFD). Diabetic rats were treated with leaf leaves extract (512, 768 and 1024 mg/kg) and insulin. The composition of individual fatty acids (FAME) was determined in liver homogenate using gas chromatographic analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test using Statistical Program.
Significant differences in fatty acids and ratios were found in diabetic rats compared to the control group (16: 1, 18: 2, 20: 2, 20: 4, 20: 5, 24: 0, 22: 6, n-6, n -3, n-6 / n-3, delta-5 (D5D), 16: 1/16: 0, 16: 1/18: 1, 20: 4/22: 6, 18: 2/20: 4 ). The therapy with olive leaves polyphenols changed significantly 16: 0, 16: 1, 18: 0, 18: 1, 18: 2, 18: 3, 20: 2, 20: 3, 20: 4, 24: 0, n- 3, mono-unsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids, ratios 18: 2/20: 4, 16: 1/16: 0, 16: 0/18: 0, 16: 1/18: 1 and n-6 / n-3 as well as stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and elongase 6 (Elovl6) in the liver of diabetic rats. Insulin therapy changed significantly the 16: 0, 16: 1, 18: 2, 20: 1, 20: 2, 20: 3, 24: 0, 22: 5, n-6 fatty acids, n- 2/20: 4, 16: 1/16: 0, 16: 0/18: 0, 16: 1/18: 1, n-6 / n-3 ratios, and Elovl6 and D5D in liver diabetic rats. Also, a significant difference was found in 16: 1, 18: 3, 20: 4, 24: 0, 22: 5, 22: 6, n-6, n-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ratios of 16:1/16: 0, 16: 1/18: 1, 20: 4/22: 6, n-6 / n-3 and PUFA / SFA as well as delta-6-desaturase (D6D) in T1D and T2D rat liver.
It can be concluded from these results that type 1 and 2 diabetes alter the fatty acid metabolism in the rat liver. Significant differences in fatty acid metabolism in type 1 and 2 diabetes were found. In comparison to insulin therapy, therapy with olive leaf polyphenols significantly changed the level of n-6 and MUFA and key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism, SCD1, and D6D
Ispitivanje kvalitete morske vode u Luci Baroš i mogućnosti unaprijeđenja kvalitete ili prenamjene
No full textIspitivanje kvalitete morske vode u Luci Baroš provedeno je radi utvrđivanja hidroloških parametara čistoće mora u vanjskom području riječke Luke Baroš u svrhu određivanja mogućeg potencijala urbanističkog rješenja u kategoriji održivog razvoja. Praćenje analitičkih parametara određivanja kakvoće morske vode omogućiti će donošenje odluka u provedbi urbanističko-arhitektonskih rješenja unutar istraživanog područja u rekreativne svrhe. Istraživanje je provođeno tijekom nasumično odabranog tjednog monitoringa na tri lokacije unutar Luke Baroš: na izlazu na otvoreno more (lokacija 1), na najdubljem području pristupa Luci, ispred Lučke uprave Rijeka te u blizini ušća mora s područja riječke Rive u Luku Baroš (lokacija 2) te na mjestu ušća Mrtvog Kanala u Luku Baroš, ispred kompleksa EX port Delta-e (lokacija 3).
Uzorkovanje je provedeno u periodu od 12.kolovoza do 17.kolovoza. Na mjestu uzorkovanja morske vode određena je temperatura. U izuzetim uzorcima morske vode, s tri lokacije, određena je elektrovodljivost, pH, koncentracija otopljenog kisika, koncentracija klorida, nitrata, fosfata, kadmija, anionskih tenzida i kemijska potrošnja kisika. Korišteni su gotovi kitovi za kvantitativnu analizu kemijskih parametara namijenjeni ispitivanju slane vode, radni protokoli proizvođača i uređaji tvrtke Hach Lange, spektrofotometar HL DR 3900 i HQD PM prijenosni uređaj s priključnim elektrodama. Tvrtka Hach Lange je navedene uređaje ustupila za ovu svrhu.
Utvrđeno je kako morska voda ispitivana u Luci Baroš nije prikladna za primjenu u rekreacijske svrhe, zbog povišenih koncentracija anionskih tenzida, kemijske potrošnje kisika te prisutstva kadmija. Većina vrijednosti pokazuje oscilaciju pa rezultati nisu predvidljivi i morska voda u tom području nema trajnu kvalitetu. Rezultati su najznačajnije odstupali 17.kolovoza 2017.g., u odnosu na 16.kolovoz 2017.g.; a najčešće su se u ukupnom zbiru podataka razlikovali rezultati lokacije 2 u odnosu na lokaciju 3 i obrnuto. Mjerenja na datum 16.kolovoz najviše osciliraju u odnosu na druga mjerenja te je zaključeno kako je toga dana morska voda bila najmanje čistoće, radi nerazjašnjenog uzroka. Statističkom obradom podataka utvrđene su značajne razlike kemijskih pokazatelja unutar pojedine lokacije ovisno o datumu uzorkovanja i datumu uzorkovanja za sve tri lokacije istovremeno. Višestrukom regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je da lokacija najviše utječe na promjenu pokazatelja, a tek onda datum uzorkovanja.
Za donošenje pouzdanijeg zaključka potrebno je provesti dugoročni monitoring i dodatna istraživanja. Dobiveni rezultati će biti korisni u zaštiti okoliša na lokalnoj, državnoj i međunarodnoj razini, postavljanju mogućih urbanističko-arhitektonskih rješenja i javnosti u cjelini.
4Determination of quality of seawater in Port Baroš represents experimental process of hydroanalysis of salt water purity in the external area of Port Baroš of Rijeka, for the purpose of defining the potential for urbanictic solutions in the category of sustainable development. Tracking of the analytical parameters in determination of seawater quality will allow decision- making in creating urban-architectonic solutions inside the area of research for recreational purposes. Research was conducted on randomly-selected week in August, by sampling seawater from three locations of the Port: on the exit to open Adriatic sea (location 1), on the deepest public-approachable point (location 2) and in the point of mixing of water from Mrtvi kanal canal and the sea, in front of complex EX port Delta (location 3).
Sampling was conducted from 12th of August to 17th of August. On-site, temperature was measured; and in the samples taken from the three locations: electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, nitrates, cadmium, anionic surfactants and chemical oxygen demand. Kits for quantitative analysis of salt water, manufacturer`s working protocols and instruments from the company Hach Lange- spectrophotometer HL DR 3900 and HQD PM portable measuring device with probes are used. Company Hach Lange has provided the equipment for this purpose.
It has been determined that the salt water in the Baroš port is not suitable for application in recreational purposes, due to the hightened concentrations of anionic surfactants, chemical oxygen demand and presence of cadmium. Most of the values show constant oscillations so results are not predictable and seawater in that area does not posses a permanent quality. Results differed the most on August 17th in comparison with August 16th, and in the total measurement data, location 2 results differed the most in comparison to the results from location 3 and vice versa. Measurements on August 16th oscillated the most in regard to other measurements and it is concluded that that day the water was of least purity, due to the undetermined cause. Statistical anaysis showed significant differences in chemical values measured per location dependent on date of sampling and anaysis for all three locations at once. Multiple regression analysis proved that location contributes the most to the change of parameters, with date coming second to it.
To solidify the conclusions, it would be necessary to conduct a long-term monitoring and additional research. The results gathered will be useful in environment protection on local, national and international level, by proposing possible urban-architectonic solutions and to the public as whole
The role of calpain in diabetes and diabetic complications
No full textKalpaini su klasa koju čine 15 članova kalcijem aktiviranih nelizosomalnih neutralnih proteaza koje utječu na širok raspon staničnih funkcija. Kalpaini su obično lokalizirani u citosolu i unutar mitohondrija. Pretjerana aktivacija kalpaina povezana je s brojnim bolestima mozga, očiju, srca, pluća, gušterače, bubrega, krvožilnog sustava i skeletnih mišića. Stoga kalpain može poslužiti kao potencijalni terapeutski cilj u mnogim bolestima. Obzirom da se kalpaini povezuju s kroničnim komplikacijama šećerne bolesti (DM), kao što su dijabetička kardiomiopatija, dijabetička nefropatija i dijabetička retinopatija, ovaj pregled sadržava dosadašnja saznanja
temeljena na literaturnim podacima o strukturi, aktivaciji i biološkim funkcijama kalpaina, te učinku prekomjerne aktivacije kalpaina u patogenezi neurodegenerativnih bolesti, bolesti krvožilnog sustava, autoimunih bolesti i upali.Calpains are a class of 15 calcium-activated, non-lysosomal, neutral proteases that influence a variety of cellular functions. Calpains are normally localised in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excessive activation of calpain is associated with numerous diseases of the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, circulatory system and skeletal muscles. Therefore, calpain can serve as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases.Considering that calpains are associated with chronic complications of diabetes (DM) such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy, this review presents the current state of knowledge based on literature data on the structure, activation and biological functions of calpain, as well as the effects of excessive calpain activation on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, diseases of the circulatory
system, autoimmune diseases and inflammation
Olive leaf extract (OLE) alters the excitotoxicity of glutamate by modulating glutamate receptors in the rat brain after induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
No full textGlutamat (Glu) je glavni ekscitatorni neurotransmiter središnjeg živčanog sustava. Učinkovitost prijenosa Glu ovisi o pravilnoj funkcionalnosti i ekspresiji mnogih receptora i transportera, smještenih i na neuronima i na glijalnim stanicama. Povećanje izvanstaničnog Glu uzrokuje poremećenu sinaptičku signalizaciju koja dovodi do neuronske ekscitotoksičnosti i smrti. Aberacije u ekspresiji glutamatnih receptora, transportera ili metabolizirajućih enzima otkrivene su u životinjskim modelima multiple skleroze (MS), tj. eksperimentalnom autoimunom encefalomijelitisu (EAE). U ovoj studiji istraživali smo učinak polifenola lista masline na Glu ekscitotoksičnost.
U radu su korišteni Dark Agouti (DA) štakori na kojima je istražen učinak terapije ekstraktom lista masline (TOLE) kod EAE. Životinje su podijeljene u tri glavne skupine: kontrolna skupina, skupina kojoj je izazvan EAE i koja je žrtvovana 20-ti dan nakon izazvanog EAE (EAE) te skupina kojoj je izazvan EAE i koja je liječena terapijom OLE (1 g/kg, i.p.) 10 dana u kontinuitetu i žrtvovana 20-ti dan nakon izazvanog EAE (EAE+OLE). Uz to, skupina EAE+OLE je od početka do kraja pokusa, umjesto vode za piće dobivala čaj lišća masline (1,5% w/v, ad libitum). Klinički tijek bolesti praćen je u obje skupine do 20. dana nakon indukcije EAE. Razina glutamatnih receptora i transportera (GLUR1, NMDAR1, NMDAR2, GLUR5, GRID2, GLAST1, GLT1), antioksidacijskih enzima (SOD1, SOD2), biljega demijelinacije/remijelinacije (MBP, TREM2, VAMP2), neurodegeneracije (NeuN, SIRT1) i biljega aktivacije mikroglije (IBA1) određena je imunoblotom u lizatu velikog mozga u štakora. Dodatno, na tkivima ugrađenim u parafin je provedeno imunofluoresentno bojanje GLAST, GLT1, SIRT1 i IBA1.
Naši rezultati pokazuju da TOLE oslabljuje intenzitet simptoma izazvan EAE i odgađa klinički tijek bolesti. Dodatno, povećana aktivnost EAAT2/GLT1 glutamatnog transportera, povećana ekspresija SOD2 antioksidacijskog enzima, očuvan integritet mijelina kroz ekspresiju MBP i TREM2, aktivirana mikroglija (IBA1) te očuvani neuroni (SIRT1) pronađeni su u skupini EAE+OLE 20-ti dan nakon izazvanog EAE u mozgu štakora. Ova studija upućuje da bi TOLE mogla povoljno utjecati na tijek liječenja MS-a.Glutamate (Glu) is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. Extracellular Glu increase causes aberrant synaptic signalling leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and death. Glu transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of many receptors and transporters, located both on neurons and glial cells. Aberrations in the expression of glutamate receptors, transporters, or metabolizing enzymes were detected in multiple sclerosis (MS) animal models, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we investigated the effect of olive leaf polyphenols on Glu excitotoxicity.
Dark Agouti (DA) rats were used to investigate the effect of olive leaf extract therapy in EAE. Animals were divided into three major groups: control group, EAE-induced group sacrificed on day 20 after EAE induction (EAE), and EAE-induced group treated with OLE therapy (1 g/kg, i.p.) 10 days continuously and sacrificed on the 20th day after induced EAE (EAE+OLE). In addition, the EAE+OLE group consumed olive leaf tea instead of drinking water (1,5% w/v, ad libitum) from the beginning to the end of the experiment. The clinical course was monitored in both groups until the 30th day after EAE induction. The level of glutamate receptors and transporters (GLUR1, NMDAR1, NMDAR2, GLUR5, GRID2, GLAST1, GLT1), antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2), demyelination/remyelination markers (MBP, TREM2, VAMP2), neurodegeneration (NeuN, SIRT1) and activation markers of microglia (IBA1) were determined by immunoblotting in the lysate of the cerebrum in the rat. Additionally, immunofluorescent staining of GLAST, GLT1, SIRT1 and IBA1 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues.
Our results demonstrated that TOLE attenuated the intensity of EAE-induced symptoms and delays the clinical course of the disease. Furthermore, increased activity of EAAT2/GLT1 glutamate transporter, increased expression of SOD2 antioxidant enzyme, preserved myelin integrity through MBP and TREM2 expression, activativated microglia (IBA1) and preserved neurons (SIRT1) were found in the EAE20+OLE group 20th day after induced EAE in rat brain. This study suggests that TOLE may have a positive impact on the course of treatment of MS
Effect of olive leaf extract on glucose transporters in the brain of diabetic rats
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Istražiti promjene u ekspresiji glukoznih transportera
GLUT1, GLUT2 i GLUT4 u mozgu zdravih, dijabetičkih i liječenih dijabetičkih
štakora polifenolima lišća masline.
Materijal i metode: U radu su korištene lijeve polutke mozga mužjaka Wistar
štakora podijeljenih u četiri skupine: C (Kontrola) – kontrolna skupina bez
tretmana; DMT1 – skupina s razvijenim dijabetesom nakon osam dana od
jednokratnog iniciranja streptozotocina (i.p., 60 mg/kg); DMT1+OLE –
skupina s razvijenim dijabetesom i posttretirana i.p. iniciranjem ekstrakta
polifenola lišća masline (OLE); DMT2 – skupina je hranjena visoko masnom
hranom tijekom 30 dana (standardna laboratorijska hrana obogaćena je
50 % palminim uljem). Skupine su sadržavale 3-5 životinja, starosti 2-3
mjeseca. Homogenati mozga korišteni su u WB analizi. Za procjenu
podataka korišten je program Statistica (softverski sustav za analizu
podataka), verzija 14 (TIBCO Software Inc., 2020., Palo Alto, CA, SAD).
Razlike između skupina procijenjene su jednosmjernom analizom varijance
(ANOVA One-way) praćenom post hoc Schefféovim testom. Regresijska
analiza (linearna regresijska analiza) korištena je za usporedbu međusobne
ovisnosti varijabli. Statistička značajnost određena je p vrijednosti manjom
od 0,05 (p<0.05) za faktor korelacije R.
Rezultati: U provedenim eksperimentalnim uvjetima, DMT1 i DMT2
pospješili su ekspresiju GLUT1, neznatno suprimirali GLUT2 i blago
eksprimirali GLUT4. Liječenje dijabetičnih životinja ekstraktom polifenola
lišća masline povećalo je ekspresiju GLUT1, nije utjecalo na ekspresiju
GLUT2 i GLUT4. U odnosu na DMT1, uočena je ekspresija GLUT1 u skupini
DMT2.
GLUT1 i GLUT2 statistički su se značajno mijenjali ovisno o istraživanim
skupinama (p=0,0055, odnosno p=0,0079). Statistički značajna razlika u
ekspresiji GLUT1 pronađena je između Kontrole i DMT1+OLE skupine
(p=0,0138) te između Kontrole i DMT2 skupine (p=0,0127). U odnosu na
Kontrolu, statistički značajna razlika u ekspresiji GLUT2 pronađena je u
DMT1 skupini (p=0,0174) i DMT2 skupini (p=0,0182). GLUT1 negativno je
korelirao s GLUT2 (r=-0,67) i β-aktinom (r=-0,68), GLUT2 sa GLUT4 (r=-
0,71), a pozitivno s β-aktinom (r=0,81). GLUT4 negativno je korelirao s βaktinom (r=-0,70). β-aktin statistički se značajno mijenjao ovisno o
skupinama (p=0,0000). U odnosu na Kontrolu, β-aktin je bio značajno
suprimiran u DMT1 skupini (p=0,0001), DMT1+OLE skupini (p=0,0002) i
DMT2 skupini (p=0,0000).
Zaključak: Na osnovu provedenog istraživanja utvrđena je važnost
određivanja glukoznih transportera mozga u dijabetesu i unosu
farmakoloških pripravaka. Visoke razine glukoze u DMT1 povećale su
ekspresiju GLUT1 koju terapija ekstraktom lišća masline, u tako kratkom
vremenu (sedam tretmana) nije smanjila.
Iako su naši rezultati suprotni onima u literaturi, smatramo da je za bolje
poznavanje regulacije glukoze putem glukoznih transportera potrebno
dodatno istraživanje koje omogućuju druge tehnike lokalizacije GLUT u
mozgu.Research Objectives: To study the changes in the expression of glucose
transporters GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT4 in the brain of healthy, diabetic and
diabetic rats treated with olive leaf polyphenols.
Material and Methods: The left cerebral hemispheres of male Wistar rats
were used for the work, which were divided into 4 groups: C (control) -
control group without treatment; DMT1 group with developed diabetes after
8 days of single administration of streptozotocin (i.p., 60 mg/kg); DMT1+
OLE - group with developed diabetes and post-treatment i.p. by
administration of olive leaf polyphenol extract (OLE); DMT2 group was fed
a high-fat diet for 30 days (standard laboratory diet enriched with 50%
palm oil). Groups consisted of 3-5 animals aged 2-3 months. Brain
homogenates were used for analysis of WB. Statistica (data analysis
software), version 14 (TIBCO Software Inc., 2020, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was
used for data analysis. Differences between groups were assessed using a
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA one-way) followed by a post hoc
Scheffé test. Regression analysis (linear regression analysis) was used to
compare the interdependence of variables. Statistical significance was
determined with a p value of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) for the correlation
factor R.
Results: Under the experimental conditions performed, DMT1 and DMT2
enhanced the expression of GLUT1, slightly suppressed GLUT2 and
expressed GLUT4 to a small extent. Treatment of diabetic animals with olive
leaf polyphenol extract increased the expression of GLUT1 but had no effect
on the expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4. Compared with DMT1, GLUT1
expression was observed in the DMT2 group.
GLUT1 and GLUT2 changed statistically significantly depending on the
groups studied (p=0.0055 and p=0.0079, respectively). A statistically
significant difference in GLUT1 expression was observed between the
control and DMT1+ OLE groups (p=0.0138) and between the control and
DMT2 groups (p=0.0127). Compared to control, a statistically significant
difference was found in GLUT2 expression in DMT1 group (p=0.0174) and
DMT2 group (p=0.0182). GLUT1 correlated negatively with GLUT2 (r=-
0.67) and β-actin (r=-0.68), GLUT2 with GLUT4 (r=-0.71), and positively
with β-actin (r=0.81). GLUT4 was negatively correlated with β-actin (r=-
0.70). β-Actin changed statistically significantly as a function of groups
(p=0.0000). Compared to control, β-actin was significantly suppressed in
DMT1 group (p=0.0001), DMT1+ OLE group (p=0.0002) and DMT2 group
(p=0.0000).
Conclusion: Based on the conducted research, the importance of
determining glucose transporters in the brain in diabetes and taking
pharmacological preparations was established. High glucose levels in DMT1
increased GLUT1 expression, which was not decreased by olive leaf extract
therapy in such a short time (7 treatments).
Although our results are in contrast to those in the literature, we believe
that further research should be conducted to better understand glucose
regulation by glucose transporters, allowing other GLUT localization
methods in the brain
Effect of olive leaf extract on glucose transporters in the brain of diabetic rats
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Istražiti promjene u ekspresiji glukoznih transportera
GLUT1, GLUT2 i GLUT4 u mozgu zdravih, dijabetičkih i liječenih dijabetičkih
štakora polifenolima lišća masline.
Materijal i metode: U radu su korištene lijeve polutke mozga mužjaka Wistar
štakora podijeljenih u četiri skupine: C (Kontrola) – kontrolna skupina bez
tretmana; DMT1 – skupina s razvijenim dijabetesom nakon osam dana od
jednokratnog iniciranja streptozotocina (i.p., 60 mg/kg); DMT1+OLE –
skupina s razvijenim dijabetesom i posttretirana i.p. iniciranjem ekstrakta
polifenola lišća masline (OLE); DMT2 – skupina je hranjena visoko masnom
hranom tijekom 30 dana (standardna laboratorijska hrana obogaćena je
50 % palminim uljem). Skupine su sadržavale 3-5 životinja, starosti 2-3
mjeseca. Homogenati mozga korišteni su u WB analizi. Za procjenu
podataka korišten je program Statistica (softverski sustav za analizu
podataka), verzija 14 (TIBCO Software Inc., 2020., Palo Alto, CA, SAD).
Razlike između skupina procijenjene su jednosmjernom analizom varijance
(ANOVA One-way) praćenom post hoc Schefféovim testom. Regresijska
analiza (linearna regresijska analiza) korištena je za usporedbu međusobne
ovisnosti varijabli. Statistička značajnost određena je p vrijednosti manjom
od 0,05 (p<0.05) za faktor korelacije R.
Rezultati: U provedenim eksperimentalnim uvjetima, DMT1 i DMT2
pospješili su ekspresiju GLUT1, neznatno suprimirali GLUT2 i blago
eksprimirali GLUT4. Liječenje dijabetičnih životinja ekstraktom polifenola
lišća masline povećalo je ekspresiju GLUT1, nije utjecalo na ekspresiju
GLUT2 i GLUT4. U odnosu na DMT1, uočena je ekspresija GLUT1 u skupini
DMT2.
GLUT1 i GLUT2 statistički su se značajno mijenjali ovisno o istraživanim
skupinama (p=0,0055, odnosno p=0,0079). Statistički značajna razlika u
ekspresiji GLUT1 pronađena je između Kontrole i DMT1+OLE skupine
(p=0,0138) te između Kontrole i DMT2 skupine (p=0,0127). U odnosu na
Kontrolu, statistički značajna razlika u ekspresiji GLUT2 pronađena je u
DMT1 skupini (p=0,0174) i DMT2 skupini (p=0,0182). GLUT1 negativno je
korelirao s GLUT2 (r=-0,67) i β-aktinom (r=-0,68), GLUT2 sa GLUT4 (r=-
0,71), a pozitivno s β-aktinom (r=0,81). GLUT4 negativno je korelirao s βaktinom (r=-0,70). β-aktin statistički se značajno mijenjao ovisno o
skupinama (p=0,0000). U odnosu na Kontrolu, β-aktin je bio značajno
suprimiran u DMT1 skupini (p=0,0001), DMT1+OLE skupini (p=0,0002) i
DMT2 skupini (p=0,0000).
Zaključak: Na osnovu provedenog istraživanja utvrđena je važnost
određivanja glukoznih transportera mozga u dijabetesu i unosu
farmakoloških pripravaka. Visoke razine glukoze u DMT1 povećale su
ekspresiju GLUT1 koju terapija ekstraktom lišća masline, u tako kratkom
vremenu (sedam tretmana) nije smanjila.
Iako su naši rezultati suprotni onima u literaturi, smatramo da je za bolje
poznavanje regulacije glukoze putem glukoznih transportera potrebno
dodatno istraživanje koje omogućuju druge tehnike lokalizacije GLUT u
mozgu.Research Objectives: To study the changes in the expression of glucose
transporters GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT4 in the brain of healthy, diabetic and
diabetic rats treated with olive leaf polyphenols.
Material and Methods: The left cerebral hemispheres of male Wistar rats
were used for the work, which were divided into 4 groups: C (control) -
control group without treatment; DMT1 group with developed diabetes after
8 days of single administration of streptozotocin (i.p., 60 mg/kg); DMT1+
OLE - group with developed diabetes and post-treatment i.p. by
administration of olive leaf polyphenol extract (OLE); DMT2 group was fed
a high-fat diet for 30 days (standard laboratory diet enriched with 50%
palm oil). Groups consisted of 3-5 animals aged 2-3 months. Brain
homogenates were used for analysis of WB. Statistica (data analysis
software), version 14 (TIBCO Software Inc., 2020, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was
used for data analysis. Differences between groups were assessed using a
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA one-way) followed by a post hoc
Scheffé test. Regression analysis (linear regression analysis) was used to
compare the interdependence of variables. Statistical significance was
determined with a p value of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) for the correlation
factor R.
Results: Under the experimental conditions performed, DMT1 and DMT2
enhanced the expression of GLUT1, slightly suppressed GLUT2 and
expressed GLUT4 to a small extent. Treatment of diabetic animals with olive
leaf polyphenol extract increased the expression of GLUT1 but had no effect
on the expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4. Compared with DMT1, GLUT1
expression was observed in the DMT2 group.
GLUT1 and GLUT2 changed statistically significantly depending on the
groups studied (p=0.0055 and p=0.0079, respectively). A statistically
significant difference in GLUT1 expression was observed between the
control and DMT1+ OLE groups (p=0.0138) and between the control and
DMT2 groups (p=0.0127). Compared to control, a statistically significant
difference was found in GLUT2 expression in DMT1 group (p=0.0174) and
DMT2 group (p=0.0182). GLUT1 correlated negatively with GLUT2 (r=-
0.67) and β-actin (r=-0.68), GLUT2 with GLUT4 (r=-0.71), and positively
with β-actin (r=0.81). GLUT4 was negatively correlated with β-actin (r=-
0.70). β-Actin changed statistically significantly as a function of groups
(p=0.0000). Compared to control, β-actin was significantly suppressed in
DMT1 group (p=0.0001), DMT1+ OLE group (p=0.0002) and DMT2 group
(p=0.0000).
Conclusion: Based on the conducted research, the importance of
determining glucose transporters in the brain in diabetes and taking
pharmacological preparations was established. High glucose levels in DMT1
increased GLUT1 expression, which was not decreased by olive leaf extract
therapy in such a short time (7 treatments).
Although our results are in contrast to those in the literature, we believe
that further research should be conducted to better understand glucose
regulation by glucose transporters, allowing other GLUT localization
methods in the brain
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