1,721,117 research outputs found
What Do We Know of the Mobility of Research Scientists and Impact on Scientific Production
No full textIn this chapter we review the literature on the analysis of researcher mobility and productivity, highlighting recent changes in the research system internationalization, intersector mobility, and collaboration and career diversification—which make researcher mobility more relevant for the dynamics of knowledge creation and dissemination. This review reveals that, to date, we still know little about the consequences and motivations of increased mobility for individual researchers. We contribute by presenting a typology of researcher mobility, and considering the relevance of multiple mobility events throughout a researcher career. Finally, we review the modeling problems related to analyzing the effect of mobility on academic performance at the individual level, and suggest various solutions
Mobility and productivity of Research Scientists
Full text linkThis chapter presents a framework to analyze the effects of mobility on academic performance and applies it to a sample of 171 UK academic researchers. We find no evidence that mobility per se increases academic performance but that mobility to a higher-ranked department has a positive weakly significant impact, while downward mobility reduces researchers' productivity (in terms of quantity and quality). Job mobility is always associated with a short-term decrease in performance, arguably due to adjustment costs. Intersector mobility is also associated with an initial short-term publication disadvantage, which appears to vanish soon after joining academia, making the overall performance of researchers that move to academia from industry not significantly different from that of pure academics
Mapping the evolution of the robotics industry:a cross country comparison
Full text linkIndustry 4.0 may be regarded as an emerging approach to the adoption of next-generation robotics for industrial applications. Our study sheds light on the current state of robotics, with a particular focus on robots for industrial applications. The research combines publicly-available information from company press releases, news articles, peer-reviewed journals and trade and industry reports. The paper is organized in four sections. Section 1 discusses some definitions of robotics and robotics subclasses, and various robotics classifications. Sections 2 and 3 provide a snapshot of demand and supply of robotics, and offers some insights into select regional markets and global technological trends. Section 4 describes the challenges and opportunities surrounding robotics and Industry 4.0, and the future impact of these technologies
The impact of academic patenting on university research and its transfer
No full textThis paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the impact of academic patenting on publishing and
knowledge transfer. Drawing upon two separate surveys of academics, and their CV information, we
provide empirical evidence for UK academics in engineering and physical sciences. The contribution of
this paper is two-fold. First, our findings show that (the intensity of) academic patenting complements
publishing up to a certain level of patenting output, after which we find evidence of a substitution effect.
We also find weak evidence of important differences across scientific fields with the more basic-oriented
fields showing indications of a crowding-out effect. Second, our analysis of the potential impact of patenting
on knowledge transfer shows a positive correlation between the stock of patents and engagement in
knowledge transfer channels. However, we find that a substitution effect sets in, indicating an inverted
U-shaped relationship between patenting and several knowledge transfer channels
Which governance of university-industry interactions increases the value of industrial inventions?
Full text linkWhile evidence suggests that industry inventors’ interactions with universities enhance invention value, the role of interaction governance has so far been overlooked. Relying on an original survey of industry inventors of European patents based in Italy, we show that governance matters. Personal contractual collaborations between firms and individual academics lead to higher-value inventions than collaborations mediated by university institutions. The former enable more effective exploitation of academic knowledge, by facilitating its full transmission and integration into the firm’s knowledge base
International Careers of Researchers in Biomedical Sciences: A Comparison of the US and the UK
No full textThis chapter analyses the mobility of academic biomedical researchers in the US and the UK. Both countries are at the forefront of research in biomedicine and able to attract promising researchers from other countries as well as fostering mobility between the US and the UK. Using a database of 292 UK-based academics and 327 US-based academics covering the period 1956–2012, the descriptive analysis shows a high level of international mobility at education level (BA, PhD, and Postdoc) with small but significant transatlantic exchanges, and it also shows high levels of cross-border mobility amongst senior academics based in the UK. There is a high level of career mobility with 50% of the sample having changed jobs at least once and 40% having moved within academia. There is no significant difference in job–job mobility between the two countries, although there are some interesting institutional differences concerning international and cross-sector mobility. The empirical analysis focuses on the importance of postdoctoral training in the US and the UK. The results indicate that working in the US is correlated to higher researcher performance in terms of both publication numbers and impact/quality-adjusted publications (in top journals and average impact). The publications of researchers with postdoctoral experience are generally of a higher average impact. This applies especially to postdoc experience at top-quality US institutions, although a postdoc at a UK top institution is associated with higher top journal publications and higher average impact. In relation to the UK sample, we find that a US postdoc (especially in a top institution) is correlated to subsequent performance in the UK academic market. Finally, we see that US postdocs that stay in the US publish more and in publications with higher impact/quality than those that move to the UK; however, these effects are stronger for those who studied for their PhD degree outside the US. Therefore, we find some evidence that the US is able to retain high-performing incoming PhD graduates
The effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and data-driven decision-making on operational performance: Evidence from US and Italian survey data
No full textAfter years spent conceptualizing Industry 4.0, it is now possible to assess its impact on operational performance, as it is finally becoming measurable – especially in an industry, such as the automotive, characterized by rapid technological and managerial innovation. Identified two main subsets of digital technologies, this article discusses their interplay with different decision-making approaches in achieving cost reduction, using the results of a unique cross-country survey of more than one hundred US and Italian auto-supplier firms. By exploring the link between digitalization, data, and decision-making, this study contributes to literatures of technological change and knowledge management. Also, based on the findings, concrete recommendations are offered to managers that aim to improve cost performance in digitalized firms, maximizing the benefits of Industry 4.0 adoption, and to policy makers in education, who are called to urgently update (or create) curricula that prepare operational workers and managers for the challenges of datadriven decision-making
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