1,721,060 research outputs found
La politica farmaceutica in Spagna
No full textIl sistema sanitario spagnolo è suddiviso in 17 Comunità Autonome, equivalenti alle nostre regioni. Ma il processo di devoluzione dei poteri in ambito farmaceutico, la cui spesa rappresenta una voce rilevante di quella sanitaria pubblica (circa il 22% del totale), è meno avanzato rispetto ad altri settori. Non esiste una lista nazionale di farmaci rimborsabili, sebbene nel 1993 ne sia stata introdotta una negativa di prodotti non ammessi al rimborso. La definizione dei prezzi deriva da un processo di contrattazione fra Ministero e Aziende farmaceutiche affatto trasparente: la regola di fissazione dei prezzi dovrebbe seguire un criterio di costo di produzione, ma, in pratica, la contrattazione avviene tenendo come punti di riferimento i prezzi negli altri paesi europei. Per il controllo dell’attività prescrittiva, accanto ai tradizionali meccanismi (incentivi o linee-guida) attivati a livello locale, sono in corso in alcune Comunità Autonome sperimentazioni per favorire la diffusione delle prescrizioni per principio attivo. Il margine alla distribuzione, tradizionalmente proporzionale, è stato rivisto nel 2000 per non penalizzare i generici e limitare i guadagni sui prodotti più costosi. Relativamente ai ticket, i cittadini, suddivisi per fasce di età e gravità della patologia, possono contribuire fino al 40% del prezzo di un farmaco, anche se complessivamente la compartecipazione alla spesa farmaceutica rimborsabile si aggira intorno al 7%
Replication data for: Adaptation to Poverty in Long-Run Panel Data
No full textClark, Andrew E., D'Ambrosio, Conchita, and Ghislandi, Simone, (2016) "Adaptation to Poverty in Long-Run Panel Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 98:3, 591-600
Replication data for: Adaptation to Poverty in Long-Run Panel Data
No full textClark, Andrew E., D'Ambrosio, Conchita, and Ghislandi, Simone, (2016) "Adaptation to Poverty in Long-Run Panel Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 98:3, 591-600
Competition and the Reference Pricing Scheme for pharmaceuticals
No full textIn a pharmaceutical Reference Price Scheme (RPS), firms are free to set their prices, but the (insured) consumer pays only the difference between the Reference level (R) and the actual price of the drug, if this is higher than R. By introducing n (> 1) firms with infinite cross-price elasticity (i.e. generic drugs), we explore the effects of competition on the optimal pricing strategies under a RPS. A two-stage model repeated either once or an infinite number of times is presented: in the rst stage firms compete or collude in prices and set R, while in the second they take
R as exogenous. When stage 1 is competitive, the equilibrium in pure strategies exists and is efficient only if R does not depend on the price of the branded product. When generics collude, the way R is designed is crucial for both the stability of the cartel among generics and the collusive prices in equilibrium. It is shown that an optimally designed RPS must set R as a function only of the innitely elastic side of the market and should provide the right incentives for cartel's deception
Competition and the Reference Pricing Scheme for pharmaceuticals
No full textBy introducing n (>1) firms with infinite cross-price elasticity (i.e. generic drugs), we explore the effects
of competition on the optimal pricing strategies under a Reference Pricing Scheme (RPS). A two-stage
model repeated infinite number of times is presented. When stage 1 is competitive, the equilibrium in
pure strategies exists and is efficient only if the reference price (R) does not depend on the price of the
branded product. When generics collude, the way R is designed is crucial for both the stability of the
cartel among generics and the collusive prices in equilibrium. An optimally designed RPS must set R as
a function only of the infinitely elastic side of the market and should provide the right incentives for
competition
Labour tax reforms and labour market outcomes in Europe
No full textThis paper provides a first assessment of the impact of labour taxation on labour market outcomes. We estimate how tax reforms are correlated with several outcome variables, including employment, unemployment and participation rates, hours worked. In order to address the impact of reforms we estimate different regression models and perform a series of robustness checks. All the results seem to point to a very weak, if any, impact of all the included policies on the macroeconomic variables considered. Also, we find that a period of one or two years is needed in order to be able to detect any policy impact on countries' macroeconomic situation. Finally, when only female workforce is considered, Personal Income Taxation reforms have increased, although marginally, female employment rates and average hours of work, while they have reduced inactivity rates
Off patent drugs in Italy: a short sighted view?
No full textThe new Italian policy to off-patent prod ucts,
although similar to recent reforms in other
European countries, seems to use some
interesting instruments and has achieved
significant results in the past 2 years. In particular,
the prices of branded products have
been reduced for all active in gredients
where a generic version is available. However,
this strategy may raise some problems
in the longer term. Our analysis identified
two open issues that might limit the longterm
sustainability of the present scheme:
the limited diffusion of generics and the real
location of demand. The first stems from
the new regulatory schemes which equate
generics to brand ed off-patent products
and exploit their presence only to cut prices.
The second is favored by tough price competition that induces large companies to divert
demand towards more profitable “me-too
drugs.” Solutions exist, but they are not easy
to apply because so many difficulties arise
when certain aspects of a long-standing
equilibrium are modified
Should we really worry about "launch delays" in OECD countries?
No full textThis is an editorial. The purpose is to point out the limits of the empirical literature linking launch delays of new drugs with the regulation of entry. We find four main problems related to the main conclusions of the literature. We think that these limits should be aknowledged in the international debate on the regulation of drugs approvals
The impact of generic reference pricing in Italy, a decade on
No full textObjectives: The Generic Reference Price (GRP) was introduced in Italy in 2001. The main purpose of this paper is: (a) produce evidence regarding the effect of GRP on prices; (b) test the hypothesis that there is a reallocation of demand from the genericated (and reference-priced) molecules to patent-protected products that have the same therapeutic indication.
Methods: The analysis used a unique dataset of quantities and revenues of six therapeutic groups that were observed for more than a decade. Difference-in-Differences analysis is applied.
Results: On average, prices dropped 13% more in groups to which GRP was applied than in other groups. Moreover, each entry was associated with a price drop of around 2.8%. On the other hand, GRP did not induce any significant switching towards in-patent molecules.
Conclusions: Results provide the first empirical results of the impact of GRP on prices in Italy and evidence that GRP cannot be held solely responsible for the often reported demand reallocation towards new and in-patent molecules
L'inclusione dei costi indiretti nelle valutazioni economiche: la situazione italiana.
No full textL'obiettivo del presente articolo è quello di verificare se nel contesto italiano, i costi indiretti sono considerati e vanno quindi inclusi nelle valutazioni economiche. Si presenta pertanto una revisione della letteratura non sistematica degli articoli pubblicati da autori italiani. Si conducono inoltre interviste ad esperti del settore. Sebbene la maggior parte degli esperti sia d'accordo riguardo alla necessità di includere i costi indiretti in valutazioni economiche, i risultati mostrano una preoccupante mancanza di consenso riguardo alle metodologie da utilizzare ed alle voci da includere
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